Effluent Treatment Research Articles

Electroplating wastewater treatment containing heavy metals and COD using batch and once through continuous electro-oxidation process

ABSTRACT The rapidly growing electroplating industry has led to the discharge of large amounts of wastewater containing heavy metals and organic acids. Innovative techniques are required for the efficient and effective treatment of such effluents. The present work explored electroplating wastewater treatment through new TiO2-NTs/GO/SnO2 electrodes by electro-oxidation (EO) in batch and once-through continuous system. A new electrode with excellent oxidation ability was successfully fabricated by introducing a SnO2 outer layer through a simple anodization method. Moreover, a response surface methodology (RSM)-Box-Behnken design (BBD) model was used to optimize the responses. The effects of operating conditions, i.e. pH (3–9), current (0.1–0.9 A), and time (30–180 min), on the efficiency of the process were investigated. With optimum conditions, 97.1% Cu, 95.7% Zn, 91.2% COD degradation, and 7.32 kWh/m3 energy consumption were achieved. A once-through continuous setup working at a flow rate of 5–20 mL/min was performed under optimal conditions. The electrodes remained durable even after 50 cycles. The contribution of several reactive species to the EO was examined in the presence of scavengers. Moreover, according to a toxicity study, EO can detoxify electroplating effluents. Hence, this EO process, which is low-cost and highly efficient, can be applied to the treatment of electroplating wastewater.

Characterization of Heavy Metal and Physico-chemical Profiling of Sewage Water Soil in Jaipur District, Rajasthan, India

Jaipur is the capital state of Rajasthan. During the year 2021, District Jaipur of 3 blocks (Chomu, Sanganer, and Shahpura) in 9 villages [Keshav Nagar (V1), Morija (V2), Nindola (V3), Goner (V4), Shrikishanpura (V5), Durgapura (V6), Shivpuri (V7), Manoharpur (V8), Nwalpura (V9)] were selected for estimation of physico-chemical properties and Heavy metal contamination in severage channels. A total of 9 samples were collected from 9 villages sewerage channels. This study aimed to analyze the physico-chemical properties of agricultural soil and irrigation water in three blocks of Jaipur, Rajasthan. The findings revealed significant variations in the physico-chemical properties of the agricultural soil and water in Chomu, Sanganer, and Shahpura. Standard methods were employed to assess the physico-chemical characteristics of soil samples contaminated with sewerage effluents in these regions, which exhibited considerable diversity. The pH levels of the soil samples were predominantly slightly acidic and alkaline ranging from 6.22 to 7.31. Electrical conductivity values varied between 0.41 to 0.62 mmhos/cm. The percentages of organic matter and organic carbon in the soil samples ranged from 0.17% to 0.25% and 0.29% to 0.43%, respectively. Additionally, the analysis included heavy metals such as zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). The soil samples were found to contain elevated levels of heavy metals, surpassing the permissible limits. The discharge of sewerage effluent into the environment, primarily originating from the textile industry, house, etc. constitutes are major source of pollution that can adversely impact the local flora and fauna. Therefore, it is imperative to implement effluent treatment measures before their release into the environment.

Comparative ecotoxicological evaluation of tannin coagulants from black wattle and ferrous aluminum sulfate in the treatment of slaughterhouse effluent

Ecotoxicological assessments are crucial for environmental monitoring as they can pre-dict the adverse effects of ecotoxins, such as coagulants, on the ecosystems using contamination bioindicators. This study evaluated the ecotoxicity of two types of coagulants, an inorganic coagulant, ferrous aluminum sulfate (SF), and a biocoagulant based on tannins extracted from black wattle, used in the treatment of cattle slaughterhouse effluents. The planaria Girardia tigrina, which is used as a bioindicator of toxicity in freshwater ecosystems, was used as the test organism for this study. To select the appropriate tannin coagulant for the effluent under study, two types of biocoagulants were investigated: Tanfloc SG (SG) and Tanfloc MTH (MTH), with SG coagulant showing better performance (98.5 % turbidity removal). In the ecotoxicological test, SG and SF coagulants were compared. Both the tannin-based coagulant SG and the inorganic SF were effi-cient for the treatment of the evaluated effluent, yet their lethal concentrations (LC50 - 96h) with regard to G. tigrina was 32.24 % and 42.24 %, respectively. Thus, our results suggest that the effluent treated with the tannin-based coagulant SG showed greater toxicity to G. tigrina than the inorganic coagulant ferrous aluminum sulfate.

Application of Artificial Neural Network Analysis in Predicting the Performance of Microbial Energy Cells

Objective: The objective of this study was to apply Artificial Neural Networks to evaluate the performance of Microbial Energy Cells, to identify the best network configuration for cell evaluation. Theoretical Framework: Although several of the widely used effluent treatment methods show results, most of them have a common disadvantage: they lose the chemical energy contained in the treated effluent and have high energy consumption for their conduction. Therefore, an increasing effort has been made to develop effluent treatment technologies capable of recovering part of the energy contained in the waste to be treated. In this scenario, microbial energy cells (CEM) emerge as a potential technology, as they are devices that simultaneously treat effluent biologically and generate electrical energy. Methodology: For the application and evaluation of ANNs in CEM, a feedforward neural network was used, with a Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm, 1 or 2 hidden layers, with sigmoid and tansig activation functions, and an accuracy factor of 10-5. The data used for training and validation for the ANN were obtained through a literature search. Networks with 15, 30, 50, 90, 100, 130, 150, and 200 neurons were used for testing to evaluate the best performance. Results and Discussion: With the results obtained, it was observed that the best adjustment of the network occurred with the 2-layer configuration, one layer with 100 neurons and the other output layer, with 49 interactions and R2 of 0.91 in the training adjustment, 0 .78 in the validation fit and 0.90 in the fit with all experimental data evaluated, respectively. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by evaluating the application of artificial neural networks, which are empirical modeling mechanisms, inspired by biological nervous systems, with processing abilities, in microbial energy cells.

Bi-functional NiFe2O4/SrTiO3 S-scheme heterojunction for eminent performance photocatalytic treatment of sewage effluent and electrochemical hydrazine determination

Devising of materials that afforded dual applicability in decontamination and pollutant detection were still a towering challenge owing to the increasing flux of discharge toxic contaminants over the years. Herein, the NiFe2O4 nanoparticles-loaded on cube-like SrTiO3 (NiFe2O4/SrTiO3) composite was fabricated by a two-step hydrothermal approach providing remarkable photocatalytic treatment and electrochemical sensing of noxious pollutants in wastewater. The material traits of the fabricated composite were scrutinized by myriad characterization approaches. The NiFe2O4/SrTiO3 hybrid material demonstrated high surface area of 19.81 m2/g, adequate band gap energy of 2.75 eV, and prominent photoluminescence characteristics. In the presence of visible light, the NiFe2O4/SrTiO3 exhibited profound photocatalysis capability to eliminate sewage effluent-bearing chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTCH) with 88.6% COD removal in 120 min, outperforming other pure materials. Meanwhile, the toxicity examination of effluent, the possible degradation pathway of CTCH and the proposed photocatalysis mechanism were also divulged. More importantly, the glassy carbon electrode was modified with synergized NiFe2O4/SrTiO3 (NiFe2O4/SrTiO3−GCE) was adopted for the precise quantification of Hydrazine (Hz). The NiFe2O4/SrTiO3−GCE obeyed first-order response for the Hz detection within the range of 1–10 mM: cyclic voltametric: limit of detection (LOD) of 0.119 μM with sensitivity of 18.9 μA μM−1 cm−2, and linear sweep voltametric: LOD of 0.222 μM with a sensitivity of 12.05 μA μM−1 cm−2. The stability and interference of modified electrode were also inspected. This work furnished valuable insights to yield a composite with the prominent S-scheme heterojunction system for quenching of charge carrier recombination and consequently contributing to the future realization into the domains of environmental clean-up and toxic chemical detection.

Assessment and characterization of solid and hazardous waste from inorganic chemical industry: Potential for energy recovery and environmental sustainability

Rapid global urbanization and economic growth have significantly increased solid waste volumes, with hazardous waste posing substantial health and environmental risks. Co-processing strategies for industrial solid and hazardous waste as alternative fuels highlight the importance of integrated waste management for energy and material recovery. This study identifies and characterizes solid and hazardous industrial wastes with high calorific values from various industrial processes at Nirma Industries Limited. Nine types of combustible industrial wastes were analyzed: discarded containers (W1), plastic waste (W2), spent ion exchange resins from RO plants (W3), sludge from effluent treatment in soap plants (W4), glycerine foot from soap plants (W5), rock wool puff material (W6), fiber-reinforced plastic waste (W7), spent activated carbon (W8), and spent cartridges from reverse osmosis plants (W9). Physical characterization, proximate and ultimate analysis, heavy metal concentration evaluation, and thermogravimetric analysis were conducted to assess their properties, revealing high calorific values exceeding 2500 kcal/kg. Notably, W1 and W2 exhibited the highest calorific values (∼10,870 kcal/kg), followed by W6 and W8 (∼6000 kcal/kg) and W9 (∼8727 kcal/kg). Safe heavy metal levels are safe, and high calorific values support the prospects of energy recovery and economic and environmental benefits, reducing landfill reliance and enhancing sustainable waste management.

Harnessing green microbiology for sustainable water management, agriculture, and energy generation: Current advances and future prospects

AbstractThis article presents an in‐depth overview of recent developments and prospects in utilizing green microbiology for sustainable water management. It highlights its vital role across various aspects of water management while underscoring its significance for global development. This article delves deep into microbial processes integral to water management, such as degrading pollutants and using biosensors for quality monitoring of drinking water supplies. Furthermore, the article considers microorganisms' potential roles as biofertilizers and biostimulants in agriculture, their involvement in effluent treatment within microbial communities, and the emerging technologies of microbial fuel cells and nanotechnology. Implementation of microbial‐based approaches presents both challenges and opportunities, including regulatory concerns and public acceptance. Finally, this article reviews key findings and emphasizes research needs related to green microbiology to develop solutions towards cleaner, more sustainable water management solutions in the future.

Enhancement of dye treatment efficiency of TiO2/C3N4 photocatalysts synthesized by hydrothermal method

Abstract Using sunlight to generate energy is a trend to establish a sustainable economy while protecting the environment. Photocatalytic breakdown of organic molecules on the surfaces of semiconductors is an important topic of current research. In this study, competent TiO2/g-C3N4 photocatalysts produced by the hydrothermal technique demonstrated outstanding photoactivity. To determine the best-performing photocatalyst, TiO2/g-C3N4 materials were analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Energy Dispersive X- ray (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and Differential Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS). XRD results indicate that the addition of C3N4 increases the ratio of TiO2 Anatase. Optical studies unveiled a significant reduction in the forbidden band. The experiments using photocatalysis revealed that the action of TiO2/g-C3N4 on methylene blue (MB) dyes exhibited not only momentous photocatalytic performance but also excellent adsorption ability. The result of this study is anticipated to offer a solid basis for the creation and synthesis of cutting-edge materials for applications including the treatment of textile effluent.

Ecofriendly synthesized Zeolite 4A for the treatment of a multi-cationic contaminant-based effluent: Central composite design (CCD) statistical approach

One of the key aspects of futureproofing the sustainability of life on earth lies in the protection of the hydrosphere, particularly from soluble heavy metal ion pollutants. In the current study, the central composite design and optimization of the ion-exchange process have been carried out for the simultaneous removal of selected cations; Cd2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ cations using synthesized zeolite 4A. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of zeolite 4A. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of the synthesized zeolite was 32 m2/g. Results mainly indicate that there is a strong relationship between the experimental data and central composite design-based models of ion removal efficiency with R2 > 0.9 and the lack of fit less than 0.1 %. All the selected ion exchange parameters (time, dosage, pH, and temperature) were found to be statistically significant, with a p-value less than 0.05.For the complete simultaneous removal of selected cations, the optimal zeolite dosage, pH, and contact time are 1.2 g/100 cm3, 6, and 3 h. The optimal temperature ranges from 25 to 27 °C. The initial concentration of each selected cation is 450 mg/L. The ion exchange is in good agreement with the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. Based on the Langmuir isotherm model, the maximum Cd2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ uptake capacity values of zeolite are 103, 99.89, and 82.08 mg/g, respectively. In this study, it has been mainly inferred that CCD can be considered a useful tool for the modeling and optimization of zeolite ion exchange applications.

Harnessing magnetic polymeric composites for sustainable treatment of reactive Orange-122 dye and textile effluent: batch and column studies

Harnessing magnetic polymeric composites for sustainable treatment of reactive Orange-122 dye and textile effluent: batch and column studies

Optimizing growth and yield of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) in a biosaline integrated aquaculture–agriculture systems

Soil salinity and freshwater scarcity are among the major global threats to sustainable development owing to their adverse impacts on agricultural productivity especially in arid and semi-arid regions. There is a need to find sustainable alternatives such as salt-tolerant crops and fish to improve people’s livelihoods in marginal areas. This study aimed to maximize the growth and yield of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) cultivated under a biosaline integrated aquaculture–agriculture system. The study was laid in a randomized completely block design of three saline effluent treatments under three replicates: 5000 ppm (T1), 10,000 ppm (T2), 15,000 ppm (T3), and control (T0). Agro-morphological and physiological attributes of quinoa were measured. The crop yield in biomass and mineral element composition was also studied. Additionally, fish growth performance parameters such as feed intake and efficiency, growth, and survival rate were also calculated. Our results indicated that irrigating quinoa with saline aquaculture effluents above 10,000 ppm enhanced the plant growth, yield, and nutrient content of seeds. Furthermore, rearing striped catfish in saline water reaching up to 15,000 ppm did not have adverse impacts on the growth and survival of fish. Overall, integrating catfish and quinoa production under a salinity regime of 10,000 ppm could be a potential solution to ensuring alternative food sources in marginal areas.

Performance Evaluation of Chemically Modified Rice Husk as an Adsorbent for the Treatment of Oil Seed Industrial Effluent

Performance Evaluation of Chemically Modified Rice Husk as an Adsorbent for the Treatment of Oil Seed Industrial Effluent

Synthesis of green ceramic adsorbent for the treatment of tire factory effluent containing lead, zinc, aluminum, cobalt, iron and manganese ions

In this study, a novel nano-composite ceramic adsorbent was synthesized and characterized for the removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater. The adsorbent was prepared using low-cost materials including clay and human hair, and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles derived from bovine bones. The synthesis method, material properties, and adsorption performance were thoroughly investigated wed XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM and, BET. The adsorption process was optimized using Design Expert software, resulting in optimal conditions of pH 6.5, adsorbent mass of 22.5 g, temperature of 44.5 °C, initial concentration of 281 mgL−1, and retention time of 192 min. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic, and followed the Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption mechanism involved ion exchange, physical and chemical surface adsorption, facilitated by the unique surface properties of the nano-composite adsorbent. Moreover, the adsorbent exhibited high regeneration efficiency, with up to 73 cycles of reuse without a decrease in removal efficiency.

New insights into chicken processing wastewater treatment: the role of the microalgae Parachlorella kessleri on nitrogen removal

ABSTRACT Microalgal Technologies have recently been employed as an alternative treatment for high nitrogen content wastewater. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for microalgae growth, and its presence in wastewater may be an alternative source to synthetic medium, contributing to a circular economy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of using Parachlorella kessleri cultivated in wastewater from the thermal processing of chicken meat. Experiments were performed to obtain the ideal sampling site, inoculum dosage, and contact time. P. kessleri had better growth in the sample from the settling basin. Nitrogen removal was 95% (0,15 mg TNK/107 cells) in 9 days, and the final nitrogen concentration was lower than 20 mg/L, and the nitrate concentration was lower than 1 mg/L. However, during the third cycle in the kinetic assay, there was a decline in the microalgae growth, occasioned by the accumulation of nitrite (38,4 mg/L) in the inside of the cell. The study demonstrated that nitrogen concentration is directly related to the cell growth of the algae. Parachlorella kessleri efficiently removed nitrogen from chicken meat thermal processing wastewater and is a potential option for tertiary treatment and valorisation of such effluent as a nitrogen source.

Treatment of Oily Effluents Using a Bacterial Cellulose Membrane as the Filter Bed

One of the main challenges in the treatment of industrial wastewater is the removal of oil-in-water emulsions, which are stable and therefore difficult to treat. Bacterial cellulose (BC) has structural characteristics that make it an ideal filtration membrane. Several research projects are underway to develop new materials, both biotechnological and traditional, for use in filter beds. The study examined the potential of a BC membrane filtration system for treating oily industrial wastewaters, an underexplored biomaterial in wastewater treatment. The results demonstrated that BC is highly effective at removing oily contaminants (~99%), reducing the colour and particulate matter of wastewater, as well as eliminating nearly the entire microbiological load (~99%). SEM, MEV, FTIR, XRD, and TGA confirmed the presence of oil in the interior of the membrane after filtration, characteristic peaks of its chemical composition, and a 40% reduction in crystallinity. TGA revealed an increase from three (pre-filtration) to five (post-filtration) stages of thermal degradation, indicating the retention of the contaminant in the BC. The mechanical tests demonstrated that the membrane has a tensile strength of 72.13 ± 8.22 MPa and tolerated elongation of up to 21.11 ± 4.81% prior to tearing. The BC membrane also exhibited excellent flexibility, as it could be folded >100 times at the same point without exhibiting signs of tearing. The BC surpasses traditional methods, such as activated charcoal and effluent treatment stations, in the removal of emulsified oils. The findings demonstrate that BC is promising for the treatment of industrial wastewaters, which is a field that requires continual technological innovations to mitigate the environmental impacts of the oil industry.

Impact of Effluent Treatment Plant Sludge on Growth, Physiology, and Biodegradation Potential of Cyanobacteria: Anabaena variabilis, Nostoc muscorum, and Nostoc sp.

Organic compounds and pollutants from industries like oil refineries, such as total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to pose toxic effects to the environment by degrading the soil and water quality along with the deposition of heavy metals thereby causing a threat to the life forms existing in them. This pose of imbalance in the ecosystem calls for an exigent notice and effort regarding controlling it. Hydrocarbon sludge from Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) is one such toxic effluent eluted from oil refineries, and that is yet to be reported for a biodegradation study. Among a huge number of physical and chemical techniques, bioremediation has been a much talked about measure but is not in the required scale of practice yet. The reason could be a lack of efficient standardization for environmental applications. Cyanobacteria being well-known for their ability to survive difficult environmental conditions efficiently and to adapt to a mixotrophic nature, makes them ideal for performing bioremediation at a large scale in the open environment. The study aimed to quantify this ability of cyanobacteria by assessing the TPH content of the treatment sample, Effluent Treatment plant (ETP) hydrocarbon sludge pre- and post-treatment using GC-FID. The study was designed to treat the sludge by cyanobacterial strains in a pre-determined lethal dose concentration and monitor the activity of enzymes vital for a basic degradation metabolism, in addition to the growth rates of the cultures. The figures obtained from the enzyme assays and the growth rates appeared to be collateral in the direction of it being a highly promising bioremediation approach that could be efficiently performed by increasing the scale of application. The chromatograms obtained from the GC-FID depicted significant reductions in the TPH content of the treated samples that strongly indicated the potential of the cyanobacterial cultures to bioremediate an oil- contaminated site or treat toxic effluents from oil refineries.

Potential of Vermifiltration Technique to Reduce Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand, and Total Suspended Solid of Farm Dairy Effluent in Developing Countries: Case of Indonesian Farm Dairy Industry

Farm dairy effluent (FDE) contains high level of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) which caused river and groundwater pollution. To reduce those parameters, vermifiltration technique was utilized for dairy effluent treatment. It also could reduce greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions, removing organic and excessive nutrients without odor and recovering manure nutrients in the treated dairy effluent and vermicompost. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of Vermifiltration in reducing COD, BOD and TSS of the FDE. Samples of wastewater were collected from dairy farm industry from 3,542 of total cow populations located in Bandung regency, Indonesia. The sample characteristics of COD, BOD, TSS, pH, NH3-N, organic carbon, and macro nutrients (total N, P2O5, and K2O) were measured before and after vermifiltration treatment. Vermifiltration treatment will produce two types of products i.e.: tea water and vermicompost. The result showed that Vermifilter removed the COD, BOD, and TSS of 93%, 95%, and 93% respectively. The organic carbon NH3-N, and total macro nutrients generally decreased after treated by Vermifilter (2.01 to 0.0001% of organic carbon, 718 to 3.75 mg L-1 of NH3-N, 0.2 to 0.02% of total N, 0.19 to 004% P2O5, 0.57 to 0.18% of K2O); however, the pH was not significantly changing (from 8.13 to become 8.05). Vermicompost produced by vermifiltration beds by earthworms consumes sewage solids and excreting them in the vermicast which produces high macronutrients (2.4% of total N, 5.5% of P2O5, and 0.75% of K2O), and organic carbon (15.6%), hence beneficial for soil fertilizer. Vermifilter effectively degrades the organic matter in the dairy effluent. Derivatives produced by the Vermifiltration process, namely tea water and Vermicompost, can be used as substitutes for irrigation materials and organic fertilizers on agricultural land, and act as soil conditioners to improve soil properties.

Multilevel assault dominated by electron-transfer nonradical pathway via electronic metal–support interactions of Bi-C bonds for disinfection

Multilevel assaults on aqueous pathogenic microorganisms were realized by persulfate (PS) activation system with Bi–C based electronic metal-supported interactions (EMSI) of bismuth-embedded carbon chainmail catalyst (Bi@CC) dominated by electron-transfer nonradical pathway. The Bi@CC/PS disinfection system achieved approximately 100 % bacterial inactivation (6.5 log10 cfu/mL) within 35 min. The electron transfer from Bi to the carbon layer via Bi-C bond leading to higher work functions, thus realizing primary assault to the extracellular membrane via bacterial extracellular electron transfer (EET) function. Electron rearrangement of Bi-C is conducive to forming the intermediate complexes (Bi@CC-PS*), leading to higher work functions and enhancing electron transfer pathway (ETP) process to aggravate cell destruction, while radicals (∙OH andSO4∙-) directly attacks the interior cell. The Bi@CC/PS disinfection system possesses excellent environmental adaptability, cycling performance, and safety. This study enriches the heterogeneous mechanism of PS activation and proposes a promising strategy for sewage effluent treatment.

A Novel Coupling of a Biological Aerated Filter with Al3+ Addition-O3/H2O2 with Microbubble for the Advanced Treatment of Proprietary Chinese Medicine Secondary Effluent

The advanced treatment of proprietary Chinese medicine secondary effluent (PCMSE) was strongly needed with the recent implementation of a more stringent discharge standard. Based on the features of PCMSE and the reuse of Al3+from wastewater from soaking of Pinellia Ternata with alumen (WSPTA), three new combined processes were designed for the advanced treatment of PCMSE on a larger pilot scale. A pilot scale study showed that compared with two other combined processes, the new coupling of a biological-aerated filter with Al3+ addition (BAFA)-O3/H2O2 with microbubble (OHOMB) (CBAFAOHOMB) obtained the maximum pollutant removal (with removals of 91.71%, 94.64%, and 82.32% being observed for color, total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), respectively) and acquired the lowest Al3+residual in the effluent. During CBAFAOHOMB treatment of PCMSE, the vast majority of TP elimination, 35.20% of COD removal, and 49.40% of color removal were achieved by BAFA; OHOMB obtained 64.80% of COD removal and 60.60% of color removal, and biofilm activity in BAFA slightly changed under a 10 mg/L Al3+ dose. Furthermore, microbubble aeration was more efficient in removing organics than conventional bubble aeration during O3/H2O2 oxidation, and suspended solid (SS) relatively significantly lowered oxidation ability in the OHOMB system. These results indicated that CBAFAOHOMB markedly integrated advantages of BAFA and OHOMB, and was a proposed process for the advanced treatment of PCMSE. Meanwhile, it was feasible that WSPTA was reused for PCMSE treatment as an Al3+ source.

Effective advance treatment of secondary effluent from industrial parks by the Mn-based catalyst ozonation process

Effective advance treatment of secondary effluent from industrial parks by the Mn-based catalyst ozonation process