Treatment Unit Research Articles

Tubular and bio-based carbons as binder-free gas diffusion electrodes for heterogeneous electro-Fenton to remove micropollutants

Heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF) coupled with anodic oxidation offers a plug-and-treat and chemical-free process over a wide range of pH values for removing recalcitrant micropollutants (MPs). This work introduces a self-standing and Fe-containing tubular carbon as a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for HEF. Unlike planar Fe-containing carbon electrodes, as-synthesized carbons contain no fluorinated polymer as a subgroup of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), omitting the risk of secondary pollution due to undesired PFAS release during electrolysis. The implementation of GDE enables the increase of current densities up to 25mAcm−2, approaching relevant conditions for real-life applications. The altering pore structure on the gas channel side illustrates the possibility of minimizing GDE flooding without using hydrophobic and fluorinated polymers. GDEs without catalyst shows a specific H2O2 production rate of 3.6mgcm−2h−1 with a current efficiency of 56% at an applied current density of 8.5mAcm−2. Additionally, the Fe-containing GDE removes sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and carbamazepine (CBZ), revealing a declined degradation rate in a mixture, especially for a more recalcitrant pollutant such as CBZ. This work reveals the potential of as-synthesized self-standing tubular GDEs as PFAS-free electrodes for a decentralized and modular water treatment unit.

Pesticides’ low-cost removal from polluted groundwater using charcoal from “Salix mucronata” trees activated by gold nitrate

ABSTRACT Used pesticides result in soil pollution, which potentially seep into groundwater, posing risks to human and animal health. The current study examines the use of a new cheap material for removing four commonly used pesticides from polluted groundwater before use for drinking. These pesticides are Malathion, Methomyl, Abamectin, and Thiamethoxam. Activated charcoal obtained from the trunk of “Salix mucronata” trees is introduced for removing these pesticides by surface adsorption. Activation treatment using gold-nitrate solution is introduced to enhance the charcoal adsorption capacity, because removal of pesticides is difficult due to their large-sized molecules and lack of obvious surface electrostatic charges. Physical and chemical properties of the studied pesticides and the activated charcoal were determined. Batch experiments tested the effects of solution pH, contact time, dose of charcoal, and initial concentrations on the charcoal adsorption capacity. Langmuir adsorption linear isotherm test was done to use for the prediction of adsorption behavior. Fixed-bed column experiments tested clean-up of polluted water using charcoal filter under steady flow. Gold-nitrate activated charcoal adsorption capacities were almost three times higher than other charcoals for the same pesticides at the same initial concentrations. Maximum adsorption capacities achieved in the current study were 16.17, 14.59, 9.55, and 8.99 mg/g, respectively, at the initial concentrations of 50.0 mg/l. Meanwhile, treatment times in steady-flow fixed-bed columns were much lower compared to other studies. Preparation cost of gold-nitrate activated charcoal in the current study was lower than other adsorbents. The charcoal introduced in this study is recommended for use in low-cost removal of pesticides from polluted groundwater on the national scale, including small treatment units for rural communities with limited facilities.

Computer simulation of operation plant effective modes for water disinfection by electrical discharges in gas bubbles

Purpose. Determination by means of computer simulation of the most efficient modes of operation of the installation for water disinfection using discharges in gas bubbles, in which (modes) the amplitude of voltage pulses at the processing unit and on the layer of treated water is not less than the voltage amplitude immediately after the switching discharger. Methodology. To achieve this goal, we used computer simulation using Micro-Cap 10. We used two different electrical circuits that simulate the operation of the experimental setup in two different modes: in a mode with a restoring electrical strength of the discharge gap in the gas bubble between two adjacent voltage pulses on the discharge node and in the mode without restoring this dielectric strength. In computer simulation, we varied the following factors: the maximum simulation step, inductances, capacitances, active resistances, wave resistance of a long line, and the delay time for the operation of a spark gap simulating a discharge gap in a gas bubble. Results. Computer modeling has shown that in order to increase the voltage amplitude at the treatment unit and on the layer of treated water, it is necessary to reduce the load capacitance – the capacitance of the water layer in the treatment unit to 10 pF or less, to increase the active resistance of the water layer to 500 W or more. An important factor for increasing the voltage and electric field strength in the discharge unit and, consequently, for increasing the efficiency of treated water disinfection is the discharge delay time in gas bubbles. The most rational delay time for the operation of the arrester, which is the gap in the gas bubble inside the water, under the conditions considered by us is 4–5 ns. It is with this delay time that the amplitude of voltage pulses at the node of disinfecting water treatment and on the layer of treated water is maximum, all other things being equal. Furthermore, with such a delay time this amplitude of voltage pulses significantly exceeds the voltage amplitude directly after the main high-voltage discharger, switching energy from the high-voltage capacitive storage to the processing unit through a long line filled with water. Originality. Using computer simulation, we have shown the possibility of increasing the voltage at the discharge unit of the experimental setup by 35 % without increasing the voltage of the power source. This provides a higher efficiency of microbiological disinfection of water by nanosecond discharges in gas bubbles and lower specific energy consumption. Practical value. The obtained results of computer simulation confirm the prospect of industrial application of installations using nanosecond discharges for disinfection and purification of wastewater, swimming pools and post-treatment of tap water.

Preventing Unplanned Shutdown due to Injection Well Plugging with After Treatment Unit Integrated Membrane at Matindok CPP

Pertamina EP Pertamina EP Donggi Matindok Field realizes that sustainable development activities need to pay attention to environmental aspects, including efforts to reduce the load of water pollution. In the production process at Matindok Central Processing Plant (CPP), byproducts are produced in 2 forms: solid sulphur and wastewater from the Biological Sulphur Recovery Unit (BSRU). Sulphur solids carried in wastewater can cause blockages known as plugging in injection wells and disrupt the production process. This study aims to reduce the water pollutants by integrating a nanofiltration membrane in the Bleed Water Treatment (BWT) to reduce the Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) content in wastewater after being processed in the After Treatment Unit (ATU). The experimental results showed a significant decrease in TDS values after nanofiltration membrane integration, from ≥14,000 mg/L to <4,000 mg/L. This program succeeded in reducing water pollution in 2023 by 272.68 tons of TDS.

Inpatient Growth in Infants Requiring Pharmacologic Treatment for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome.

Aim: To assess inpatient growth parameter trajectories and to identify the type of opioid exposure and treatment characteristics influencing growth parameters of infants admitted to the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) for pharmacological treatment of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). Methods: Charts of term infants with NOWS admitted to NICU from 2012 to 2019, who received pharmacologic treatment, were reviewed. Intake (volume: mL/kg/day; calorie: kcal/kg/day) and growth parameter trajectories (weight, head circumference, and length) were analyzed based on the type of prenatal opioid exposure (short-acting opioids (SAOs), long-acting opioids (LAOs), and polysubstance), pharmacologic treatment, and sex. Growth measurement patterns over time were compared between groups using longitudinal mixed-effects models. Results: One hundred nineteen infants were included in the study with median birth weight Z-score of -0.19 at birth and decreased to a median of -0.72 at discharge. Exposure to SAO was associated with an increase in Z-scores nearing discharge across all growth parameters (Z-score for weight p = 0.03). Polysubstance exposure was associated with a decrease in Z-scores for length and head circumference throughout hospitalization. Infants with adjunct clonidine treatment had an increase in Z-score for weight trends. Male infants had a decrease in Z-scores for weight (male -0.96, female -0.59, interaction p = 0.06) and length (male -1.17, female -0.57, interaction p = 0.003) at Day 28. Despite the difference in growth trajectories, intake in terms of amount (mL/kg/day) and calorie intake (kcal/kg/day) was similar based on prenatal exposure, treatment, and sex. Conclusion: Infants with NOWS requiring pharmacologic treatment have a decrease in Z-scores for weight, length, and head circumference at birth and at hospital discharge. Infants with prenatal polysubstance exposure were at particular risk for poorer inpatient growth relative to infants exposed to SAO and LAO, indicated by lower Z-scores for length and occipital frontal circumference (OFC).

Advanced Exergy Analysis of Cascade Rankine Cycle‐Driven Reverse Osmosis System

A novel solar‐assisted cascade Rankine cycle‐driven reverse osmosis (RO) system is proposed and evaluated using conventional and advanced exergy analysis. The system comprises a solar collector as a heat input, steam Rankine cycle (SRC), and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) to generate turbine work and RO units for brackish water treatment. Water and R1233zd(E) are used as the working fluid in the SRC and ORC, respectively. The RO system is proposed to produce 1 m3 h−1 of permeate water from each RO unit. Conventional exergy analysis shows that the solar collector exhibits the highest exergy destruction of 0.798 kW, followed by the RO unit. However, advanced exergy analysis reveals that only 16.16% of the avoidable exergy in solar collectors can be reduced due to technical constraints. Advanced exergy analysis identified that endogenous avoidable exergy destruction contributes 24% of overall exergy destruction, which can be reduced by optimizing operating parameters and making technical improvements. The RO unit has a higher exogenous avoidable exergy, potentially suggesting improvements in other system component parameters. The advanced exergy analysis also prioritized the components for improving system performance in a sequence of RO high‐pressure pumps, RO modules, solar collector, ORC condenser, evaporative condenser, ORC expander, and SRC turbine.

Comparison of Novel Telemonitoring System Using the Single-lead Electrocardiogram Patch With Conventional Telemetry System.

Although a single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) patch may provide advantages for detecting arrhythmias in outpatient settings owing to user convenience, its comparative effectiveness for real-time telemonitoring in inpatient settings remains unclear. We aimed to compare a novel telemonitoring system using a single-lead ECG patch with a conventional telemonitoring system in an inpatient setting. This was a single-center, prospective cohort study. Patients admitted to the cardiology unit for arrhythmia treatment who required a wireless ECG telemonitoring system were enrolled. A single-lead ECG patch and conventional telemetry were applied simultaneously in hospitalized patients for over 24 hours for real-time telemonitoring. The basic ECG parameters, arrhythmia episodes, and signal loss or noise were compared between the 2 systems. Eighty participants (mean age 62±10 years, 76.3% male) were enrolled. The three most common indications for ECG telemonitoring were atrial fibrillation (66.3%), sick sinus syndrome (12.5%), and atrioventricular block (10.0%). The intra-class correlation coefficients for detecting the number of total beats, atrial and ventricular premature complexes, maximal, average, and minimal heart rates, and pauses were all over 0.9 with p values for reliability <0.001. Compared to a conventional system, a novel system demonstrated significantly lower signal noise (median 0.3% [0.1-1.6%] vs. 2.4% [1.4-3.7%], p<0.001) and fewer episodes of signal loss (median 22 [2-53] vs. 64 [22-112] episodes, p=0.002). The novel telemonitoring system using a single-lead ECG patch offers performance comparable to that of a conventional system while significantly reducing signal loss and noise. Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0008176.

Внедрение процесса ДМД1 для демеркаптанизации керосиновой фракции на ООО «Славянск ЭКО»

The results of laboratory tests of the DMD-1 process for demercaptanization of straight-run kerosene fraction at LLC Slavyansk ECO are presented. The optimal design of the unit for treatment the kerosene fraction from mercaptan sulfur using existing equipment has been selected. The implementation of this scheme allowsto obtain kerosene fraction that meets the requirements of GOST 10227-86.

Development of a Temporary Wastewater Treatment Unit Using Single–Tank MBR and High Performance Coagulation–Sedimentation

Development of a Temporary Wastewater Treatment Unit Using Single–Tank MBR and High Performance Coagulation–Sedimentation

DUKUNGAN SOSIAL DAN BEBAN PENGASUH DENGAN MEDIASI EFIKASI DIRI FAMILY CAREGIVER ODAPUS

Lupus not only brings an impact on the people suffering from it but also gives a burden for the family as the main treatment unit for the people with Lupus. Social support from family, friends or closest people is assumed to be able to grow the self-confidence of a family caregiver in coping with any drawbacks in caregiving as it can lessen the burden. This study specifically aimed to observe the impacts of the support of family, friends and closest people on the burden of caregiver through the mediator of self-efficacy to the family caregiver of people with Lupus. This article is a part of the thesis using the quantitative approach with family caregivers of people with Lupus as the research respondents (N=72). The research data collection was carried out online using Zarit Burden Interview, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Caregiver Self-Efficacy Measures. Data were analyzed by means of mediation analysis technique through JASP. The results of the study showed that self-efficacy only acted as a mediator for the relation between family support and the burden of the caregiver. Family support is a very important factor to increase caregiver self-efficacy which in turn can reduce the care burden for family caregivers.

UVC-Mirror for effective pathogens inactivation in air ducts

Improving the air quality of indoor environments (IAQ) is of utmost importance to safeguard public health as people spend about 80–90% of their time indoor. Efficient Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) system represents a strategic and sustainable solution to protect from recurrent and new airborne pathogens. Here, we present a new approach to design highly efficient UVGI systems, which can be installed in existing Air Treatment Units (ATU) plants with minimal effort. The increased efficiency relies on the concept of an optical cavity, thanks to its shape and source position. The internal volume consists of a highly reflective cavity illuminated with UV-C lamps. Optical simulations permitted the variation of the parameters to maximize the internal irradiance and, thus, the performance. The sanitation efficacy of the system was assessed on a full-scale pilot system. Tests were carried out under normal operating conditions against various microorganisms showed an inactivation rate of &gt; 99%. The benefits of such systems are triple and encompass economic, environmental, and societal aspects. Since the system requires little energy to operate, its application for air disinfection may yield significant energy savings and ensure a balance between energy sustainability and good IAQ.

Effect of Soaking with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Rice Seed Germination

This study aims to determine the effect of immersing rice seeds in Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) suspension. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with seed immersion treatment using PGPR bacterial suspension. The rice varieties used were Ciherang, Inpari 32, and IR64, where the seeds were soaked for 30, 45, 60, and 300 minutes, respectively. There were 12 treatment units plus one control by soaking the seeds in water for 60 minutes. All treatments and controls were repeated three times. The results showed that soaking rice seeds for 60 minutes gave longer root and sprout lengths of the three rice varieties. Soaking rice seeds for 30 and 45 minutes caused slower germination, and shorter root length and sprout length than the control. Soaking rice seedlings longer than 60 minutes did not alter germination speed than soaking for 60 minutes.

Exploring the association between early childhood caries, malnutrition, and anemia by machine learning algorithm.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of early childhood caries in children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and also the hierarchy of association if any with malnutrition, anemia, and other risk factors with ECC using machine learning algorithms. A hospital-based preventive and interventional study was conducted on SAM children (age = 2 to <6 years) who were admitted to the malnutrition treatment unit (MTU). An oral examination for early childhood caries status was done using the deft index. The anthropometric measurements and blood examination reports were recorded. Oral health education and preventive dental treatments were given to the admitted children. Three machine learning algorithms (Random Tree, CART, and Neural Network) were applied to assess the relationship between early childhood caries, malnutrition, anemia, and the risk factors. The Random Tree model showed that age was the most significant factor in predicting ECC with predictor importance of 98.75%, followed by maternal education (29.20%), hemoglobin level (16.67%), frequency of snack intake (9.17%), deft score (8.75%), consumption of snacks (7.1%), breastfeeding (6.25%), severe acute malnutrition (5.42%), frequency of sugar intake (3.75%), and religion at the minimum predictor importance of 2.08%. Anemia and malnutrition play a significant role in the prediction, hence in the causation of ECC. Pediatricians should also keep in mind that anemia and malnutrition have a negative impact on children's dental health. Hence, Pediatricians and Pediatric dentist should work together in treating this health problem.

Remote care instruction via the WeChat platform for female patients receiving subcutaneous anticoagulation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective analysis.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of remote nursing guidance based on WeChat platform for female patients receiving subcutaneous anticoagulation during the COVID-19 epidemic. Retrospective analysis of clinical data, including demographic data and anticoagulation complications, of 126 female patients who received subcutaneous anticoagulation therapy and received remote nursing guidance using WeChat platform in our hospital from January 2022 to December 2022. The Anti-Clot Treatment Scale (ACTS) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) scale were used to evaluate patients' satisfaction with anticoagulation and quality of life at the beginning of anticoagulation, half a month after anticoagulation, and after three months of anticoagulation. In total, 126 patients were involved in this study, all of them were female, 115 cases were natural pregnancy, 11 cases were assisted reproduction. This study included seven cases of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis, 100 cases of hypercoagulable state, 10 cases of antiphospholipid syndrome, and eight cases of protein S deficiency, one case of hyperhomocysteinemia. During the follow-up period, four patients (3.17%) had subcutaneous injection complications, including three cases of subcutaneous hemorrhage and one case of liquid leakage. A total of 123 patients had completed the planned anticoagulation therapy or were receiving anticoagulation therapy as planned, and three patients did not receive anticoagulation therapy as planned (zero cases lost contact, two cases changed treatment units, and one case refused treatment). ACTS score (55.03±1.73) and WHOQOL-BREF score (62.18±3.17) after three months of anticoagulation, ACTS score (54.18±1.20) and WHOQOL-BREF score (60.37±2.25) after half a month of anticoagulation was significantly higher than the ACTS score (47.81±1.69) and WHOQOL-BREF score (55.25±1.85) at the beginning of anticoagulation, and the difference was statistically significant (P value < 0.01). During the COVID-19 pandemic, remote nursing instruction via the WeChat platform for female patients receiving subcutaneous anticoagulation can increase anticoagulation compliance, satisfaction, and quality of life.

Bioremediation of chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with biduri plant (Calotropis gigantea), bacteria, and biochar: Soil fertility impact

During the Industrial Revolution, agriculture was linked to environmental issues. One issue is pesticide pollution. Bioremediation is needed because plant diseases and pests cause farmers to use pesticides excessively, polluting and decreasing soil production. This study evaluated soil fertility from bioremediation with biduri plants, bacteria, and biochar on chlorpyrifos-polluted shallot-growing soil in Brebes Regency. This type of research was an experiment in a greenhouse, using a factorial experimental design with a completely randomized design, consisting of two factors, namely bioremediation agent (A0: without bioremediation agent, A1: Atlantibacter hermannii, A2: bacterial consortium) and coconut shell biochar (B0: without biochar, B1: with biochar). There were six treatment combinations, then replicated three times for each treatment, so there were 18 treatment units. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, Duncan Multiple Range Test, and Pearson correlation. The results showed that the best treatments that were able to improve soil fertility after bioremediation were treatments A1B0 (Atlantibacter hermannii + without biochar), A2B0 (bacterial consortium + without biochar), and A2B1 (bacterial consortium + with biochar). The A1B0 treatment (Atlantibacter hermannii + without biochar) increased the pH by 4.97%, and the soil available P was 12 times higher than the initial soil. The A2B0 (bacterial consortium + without biochar) treatment increased soil cation exchange capacity by 99.81% and soil organic C by 116% higher than the initial soil. The A2B1 (bacterial consortium + with biochar) treatment increased soil total N by 37.50% and available K by 38.47%, higher than the initial soil.

MYELOID-DERIVED SUPPRESSOR CELLS TWO YEARS AFTER HEPATITIS C VIRUS ERADICATION USING DIRECTLY ACTING ANTIVIRALS.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have immature morphology, relatively weak phagocytic activity, as well as some immunosuppressive functions. The capacity of MDSCs to inhibit T-cell-mediated immunological responses is their most notable functional characteristic. Down-regulating antitumor immune surveillance is one way that the expansion and activation of MDSCs contribute significantly to the occurrence and progression of tumors. Increased levels of MDSCs in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection could suppress T-cell responses, promoting viral escape and hepatitis progression. This may make HCV-infected individuals more vulnerable to severe infections, hepatic and extra-hepatic tumors, and a diminished capacity to react to immunization. It is still unknown if effective HCV eradication with directly acting antivirals (DAAs) can restore immune functions and immune surveillance capacity. The purpose of this study was to observe the frequency of M-MDSCs (CD33+, CD11b+, and HLA-DR) in patients with a previous history of HCV, 2-3 years after virus eradication using DAA therapy. This study was conducted on 110 subjects: fifty-five subjects without liver cirrhosis who were treated with HCV using DAAs and attained SVR for a period of 2-3 years and 55 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The study was conducted during the period from January to July 2022. Patients were recruited from the National Viral Hepatitis Treatment Unit, Alexandria University Hepatology outpatient clinic, and the Alexandria University Tropical Medicine outpatient clinic. The frequencies of MDSCs (CD33+CD11b + HLA-DR-) by flow cytometry were assessed. Even after the virus had been eradicated for longer than two years, MDSC levels in HCV-treated individuals were found to be considerably higher. In the HCV-treated group, the median number of MDSCs was 5, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 3.79-7.69. In contrast, the median for the control group was 3.1, with an IQR of 1.4-3.2 (P˂0.001). Successful DAA therapy leads to slow and partial immunological reconstitution, as demonstrated by the failure to attain normal levels of MDSC's 2 years after successful HCV eradication despite the normalization of laboratory parameters as well as the absence of liver fibrosis. The clinical implications of these findings should be thoroughly studied.

Pemanfaatan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (Tkks) Sebagai Arang Aktif Untuk Penjernihan Air di Desa Muara Sebapo Kecamatan Mestong Kabupaten Muaro Jambi

The need for clean water in Muara Sebapo Village remains a serious issue to this day. The water obtained by the community from dug wells or boreholes often appears yellow and has an unpleasant odor. This water typically has a high concentration of Fe3+ ions, causing the water to turn yellow and become odorous. On the other hand, Muara Sebapo Village has extensive oil palm plantations, which generate solid waste in the form of Empty Palm Fruit Bunches (EFB). Until now, this waste has been underutilized, and in some cases, it has been disposed of or burned. Therefore, efforts are needed to address this issue so that the community can access clean water and utilize waste wisely. In this program, outreach and education are conducted on how to treat well water using solid waste EFB effectively. EFB waste can be transformed into activated carbon, which can be used as a water purification medium in a water treatment unit in the plantation areas and the surrounding community. Activated carbon will act as an adsorbent capable of adsorbing metal ions and organic pollutants present in well water.

Development of a Kinetics Based Onsite Treatment System for Faecal Sludge Treatment and Resource Recovery

The management of faecal sludge in cities without a sewerage system is a challenging problem that requires immediate attention. The high organic and nutrient content, pathogen load, and pharmaceutical residues in faecal sludge necessitate special attention for its treatment to ensure environmental and public health safety. Onsite treatment of faecal sludge with a focus on resource recovery is a sustainable approach to its management. However, studies in these areas are limited, particularly in the Indian context. In this study, the aim is to generate primary data on the current status of faecal sludge management in a model region without a sewerage network. Additionally, kinetic parameters were examined to design an anaerobic bioprocess and an engineered system for resource-oriented faecal sludge treatment. One of the wards in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, Kerala was selected for the study. Fresh faecal sludge collected from an apartment complex was used for the experimental studies. Anaerobic treatment of fresh faecal sludge was validated in bench-scale experimental bioreactors using different combinations: with mixing without inoculum, with mixing with inoculum, without mixing without inoculum, and without mixing with inoculum. The primary focus was on monitoring the organic removal efficiency as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of these combinations. Among the four combinations tested the units "without mixing with inoculum" and "with mixing with inoculum" demonstrated COD removal efficiencies of 20.89% and 18.91%, respectively, with a first-order rate constant of 0.0008 hr-1 for both combinations. The other combinations exhibited comparatively lower COD removal efficiency and rate constants. Since the combinations with mixing and inoculum showed higher COD removal efficiency, either of them can be adopted for design purposes. Based on these results, a combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment unit is proposed for the treatment of faecal sludge.

Evaluasi Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) Domestik Pada Unit Pengolahan Biologis Terhadap Parameter BOD Di Industri Pakan Ternak Surabaya

Domestic wastewater can be sourced from industrial activities, one of which is the Feedmill Industry. The Surabaya Feedmill Industry has been treating domestic wastewater using a WWTP. The management of domestic wastewater is based on the Technical Approval (PERTEK) of Wastewater Utilization for Application to Land. Based on the results, there are parameters that do not fulfill the quality standards. The parameter is Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), an evaluation is needed to enhanced WWTP performance. The purpose of this research is calculating the percent removal of BOD, COD and TSS parameters in the biological treatment unit and identifying factors that can affect the removal of BOD parameters in the existing conditions of the biological treatment unit in the Surabaya Feedmill Industry. The method used is a literature study using the Ludwig Sasse equation. In the calculation of the average water discharge of 5.93 m³/day, only 29.6% of the planned discharge. The results of the calculation of HRT in biological unit processing have not met the design criteria, except for the aerobic biofilter. The BOD/COD ratio is 0.33. According to the existing calculation, the final result for the BOD parameter is 5.11 mg/L, COD is 24.38 mg/L and TSS is 37.33 mg/L. The design air requirement is 27.64 m³/day. Other factors that affect BOD removal are Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels in the Aerobic Biofilter, nutrient requirements, and Food to Microorganism (F/M).

Life cycle assessment of a common effluent treatment plant: Case study of Mahad, India

Common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) offer extensive benefits for wastewater treatment in developing countries in terms of cost-effectiveness, industrial synergy, and resource conservation. Evaluating the performance of CETPs is essential to ensure sustainable practices in wastewater management. The present study aims to assess the environmental impacts of a CETP situated in Maharashtra, India, using the life cycle assessment method (LCA) as per ISO 14040:14044. The plant comprises a primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment unit along with a sludge handling unit. The inventory analysis was performed using the averaged data collected from the plant for a year. The secondary inputs were taken from the GaBi 10.6 database suited to the Indian context. The study employed a gate-to-grave LCA approach and the functional unit was assumed to be 1000 m3 of treated water. The impact analysis was conducted with the help of the CML 2001: Aug 2016 method. It was found that the primary and secondary treatment units offered the highest environmental burden. Both the treatment units contribute about 70–80 % to all the categories except for ADP-elemental, where the contribution is about 98 %. Electricity was identified as a predominant factor contributing to the impacts under most midpoint categories except for ADP-elemental. A scenario analysis was undertaken to estimate the possibility of adapting to renewable energy to reduce environmental footprints. The impacts generated under such a scenario were lower than the original observations, except for the ADP–elemental category. The study emphasizes how LCA helps optimize areas under investigation and fosters sustainable treatment practices in wastewater treatment.