Treatment T1 Research Articles

Effect of INM on Growth Indices, Yield Attributes, Yield and Economics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.)

The experiment was conducted at farmers field in Haridwar district of Uttarakhand during 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment consisted of eleven treatments viz. control (T1), 100 % RDF (T2), FYM @ 10 t/ha (T3), VC @ 5t/ha (T4), 75 % RDF + FYM @ 10t/ha (T5), 75 % RDF + VC @ 5 t/ha (T6), 50 % RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha (T7), 50 % RDF + VC @ 5 t/ha (T8), 50 % RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha + VC @ 5t/ha (T9), 75 % RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha+ Azotobacter + PSB (T10), 75 % RDF + VC @ 5 t/ha+ Azotobacter + PSB (T11). The treatments were replicated thrice and were laid out in randomized block design (RBD). Wheat variety used for the experimentation was PBW 343. The net plot size was 5 m X 5 m and crop spacing was 20cm between rows. The results reported that wheat crop with the application of 75 % RDF + VC @ 5 t/ha+ Azotobacter + PSB (T11) performed better in terms of growth parameters and yield under field condition compared to some of the treatments. Significantly higher B: C (2.9) ratio was calculated for 75 % RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha+ Azotobacter + PSB (T11). Percent increase of 5.5 % and 3.6 % was recorded during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively in grain yield with the application of 75 % RDF + VC @ 5 t/ha+ Azotobacter + PSB (T11) over 100 % RDF (T2). Maximum net returns were estimated in treatment T10 (75 % RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha+ Azotobacter + PSB) of Rs. 97288 and Rs. 102005 followed by treatment T11 (75 % RDF + VC@ 5 t/ha+ Azotobacter + PSB) during both the years. Sowing on 20th November with GW 451 produced the highest returns and benefit-cost ratio. These results suggest that combined application of 75 % RDF + vermicompost @ 5 t/ha+ Azospirillum + PSB or 75 % RDF + FYM @ 10 t/ha+ Azotobacter + PSB is effective to get higher yield net return in wheat cultivation, providing valuable insights for farmers and researchers.

Effect of Different Sources of Nitrogen and Bio Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Cherry Tomato [Solanum lycopersicum L.) Var. Cerasiforme] in Polyhouse Conditions

The present investigation was carried out at Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Naini, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh during the Kharif-2022 with a view to identify the effect of different sources of nitrogen and bio fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of cherry tomato” [Solanum lycopersicum L.) var. cerasiforme] in polyhouse conditions. The experiment was laid in Randomized block design (RBD) with 9 treatments and 3 replications with different combination in RDF and application of organic nutrition. Under this experiment, overall, 10 treatment were taken. From the above experimental finding it may be concluded that the treatment T9 (75% N through urea + 25% N through FYM + Azotobacter (4 kg ha-1) + PSB (4 Kg ha-1) was found to be best in the terms of growth parameters like highest plant height (283.35 cm) at 120 DAT, maximum number of branches per plant (72.33 branches) at 120 DAT. In terms of earliness, it was found to have minimum days to attain 50% flowering (55.93 DAT). In terms of yield T9 had highest number of fruits per cluster (5.57 fruits), and fruit yield per hectare (25.88 t ha-1).

Control biológico de Ralstonia solanacearum y su efecto en el crecimiento vegetativo de banano orgánico

The banana (Musa AAA) is one of the main economically important crops worldwide. Currently, it faces a serious problem of plant death caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) variety 2. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of biological control of Moko disease and its relationship with the vegetative growth of banana seedlings under field conditions. Four treatments were employed: absolute control (T0), Trichoderma spp. (T2), Bacillus spp. (Bio-remedy) (T3), and ADMF® (T4) with three replications in a completely randomized block design. The incubation period, the incidence percentage, and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) were evaluated, along with plant survival and height, pseudostem diameter, and leaf emission rate. At 113 days after transplanting (dat), treatments T1, T2, and T3 showed higher seedling survival. Plant height (111-145 cm), pseudostem diameter (7.43-11.28 cm), and leaf emission rate (11.74-13.15 leaves) exhibited significant differences among treatments. Treated plants showed the lowest AUDPC (between 576.1 and 1435.4 units) compared to untreated plants (3156.55 units). Trichoderma, Bacillus, and ADMF® were demonstrated to reduce disease incidence and promote banana vegetative growth, proving to be viable sustainable alternatives for this crop. Keywords: Musa AAA, Trichoderma, Bacillus, ADMF®, Ralstonia solanacearum, AUDPC.

#2153 Difelikefalin: a new solution against itching in CKD-aP patients

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKD-aP) is one of the most common and burdensome symptom affecting patients with advanced chronic kidney disease, with an estimated prevalence of 53.3%. The clinical presentation is extremely variable, from minor lesions to true scratch injuries, and significantly affects the patient's quality of life (QoL), sleep quality and mood, as well as being associated with increased mortality. At present, high-quality evidence on which to base treatment is limited. Currently proposed first-line therapeutic options include optimization of dialysis treatment, emollient agents, UVB light, antihistamines, gabapentin and pregabalin. Recently difelikefalin, a k-opioid receptor agonist, has been the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for moderate-severe CKD-aP treatment. The aim of our study is to demonstrate the efficacy of this drug in relieving symptoms in CKD-aP patients. Method For this preliminary retrospective observational study, 19 patients (9 females, 10 males) with CKD-aP performing dialysis at our Dialysis Center were recruited. All of them had appropriate Kt/V values and had previously been treated with first-line medications. The other main demographic and clinical characteristics of our population, such as calcium-phosphate metabolism and inflammation's indexes, can be seen in Table 1. Our population underwent the Worst Itch Numeric Rating Scale (WI-NRS) by which the presence, intensity, and impact on sleep of this symptom were investigated. They also were subjected to questions that investigate their quality of life (SF-PCS12, SF-MCS12). All patients completed those questionnaires before starting Difelikefalin treatment (t0) and after one month of treatment (t1), 15 of them were evaluated also after three months (t3) and 10 patients, those who first started therapy, reached the assessment at six months (t6). Results Statistical analysis of our preliminary study shows very encouraging data regarding the efficacy of difelikefalin on CKD-aP and sleep quality. As shown in Table 2, we recorded a significant decrease (p value <.001, ƞ2 0.552) in the intensity of itching, most noticeable in the first month, confirming that the effect of this drug is evident and considerable already after four weeks. Our data also demonstrate a significant and lasting positive effect of difelikefalin on sleep quality (p value 0.006, ƞ2 0.592), as shown in Table 3. We found no significant data on the improvement in the QoL of the patients in the study, probably due to the difficulty in standardising this complex feature and due to the limited size of the statistical sample. Furthermore, it should be considered that 3 of the patients enrolled in the study had to discontinue the medication due to the onset of side effects such as diarrhea and headache. Conclusion The most influential limitation of this retrospective observational study is the small number of recruited patients, in addition to the fact that not all of them reached a 6-months treatment evaluation. Our aim is to complete the study by enrolling a larger number of patients from our Dialysis Centre and to monitor the effect of difelikefalin during a longer treatment period, in order to achieve a more accurate analysis and significative results applicable on a larger scale. As far as we can currently evaluate, this drug is significantly effective in reducing CKD-aP and thus in improving the quality of sleep.

Microstructure and Mechanical Characteristics of Friction Welded Joint between Alumina and Aluminum Casting Alloy

In this study, the Al2O3 round bar and Al-Si12CuNi (AC8A) round bar were joined by friction welding. AC8A is a typical piston material treated by the heat treatment T6. The parameters of the joining condition are friction time and upset pressure. SEM observed the microstructure at the interface region of joined materials. 1) Judging from these photographs, the damages to the microstructures at the interface region of joined materials by upset pressure are more significant than those caused by friction time. 2) The relationship between the joint conditions and mechanical characteristics from three points of bending test results for the joint material specimens. 3) The residual stresses around the interface were measured by the Raman spectroscopy method. There is a possibility that the friction welding conditions are correlated to the residual stresses.

Evaluation of Strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa) Runner Production in Different Growing Media under Semi-Automated Polyhouse

The experiment was laid out in RCBD, replicated 3 times with 11 treatments in different combinations i.e.,T0: Soil, T1: Soil+ Vermicompost (1:1), T2 : Soil + Vermicompost (1:2), T3: Soil + Vermicompost(2:1), T4 : Soil + Poultry manure (1:1), T5 : Soil + Poultry manure (1:2), T6 : Soil + Poultry manure (2:1), T7 : Soil +Vermicompost+ Poultry manure (1:1;1), T8 : Soil +Vermicompost+ Poultry manure (2:1;1), T9 : Soil +Vermicompost+ Poultry manure (1:2:1), T10 : Soil +Vermicompost+ Poultry manure (1:1:2). Higher growth and yield attributes of strawberry runners, higher quality attribute and also concluded that, treatment T8 (Soil +Vermicomposted+ Poultry manure (2:1:1) performed best in term of runners growth and developed of strawberry under semi automated poly house condition. The highest B:C ratio was also found in the same treatment with 2.15. Among all the treatments, treatment T8 performed best in terms of runners growth and development of strawberry.

Effect of Different Levels of Nano Boron and Nano Zinc on Plant Growth and Establishment of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) under Prayagraj Agro-climatic Condition

The experiment was carried out at Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj during the year 2023-24.The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design comprising of 10 treatments vizT0 Control, T1 Nano Boron @ 1ppm (Foliar application), T2 Nano Boron @ 2ppm (Foliar application), T3 Nano Boron @ 3ppm (Foliar application), T4 Nano Zinc @ 1ppm (Foliar application), T5 Nano Zinc @ 2ppm (Foliar application), T6 Nano Zinc @ 3ppm (Foliar application), T7 Nano Boron 1ppm + Nano Zinc @ 2ppm (Foliar application), T8 Nano Boron 2ppm + Nano Zinc @ 2ppm (Foliar application), and T9 Nano Boron 3ppm + Nano Zinc @ 2ppm (Foliar application) with three replications. Every replication's treatments were distributed at random.The Observations were recorded as per the Vegetative growth parameters, survival (%) and chlorophyll content (SPAD value). The results reveal that the treatment T9 Nano Boron 3ppm + Nano Zinc @ 3ppm (Foliar application) was found to be the most suitable over all the other treatments in relation to vegetative growth parameters, survival (%) and chlorophyll content (SPAD value). The lowest cost of Cultivation was found in Treatment T1 which was 54,191.588/-

Standardization, Physico-chemical and Organoleptic Evaluation of Value added Ready-To-Serve (RTS) Beverage from Starfruit

The present study was carried out to develop a ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage from starfruit value added with ginger, mint, aloe vera, lemon grass, basil and rosemary with the objective of assessing the physico-chemical and organoleptic properties. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with seven treatments and three replications. Based on the results of assessment, it has been concluded that treatment T1 (Starfruit Juice + Ginger Juice 2%) performed best in terms of physico-chemical properties viz. pH, acidity, TSS, vitamin C, reducing sugar and total sugar. On the basis of sensory evaluation, treatment T1 (Starfruit juice + Ginger Juice 2%) was found most acceptable in terms of organoleptic properties viz. colour, taste, flavour and overall acceptability.

Biochemical properties and pigment contents of Satureja genotypes affected by plant growth regulators and temperature stress.

There is little data, to our knowledge, on the biochemical properties of different Satureja sp. genotypes affected by plant growth regulators (PGR) under temperature stress. A split plot research on the basis of a complete randomized block design with three replicates examining temperature stress (planting dates, 8th of April, May and June) (main factor), and the factorial combination of plant growth regulators (PGR, control (CO), gibberellic acid (GA), fertilization (MI), and amino acid (A)), and genotypes (Khuzestani, Mutika, and Bakhtiari) on plant biochemical properties, was conducted. Plant pigment contents (chlorophyll a, and b and carotenoids (car)), antioxidant activity (catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GP)), and leaf protein were determined. Treatments significantly and differently affected the genotypes performance. PD3 and PD1resulted in significantly higher activity of APX (0.059 U. mg-1) and GP (0.190 U. mg-1), respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Temperature stress significantly affected plant CAT activity (U. mg-1) at PD1 (0.084) and PD3 (0.820). Higher temperature significantly enhanced leaf Pro, MI increased plant APX (0.054) and CAT activities (0.111 U. mg-1) significantly, and GA resulted in the highest and significantly different GP activity (0.186 U. mL-1). Treatments T1 and T3 significantly enhanced Chla and Car content, and MI resulted in significantly higher Chlb content (0.085mgg-1 leaf fresh weight). Car and CAT are the two most sensitive biochemical traits under temperature stress and can more effectively regulate Satureja growth and activity. It is possible to alleviate temperature stress on Satureja biochemical properties by the tested PGR.

Effect of Different Levels of Foliar Spray of Water Soluble Fertilizer NPK on Growth, Yield and Quality of Prickly Lettuce

A trial was conducted to evaluate the foliar application of fertilizer on growth, yield & quality of prickly lettuce at Vegetable Research farm, Department of Horticulture, SHUATS. The objectives of this study were to find out suitable combination of water- soluble fertilizer of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus for growth, yield and quality of prickly lettuce and to estimate the economics of the various treatments. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (R.B.D) with 3 replications and 8 treatments. Results revealed that treatment T4 performed best in terms of growth parameters viz; plant height, leaf area , number of leaves per plant, plant spread, leaf area , yield parameters viz; yield per plant, yield per hectare and quality parameters viz; TSS and ascorbic acid.

Response of Inorganic, Organic Fertilizer and Microbial Inoculants on Physico-chemical Properties of Soil in Cultivation of Wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) var. PBW-373

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the response of inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and microbial inoculants on soil health of wheat. The design applied was 3x3 randomized block design. It was observed that treatment T9 (100% RDF +FYM @ 15 t ha-1 + PSB 6.0 kg ha-1) improved the soil WHC, OC, available N,P and K resulted in a slight change in soil pH 7.34, EC 0.49 dS m-1, bulk density 1.14 Mg m-3 and particle density 2.54 Mg m-3. In post-harvest soil of fertilizers observations were resulted in significant increase in pore space 48.97 %, water holding capacity 46.85 %, organic carbon 0.48 %, and available N 286.92 kg ha-1 ,P20.05 kg ha-1,K 201.87 kg ha-1,significant increase in case of Nitrogenkg ha-1, Phosphorus kg ha-1, Potassium kg ha-1 was found to be significant among other treatments in wheat cultivation.

Optimization of Flowering and Fruit Development in Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) cv. Umran using Fertilizers, Micronutrients, and Bioregulators

In order to investigate the effect of fertilizers, micronutrients and bioregulators on flowering and fruit growth and developments on ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) cv. Umran, an experiment was carried out during 2019/2020 cropping season at the Fruit Research Station, Imalia, Department of Horticulture JNKVV Jabalpur. The study used a factorial design using randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications and a total of twelve treatment combinations that included bioregulators, micronutrients, and fertilizers either separately or in various combinations. The application of treatment T4 [RDF (N:P:K)+Foliar spray of GA3 + NAA (50 ppm+50 ppm)] was found to be significantly superior as compared to other treatments for flowering parameter in respect to induce early flower bud formation, based on the results obtained in this study. It takes 22 days to induce the earliest flowering after spray, and it takes 8.67 days to achieve 50% flowering. The earliest date of flower bud initiation was found with the T11 [RDF (N:P:K)+ NPK -18:18:18 (1.0%) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + Borax (0.3%)] which showed to be the best for fruit growth and development characteristics, including specific gravity (1.047), fruit weight (36.52 g), fruit volume (36.56 ml), fruit length (4.53 cm), and fruit diameter (3.50 cm).With regard to practically every fruit growth and development attribute, the treatment T10 was found to be the second best.

Effect of Foliar Spray of NPK, Borax, ZnSO\(_4\) & MgSO\(_4\) on Storage of Strawberry (Fragaria annanassa Duch.) cv. Winter Dawn

This study identified the synergistic effect of NPK, Borax, ZnSO4 and MgSO4 with different concentrations on the postharvest quality and shelf life of strawberry stored at ambient conditions. This study was conducted in completely randomized Block design. Strawberry fruits were treated with different concentration of NPK, Borax, ZnSO4 and MgSO4 and stored at ambient temperature for 4 days. Changes in fruit’s physiological loss of weight, firmness, total soluble solid, titrable acidity, and ascorbic acid were periodically recorded. The results indicated that the treatment T8 (NPK @0.5% + Borax @0.25% + Znso4 @0.25%+ Mgso4 @0.25%) significantly reduced the decrease of physiological loss of weight, total soluble solids, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid, reducing sugar, non- reducing sugar and total sugar content. The results showed that treatment T8 (NPK @0.5% + Borax @0.25% + Znso4 @0.25%+ Mgso4 @0.25%) is the most effective treatment for improving the postharvest quality and prolong the shelf life of strawberry when stored at ambient condition.

Effects of foliar selenium, biochar, and pig manure on cadmium accumulation in rice grains and assessment of health risk

Addressing cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural lands is crucial, given its health implications and accumulation in crops. This study used pot experiments to evaluate the impact of foliar selenium spray (Se) (0.40 mM), corn straw biochar (1%), and pig manure (1%) on the growth of rice plants, the accumulation of Cd in rice grain, and to examine their influence on health risk indices associated with Cd exposure. The treatments were designated as follows: a control group without any amendment (CK), biochar (T1), pig manure (T2), Se (T3), Se and biochar (T4), Se and pig manure (T5), and Se along with biochar and pig manure (T6). Our results indicated that the treatments affected soil pH and redox potential and improved growth and the nitrogen and phosphorus content in rice plants. The soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) meter readings of leaves during the tillering stage indicated a 5.27%–15.86% increase in treatments T2 to T6 compared to CK. The flag leaves of T2 exhibited increases of 12.06%–38.94% for electrolyte leakage and an 82.61%–91.60% decline in SOD compared to treatments T3 to T6. Treatments T1 to T6 increased protein content; however, amylose content was significantly reduced in T6. Treatment T6 recorded the lowest Cd concentration in rice grains (0.018 mg/kg), while T2 recorded the highest (0.051 mg/kg). The CK treatment group showed a grain Cd content reduction of 29.30% compared to T2. The assessment of acceptable daily intake, hazard quotient, and carcinogenic risk revealed an ascending order as follows: T6 < T3 < T5 < T4 < T1 < CK < T2. In conclusion, the application of treatment T6 demonstrates the potential to lower oxidative stress, enhance production, reduce cancer risk, and ensure the safe cultivation of rice in environments affected by Cd contamination.

Investigating the Influence of Spinach Sauce in Modulating Serum Calcium in Osteoporotic Females

Background: The modulation of serum calcium levels through diet is a critical aspect of managing osteoporosis, particularly in postmenopausal women. Spinach, known for its high calcium content, offers potential benefits for bone health due to its rich nutrient profile. This study aimed to develop a spinach sauce, evaluate its consumer acceptability, and investigate its impact on serum calcium levels in osteoporotic females. Objective: To develop a nutritionally rich spinach sauce, assess its sensory acceptability, and evaluate its effectiveness in modulating serum calcium levels among osteoporotic females. Methods: The spinach sauce was formulated using various recipes to maximize calcium bioavailability. The preparation process involved controlled cooking techniques to preserve nutrients, followed by proximate composition analysis. A sensory evaluation was conducted with osteoporotic females and a control group using standard hedonic scales. Participants were instructed to incorporate the spinach sauce into their daily diet for a specified period. Serum calcium levels were measured before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25, controlling for covariates such as age, baseline dietary habits, and baseline serum calcium levels. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was provided by all participants. Results: Treatment T2, containing 40% spinach and 60% mint, scored highest in sensory evaluation with color (8.94 ± 0.26), flavor (8.92 ± 0.30), taste (8.98 ± 0.27), texture (8.22 ± 0.29), and overall acceptability (8.94 ± 0.31). The proximate composition of the spinach sauce showed moisture (79.84%), crude protein (6.27%), crude fat (1.91%), fiber (0.57%), ash (4.21%), and nitrogen-free extract (10.27%). Serum calcium levels increased significantly in the spinach sauce group from 0.84 ± 0.01 to 1.03 ± 0.04, and in the combined spinach sauce and calcium supplement group from 0.69 ± 0.01 to 0.91 ± 0.07. ANOVA revealed significant effects of treatments (F = 1.99, p ≤ 0.01) and days (F = 41.96, p ≤ 0.01) on bone mineral density. Conclusion: The developed spinach sauce was nutritionally rich and well-received, particularly in treatment T2. It demonstrated potential in improving serum calcium levels among osteoporotic females, suggesting that dietary interventions with spinach could be a viable strategy for managing osteoporosis. Further research with larger sample sizes and longer durations is recommended to substantiate these findings.

Probing the physicochemical impact of musk melon seed oil on mayonnaise

Owing to high consumption and industrial preparation of musk melon products, most of its byproducts are wasted without effective utilization. Musk melon agro-based waste material (seeds and peels) is an excellent source of antioxidants and phytochemicals. The purpose of this study was to improve the oxidative stability of mayonnaise by addition of musk melon seed oil. The study was conducted to check the physicochemical effect of musk melon seed oil in mayonnaise. Proximate analysis of seeds (i.e. moisture, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein, ash, and carbohydrate content) was performed. Oil was extracted by using the cold press extraction method, and this oil was tested for different physicochemical analyses (i.e., saponification value, iodine number, specific gravity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] value, viscosity, free fatty acid, and color). Physicochemical analysis was done during the storage period of 0, 20, 40, and 60 days, prior to performing sensory evaluation of mayonnaise. Data obtained from this analysis were further analyzed using statistical tools. A decreasing trend was observed for DPPH and peroxide values of mayonnaise with progression of days, thus showing that addition of musk melon seed oil decreased the production of free radicals. Hence, adding 40% musk melon seed oil showed the best result for overcoming the oxidation of mayonnaise and minimizing the production of free radicals. The data obtained from the statistical analysis indicated that the aroma and texture values of treatment T5 were maximum, and the color and flavor of treatments T4 and T5 were high. The overall acceptability of treatment T5 was high in which 40% of musk melon seed oil was used to combat the production of free radicals. In brief, waste material could be used for producing different types of products in the industry, rather than discarding the same, as it lessened the cost and provide a good quantity of nutrients.

Nutritional and organoleptic quality of brown rice based nutri-bar during ambient storage

The present investigation was carried out with the objective to assess the nutritional and organoleptic quality of brown rice based nutri-bar during storage period of 90 days. Varied percentages of brown rice, oats and flaxseeds were mixed together to form seven different treatment combinations. For the development of nutri-bar brown rice, oats and flaxseeds were blended in the ratios of 100:00:00, 85:5:10, 80:10:10, 75:15:10, 70:20:10, 65:25:10 and 60:30:10 per cent, respectively. Prepared treatments of nutri-bar were packed in aluminium laminates and stored under ambient storage conditions. The quality of nutri-bar was assessed for its nutritional and organoleptic parameters at 30 days interval until 90 days. The highest mean crude protein (12.11 %), crude fat (8.59 %), crude fibre (6.42 %), ash (2.49 %), iron (6.44 mg/100g), calcium (82.21 mg/100g) and potassium (447.34 mg/100g) were recorded in treatment T7 (60:30:10:: Brown rice: Oats: Flaxseeds), whereas treatment T1 (100:00:00:: Brown rice: Oats: Flaxseeds) recorded highest carbohydrates of 75.69 per cent. On the basis of organoleptic evaluation, the highest mean overall acceptability score of 7.82 was recorded in T5 (70:20:10:: Brown rice: Oats: Flaxseeds) and was adjudged as superior among all the treatments of nutri-bar. Thus, nutritious bar can be developed by incorporating 20% oats and 10% flaxseed with 70 % brown rice.

Unlocking the Secrets of Soil Health: Exploring the Influence of Natural and Synthetic Nutrients on Soil Organic Carbon and Active &amp; Passive Carbon Pool in Vertisols

The experiment carried out in this field study was between 2022 and 2023 at the (AICRP) research farm in the outward-bound farm of the College of Agriculture, Indore. Indore is a small city in the western part of Madhya Pradesh, Central India, situated on the Malwa Plateau. An experiment was conducted with three replication by using different combination of N, P levels and crop residues in RBD design. Experiment field was medium to black soil with pH of 7.63 and medium in organic carbon 0.58%. The soil was low in available nitrogen (208.0 kg/ha) medium in available phosphorus (21.0 kg/ha) and high in potassium (585 kg/ha) and divided into gross plot size of 10 x 7.2 m2 and a net plot size of 9 x 6.4 m2, respectively. During crop harvest four different depths were used to gather the soil samples: 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm. All the collected samples are examined separated for soil organic carbon, active (highly labile, labile SOC), and passive (non-labile, less labile SOC) carbon pools. The finding showed that maximum soil organic carbon (%) was observed with the application of treatment T6 treatment (FYM 6 t ha-1 + N20 P13. Similar trend was found with active (very labile, labile) and passive carbon (less labile, non-labile) pools of soil.

Effects of a nanobiofilm-covered echelon oxygen-controlled composting process on carbon and nitrogen conversion and emission reduction efficiency

To address the defects of traditional composting products, such as slow fertilizer efficiency, high dosage and high emissions of gas pollutants, we propose a new composting process from the perspective of increasing the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content in compost. The results showed that nanobiofilm-covered echelon oxygen-controlled composting could effectively reduce the emissions of CH4, CO2 and NH3 and increase the DOC content in the composting products. Among the methods, using nanobiofilm covering and applying moderate ventilation during the warming phase and high ventilation during the high-temperature phase, along with low ventilation during the cooling and maturation phases (T3), proved to be the most effective in promoting the conversion of carbon to dissolved organic carbon and in reducing carbon and nitrogen losses. Compared to the control, this treatment resulted in a 36.16% reduction in total carbon loss, a 21.14% reduction in total nitrogen loss, and a 57.22% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions while also increasing the DOC content by 82.64%. This is because treatment T3 initially maintained the composting process in an aerobic state, followed by a semianaerobic state, which is conducive to the accumulation of DOC. The research results provide a new technical path for improving the quality, efficiency and emission reduction of organic fertilizer.

Effect of FYM and Different Levels of Panchgavya on Growth and Establishment of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Red Lady

Today, with the advancement of environment pollution and health that is obtained from the improper use of inorganic fertilizer, production and use of organic fertilizer is considered as an important approach in the field of soil science in the world’s interest to investors. Research was conducted during the period 2023 on central research farm of department of horticulture, (NAI) SHUATS, Prayagraj. Field trial was designed on Randomized Block Design with three replications and ten treatments. Seedling were raised in polybag and 45 days old seedling were transplanted to the main field. Manure and fertilizer were applied as per treatment in ten equal split doses at 30,60 and 90days intervals. The treatment T9 (RDF) FYM+ Panchgavya (90ml/l) registered significantly maximum vegetative growth, chlorophyll content and survivality %. On the basis of our experimental findings, it can be concluded that the best result was found in treatment T9 (RDF) FYM+ Panchgavya (90ml/l) in term of vegetative growth parameters viz., plant height (cm), Number of leaves per plant, stem diameter (mm), leaf area (cm2) and root to shoot ratio, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content and survivality % of papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Red lady.