Treatment Of Viral Pneumonia Research Articles

Shufeng Jiedu capsule alleviates influenza A (H1N1) virus induced acute lung injury by regulating the lung inflammatory microenvironment

BackgroundDeath caused by respiratory tract infection is one of the leading causes of death in the world today. Shufeng Jiedu Capsule (SFJDC) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been widely used clinically for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), H1N1 influenza virus pneumonia and other diseases. Its pharmacological effect is to inhibit inflammation and improve the body's ability to clear viruses. However, the mechanism of SFJDC in the treatment of viral pneumonia, especially its effect on the inflammatory-immune microenvironment of lung tissue remains unclear. MethodsMice with H1N1 influenza virus pneumonia were used as a model to verify the efficacy of SFJDC through death protection, lung index, viral load, and HE staining of lung tissue. The levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in lung tissue were investigated by multi-analyte immunoassay. The number and proportion of cells in peripheral blood were detected by blood routine. The percentage of infiltrating immune cells in lung tissue was detected by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. ResultsSFJDC (2.2 g/kg·d−1 and 1.1 g/kg·d−1) increased survival rate (P＜0.01, P＜0.05), prolonged the survival period of mice, and alleviated the histopathological damage in lung (P＜0.01). SFJDC (2.2 g/kg·d−1, 1.1 g/kg·d−1 and 0.055 g/kg·d−1) increased body weight(P＜0.01, P＜0.05), improved activity status, reduced the lung index (P＜0.01, P＜0.05) and viral load (P＜0.01). SFJDC (2.2 g/kg·d−1 and 1.1 g/kg·d−1) reduced interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-18(IL-18), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) (P＜0.01, P＜0.05), and SFJDC (2.2 g/kg·d−1) increased IL-10 levels (P＜0.05) to regulate inflammation. SFJDC (2.2 g/kg·d−1) increased the percentages of CD4+ T cells (P＜0.01), CD8+ T cells (P＜0.05), and B cells(P＜0.05), and decreased F4/80+ macrophages (P＜0.05). ConclusionOur findings indicated that SFJDC could inhibit inflammation and lung injury while maintaining the function of the adaptive immune response mediated by T and B cells, and promote the clearance of the virus, thereby treating influenza A (H1N1) virus-induced pneumonia.

A ternary correlation multi-symptom network strategy based on in vivo chemical profile identification and metabolomics to explore the molecular basis of Ephedra herb against viral pneumonia.

Ephedra herb (EH), an important medicine prescribed in herbal formulas by Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners, has been widely used in the treatment of viral pneumonia in China. However, the molecular basis of EH in viral pneumonia remains unclear. In this study, a ternary correlation multi-symptom network strategy was established based on in vivo chemical profile identification and metabolomics to explore the molecular basis of EH against viral pneumonia. Results showed that 143 compounds of EH and 70 prototype components were identified in vivo. EH could reduce alveolar-capillary barrier disruption in rats with viral pneumonia and significantly downregulate the expression of inflammatory factors and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Plasma metabolomics revealed that EH may be involved in the regulation of arachidonic acid, tryptophan, tyrosine, nicotinate, and nicotinamide metabolism. The multi-symptom network showed that 12 compounds have an integral function in the treatment of viral pneumonia by intervening in many pathways related to viruses, immunity and inflammation, and lung injury. Further verification demonstrated that sinapic acid and frambinone can regulate the expression of related genes. It has been shown to be a promising representative of the pharmacological constituents of ephedra.

Study on the mechanism of Plantago asiatica L in the treatment of viral pneumonia based on network pharmacology

Objective: Viral pneumonia has caused great harm to human health and is infectious, and if it is not treated in time, the consequences will be immeasurable. Chinese medicine treatment of viral pneumonia is promising in clinical research at present. Here, we explore potential targets and mechanisms of Plantago asiatica L in the treatment of viral pneumonia. Methods: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) system and traditional Chinese medicine pharmacology database system pharmacology (TCMSP) (https://tcmspw.com/index.php) were used for screening active ingredients of Plantago asiatica L and targets related to active ingredients. The target proteins obtained from the TCMSP database were searched in the UniProt database (https://www.uniprot.org/) to obtain their corresponding gene names. GeneCards database (https://www. Genecards.org) was used to explore related targets closely associated with viral pneumonia. Subsequently, the Venny 2.1 database (https://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny/) was applied before building a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The PPI network was constructed using the String database (https://string-db.org/), decoding the core anti-viral genes in viral pneumonia. Intersected genes were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) to construct a network of "Disease-drug-active component-key target-KEGG pathway". Results: 9 active components, 96 targets, 402 important disease targets, and 3 common targets of viral pneumonia and plantain were obtained. The top 10 GO biological processes, 10 GO cell components, 10 GO molecular functions and the top 10 KEGG signaling pathways were screened out. Conclusion: Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2; CASP3: Caspase - 3; CASP8: Caspase - 8. Those targets act on viral pneumonia by participating in the biological process and regulating the signaling pathway of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus infection, which provides a basis for future experimental verification and clinical research.

Research on the mechanism of Angelicae dahurica in treating viral pneumonia based on network pharmacology

Objective: Network pharmacology was used to investigate the mechanism of Angelica dahurica in the treatment of viral pneumonia. Methods: The active components and their targets of Angelica dahurica were searched in systematic pharmacology database and analysis platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and then the targets were converted to gene names in UniProt database. After that, the related targets of viral pneumonia were searched by GeneCards database. The application of Venny 2.1 database could construct the "active components key targets" network. Cytoscape 3.7.0 software was used to construct the " Angelica dahurica-active components-viral pneumonia-targets" interaction network. After acquiring four overlapping target genes, it is crucial to utilize the STRING database to get the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of core target genes were performed by using R language software for the intersection of drug action targets and disease targets. Results: In total, six effective active components were obtained by searching, including beta-sitosterol, sitosterol, kaempferol, stigmasterol, luteolin and quercetin. The PPI network was made by taking the four key target proteins after intersection. The biological functions involved in GO enrichment analysis include maturation of proteins, response to oxygen levels, regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeability in apoptotic signaling pathways, and response to decreased oxygen levels, etc. The biological pathways and biological processes involved in KEGG incorporate Apoptosis - multiple species, Platinum drug resistance, p53 signaling pathway, and Toxoplasmosis, etc. Conclusions: These findings will provide insights into Angelicae dahurica treatment for viral pneumonia.

Polydopamine-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles co-loaded with Ziyuglycoside I and Oseltamivir for synergistic treatment of viral pneumonia

Viral pneumonia (VP) is a serious health risk to humans, however, there is still a lack of specific treatments for VP. The spread of the virus in the body induces an excessive inflammatory response that can cause chronic or irreversible damage to lungs. Hence, VP treatment requires rapid clearance of the virus and sustained inflammation control. In this study, an innovative mesoporous silica medication delivery system co-loaded with Ziyuglycoside I(ZgI) and Oseltamivirv(OST) in fast and slow monomeric forms ZgI@MSNs-OST@ Polydopamine (PDA) was prepared for targeted treatment of VP. The prepared ZgI@MSNs-OST@PDA nanoparticles had a homogeneous and membrane-encapsulated spherical structure, with an average particle size of approximately 760 nm. in vitro release and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that ZgI@MSNs-OST@PDA achieved immediate release of OST and sustained release of ZgI, which was readily taken up by the cells. In vitro anti-H1N1 virus experiments showed that nanoparticles rapidly killed the virus in host cells, and the anti-inflammatory effect was sustained and long-lasting, providing excellent protection to host cells. In vivo antiviral pneumonia experiments confirmed the rapid clearance of influenza viruses from mouse lungs and the effective control of overactivated immune responses by ZgI@MSNs-OST@PDA nanoparticles. Through a mechanistic study, we found that the treatment of viral pneumonia with nanoparticles was associated with inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. In conclusion, the constructed nanoparticles achieved synergistic therapeutic effects of ZgI and OST on VP, that is, rapid killing of influenza viruses by OST and effective control of the virus-induced hyperinflammatory response by ZgI.

Qingjin Huatan decoction protects mice against influenza a virus pneumonia via the chemokine signaling pathways

Ethnopharmacological relevanceQingjin Huatan Decoction (QJHTT) consists of 11 herbal medicines: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis, Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC., Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl., Morus alba L., Fritillaria thunbergii Miq., Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim., Citrus reticulata Blanco, Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. As a traditional compound Chinese medicinal formula, QJHTT has been used for more than 400 years in China. Historically, it was used to treat respiratory diseases and had shown beneficial clinical results for diseases related to lung inflammation. Aim of the studyTo investigate the therapeutic effect of QJHTT on influenza A virus (IAV) pneumonia in mice and explore its possible mechanism of action. Materials and methodsThe components in QJHTT were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and some antiviral active components reported in the literature were determined and quantified by HPLC. The protective effects of QJHTT were investigated using lethal and sublethal doses (2 LD50 or 0.8 LD50 viral suspension, separately) of H1N1-infected mice. Mortality and lung lesions in H1N1-infected mice were used to evaluate the efficacy of QJHTT. The potential mechanism of QJHTT in the treatment of viral pneumonia was determined at the gene level by RNA sequencing and validated by qRT-PCR. Following this, the changes in protein levels of JAK2/STAT3 were analyzed since it is a key downstream target of the chemokine signaling pathways. Preliminary elucidation of the mechanism of QJHTT to protect mice against IAV pneumonia through this pathway was conducted. ResultsIn this study, 12 antiviral active constituents including baicalin, geniposide, and mangiferin were identified from QJHTT. In vivo treatment of QJHTT reduced the virus titers of lung tissue significantly and improved the survival rate, lung index, and pulmonary histopathological changes; additionally, a reduction in the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ inflammatory factors in H1N1-infected mice was observed. RNA-seq analysis and qRT-PCR showed that QJHTT primarily reversed the activities CCL2, CCL7, CCR1, and other chemokines and their reception-related genes, suggesting that QJHTT may produce disease-resistant pneumonia by inhibiting the downstream JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Western blot analysis confirmed that QJHTT effectively reduced the protein levels of JAK2, STAT3, and related phosphorylated products in the lung tissue of H1N1-infected mice. ConclusionsOur results indicated that QJHTT alleviated IAV pneumonia in mice by regulating related chemokines and their receptor-related genes in lung tissue, thereby inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 pathway. This could pave way for the design of novel therapeutic strategies to treat viral pneumonia.

Application Potential of Luteolin in the Treatment of Viral Pneumonia

Aim of the Review. This study aims to summarize the therapeutic effect of luteolin on the pathogenesis of viral pneumonia, explore its absorption and metabolism in the human body, evaluate the possibility of luteolin as a drug to treat viral pneumonia, and provide a reference for future research. Materials and Methods. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Google Scholar and collected research on luteolin in the treatment of viral pneumonia and related diseases since 2003. Then, we summarized the efficacy and potential of luteolin in directly inhibiting viral activity, limiting inflammatory storms, reducing pulmonary inflammation, and treating pneumonia complications. Results and Conclusion. Luteolin has the potential to treat viral pneumonia in multiple ways. Luteolin has a direct inhibitory effect on coronavirus, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Luteolin can alleviate the inflammatory factor storm induced by multiple factors by inhibiting the function of macrophages or mast cells. Luteolin can reduce pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary edema, or pulmonary fibrosis induced by multiple factors. In addition, viral pneumonia may cause multisystem complications, while luteolin has extensive protective effects on the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. However, due to the first-pass metabolism mediated by phase II enzymes, the bioavailability of oral luteolin is low. The bioavailability of luteolin can be improved, and its potential value can be further developed by changing the dosage form or route of administration.

The efficacy and safety of anti-humidification traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of viral pneumonia: A meta-analysis

The efficacy and safety of anti-humidification traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of viral pneumonia: A meta-analysis

Xiao-Chai-Hu Decoction Ameliorates Poly (I:C)-Induced Viral Pneumonia through Inhibiting Inflammatory Response and Modulating Serum Metabolism.

Viral pneumonia is widespread, progresses rapidly, and has a high mortality rate. Developing safe and effective therapies to treat viral pneumonia can minimize risks to public health and alleviate pressures on the associated health systems. Xiao-Chai-Hu (XCH) decoction can be used in the treatment of viral pneumonia. However, the mechanisms of XCH on viral pneumonia remain unclear. In this study, poly (I:C) was used to establish a mouse model of viral pneumonia, and the therapeutic effects of XCH on viral pneumonia were assessed. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of XCH on inflammatory response. Lastly, untargeted metabolomics were used to study the metabolic regulatory mechanisms of XCH on viral pneumonia model mice. Our results showed that XCH treatment decreased the wet/dry ratio in lung tissue, total protein concentration, and total cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). H&E staining indicated that XCH treatment alleviated the pathological changes in lung. Moreover, XCH treatment decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and lowered the ratio of CD86+/CD206+ macrophages and CD11b+LY6G+ neutrophils in BALF. XCH treatment also decreased the myeloperoxidase (MPO) and reduced the phosphorylations of PI3K, AKT, and NF-κB p65 in lung. Serum untargeted metabolomics analysis showed that XCH treatment could affect 18 metabolites in serum such as creatine, hydroxyproline, cortisone, hydrocortisone, corticosterone, hypotaurine, and taurine. These metabolites were associated with arginine and proline metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism processes. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that treatment with XCH can ameliorate viral pneumonia and reduce inflammatory response in viral pneumonia. The mechanism of action of XCH in the treatment of viral pneumonia may be associated with inhibiting the activation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway in lung and regulating arginine and proline metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism in serum.

Using Precision Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Viral Pneumonia.

The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn considerable attention to viral pneumonia from clinicians, public health authorities, and the general public. With dozens of viruses able to cause pneumonia in humans, differentiating viral from bacterial pneumonia can be very challenging in clinical practice using traditional diagnostic methods. Precision medicine is a medical model in which decisions, practices, interventions, and therapies are adapted to the individual patient on the basis of their predicted response or risk of disease. Precision medicine approaches hold promise as a way to improve outcomes for patients with viral pneumonia. This review describes the latest advances in the use of precision medicine for diagnosing and treating viral pneumonia in adults and discusses areas where further research is warranted.

Противовирусная и антибактериальная терапия в лечении внебольничных пневмоний

Работа посвящена систематизации подходов к противовирусной и антибактериальной терапии в лечении внебольничных пневмоний. В настоящее время пневмония является основной причиной летальности среди всех инфекционных осложнений во всех возрастных группах и шестой ведущей причиной смерти у подобной категории больных старше 65 лет. Основным компонентом в комплексном лечении больных с гриппозной пневмонией, осложненной бактериальной инфекцией, является своевременное назначение адекватной антивирусной и антибактериальной терапии.Проведение антивирусной терапии следует начинать на раннем этапе заболевания, основываясь на клинической картине болезни, не дожидаясь лабораторного подтверждения гриппа, т.к. разброс чувствительности к экспресс-тестам может составлять от 10 до 70 %.Противовирусная терапия основана на использовании ингибиторов нейраминидазы, которые являются одними из основных препаратов для лечения вирусных пневмоний и гриппоподобных заболеваний как у взрослых, так и у детей. А проведение ранней эмпирической антимикробной терапии целесообразно у больных с признаками вирусного поражения легких при наличии у них сопутствующих гнойно-воспалительных процессов.

Identification of the Mechanism of Feiduqing on Viral Pneumonia Based on Network Pharmacology Analysis

Feiduqing (FDQ) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula used for many years in the treatment of viral pneumonia (VP). However, the effective components of FDQ and the mechanism by which it affects VP remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine the multitarget mechanism of the effect of FDQ on VP through determination and in vivo pharmacodynamics combined with network pharmacology. Firstly, the compound–target–pathway network was constructed by using TCMSP, UniProt, GeneCards, STRING, and DAVID databases through Cytoscape 3.7.0. Secondly, the content of the effective components of the original prescription of FDQ was determined. Finally, the pharmacological activity of FDQ in vivo was verified by an animal model, and the active ingredient composition (AIC), selected by network pharmacology was used for antipyretic, antiinflammatory, antitussive, and expectorant symptoms. Seven compounds of FDQ and 22 potential target genes in the treatment of VP with FDQ were identified by network pharmacology analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment analysis results indicated that the mechanism of FDQ in the treatment of VP was mainly related to pathways in cancer, hepatitis b, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, Chagas disease, tuberculosis, influenza A, human T-cell leukemia virus, type 1 infection, toxoplasmosis and toll-like receptor signaling pathways, osteoclast differentiation, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and leishmaniasis. The results of pharmacodynamic experiments showed that FDQ and AIC possessed antipyretic, cough relieving, and reducing sputum effects. Besides, FDQ and AIC could also significantly reduce the content of prostaglandin E2, TNF-α, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, interleukin-1β, and myeloperoxidase in vivo, while increasing the content of interleukin-10 in vivo. The active ingredients of FDQ prescriptions could be accurately screened by network pharmacological analysis, as they clarified the mechanism of FDQ in the treatment of VP. The research results provided potential ideas and methods for the screening and purification of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions.

Importance of Pharmacists as a Front Line Warrior inImproving Medication Compliance in Covid 19 Patients

To explore the effect of clinical pharmacist intervention on the treatment of viral pneumonia with intravenous methyl prednisolone and others. The clinical data of 112 patients from July 2020 to September 2020 were categorized into observational group (n=56) and random group (n=56) according to the randomized double blind method. The control group with routine nursing intervention and the observational group was treated with comprehensive clinical pharmacist and nursing intervention. Quality of life, recovery time and saturation levels were assessed frequently and on a weekly basis. The observational group was found to have improved oxygen saturation levels during frequent evaluation with the saturation probes when compared with control group, as well the recovery time was also improved. The quality of life in the observation group was significantly better than that in the control group. Incorporating a clinical pharmacist as an integral member of the health care team, brings numerous benefits, one among them is significant improvement in the delay drug administration to the patient. It is undeniable that a clinical pharmacist is a drug information resource for all the health professionals working in a hospital setting.

Clinical features of hypertensive patients with COVID-19 compared with a normotensive group: Single-center experience in China.

BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 has spread worldwide and poses a great threat to human health. Among COVID-19 patients, those with hypertension have been reported to have higher morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to provide the international community with a deeper understanding of COVID-19 with hypertension.MethodsA total of 623 COVID-19 patients enrolled in Wuhan’s hospital were studied from January to March 2020. The epidemiology, clinical features, and laboratory data of hypertensive patients with COVID-19 were collected, retrospectively analyzed, and compared with a normotensive group. The use of antihypertensive drugs, general treatment, and clinical outcomes of hypertensive patients were also analyzed.ResultsThe median ages in hypertensive patients with mild and severe COVID-19 were both significantly greater than the median age in the normotensive group. But there was no significant gender difference between the hypertensive and normotensive groups. All patients had lived in Wuhan area. Common symptoms of all patients included fever, cough, and fatigue. Chest computed tomography (CT) scans showed bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs of all patients. All (315 (100%)) of the hypertensive patients received antiviral therapy (Umifenovir was used alone or in combination with Ribavirin), antibiotic therapy (215 (68.3%)), and corticosteroids (118 (37.5%)). The results suggest that the combination of Umifenovir and Ribavirin as initial therapy for hypertensive patients with COVID-19 is effective and safe. There were no significant differences in laboratory data between the mild cases in the hypertensive and the normotensive groups. In the severe cases, the hypertensive patients had higher plasma levels of D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the hypertensive patients who were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB) were not represented in a statistically significant manner between the mild and severe groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionIn this study, we demonstrated that the hypertensive patients who were treated with ACEI/ARB did not have an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19. Umifenovir and Ribavirin played an important role in the treatment of viral pneumonia. Hypertensive patients with severe viral pneumonia had stronger inflammatory responses than nonhypertensive patients.

Basic principles of diagnosis and treatment of viral pneumonia

Viral pneumonia is an acute inflammatory lesion of the lung tissue caused by viruses, which proceeds with a pronounced intoxication syndrome and is accompanied by respiratory disorders. Previously, viral pneumonia was called atypical; this term was used in all cases when the bacterial causative agent of the disease was not isolated, and immunity to antibiotic therapy was noted. The most common viral pneumonia occurs in early childhood, accounting for about 90 % of all cases of pneumonia. In the structure of the incidence of pneumonia among the adult population, bacterial pneumonia predominates, while viral pneumonia accounts for an average of 4 to 40 % of the total number of cases (moreover, most often people over 65 years old or patients with weakened immunity and severe concomitant pathology get ill). The incidence of viral pneumonia is in direct correlation with epidemiological outbreaks of acute respiratory viral infections — the maximum number of cases of the disease is observed in the autumn-winter period. In pulmonary practice, primary viral pneumonia is distinguished (interstitial, with a benign course, and hemorrhagic, malignant), as well as secondary (viral-bacterial pneumonia, which can be early and late).

Experience of using heliox in the treatment of viral pneumonia in COVID-19

SummaryIntroduction. With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, finding new treatments is an extremely important issue. The effectiveness of heliox was previously demonstrated in the complex treatment of patients with various bron-chopulmonary pathologies. Therefore, this method has been recommended for the treatment of pneumonia associated with COVID-19. Purpose. To study the safety and efficacy of inhaled heliox therapy in the treatment of pneumonia in COVID-19. Materials and methods. A sing-le-center prospective study was carried out for the period from 01.12.2020 to 15.02.2021. The study included 91 pa-tients. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (using heliox) included 46 people, and group 2 (con-trol) — 45. Inhalations of a heated oxygen-helium mixture heliox (70% helium, 30% oxygen) were carried out using “Ingalit-B2-01” inhaler. Objective (saturation, O2 flow) and laboratory parameters (lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein), as well as chest organs CT data were studied. Differences between groups were determined using the χ2 test, as well as the Mann–Whitney U-test. The p value &lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results. In group 1, side effects developed in 5 (11.3%) patients. These patients refused to further participate in the study. Final number of patients in group 1 — 41. Among patients of group 1, there was a tendency towards a more rapid normalization of lactate dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein, as well as a decrease in oxygen dependence. In group 1, according to CT data, no progression of pneumonia was recorded. In group 2, progression was observed in 6 (13.3%) patients. The overall effectiveness of treatment among patients in group 1 was 100%, among patients in group 2 — 86.7%. The differences between the groups are statistically sig-nificant (p=0.02). Conclusion. The use of inhalations with a heated oxygen-helium mixture heliox (30% oxygen, 70% helium) has shown its effectiveness and safety in the treatment of viral pneumonia (CT1- 2) associated with COVID-19.

Importance of Pharmacists as a Front Line Warrior in Improving Medication Compliance in Covid 19 Patients

To explore the effect of clinical pharmacist intervention on the treatment of viral pneumonia with intravenous methyl prednisolone and others. The clinical data of 112 patients from July 2020 to September 2020 were categorized into observational group (n=56) and random group (n=56) according to the randomized double blind method. The control group with routine nursing intervention and the observational group was treated with comprehensive clinical pharmacist and nursing intervention. Quality of life, recovery time and saturation levels were assessed frequently and on a weekly basis. The observational group was found to have improved oxygen saturation levels during frequent evaluation with the saturation probes when compared with control group, as well the recovery time was also improved. The quality of life in the observation group was significantly better than that in the control group. Incorporating a clinical pharmacist as an integral member of the health care team, brings numerous benefits, one among them is significant improvement in the delay drug administration to the patient. It is undeniable that a clinical pharmacist is a drug information resource for all the health professionals working in a hospital setting.

Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Management of Viral Pneumonia.

Viral pneumonia is one kind of acute respiratory tract infection caused by the virus. There have been many outbreaks of viral pneumonia with high contagiousness and mortality both in China and abroad, such as the great influenza in 1918, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus in 2003, the Influenza A (H1N1) virus in 2009, and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019. These outbreaks and/or pandemic have significant impact on human life, social behaviors, and economic development. Moreover, no specific drug has been developed for these viruses. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays an important role in the treatment of viral pneumonia during these outbreaks especially in SARS and SARS-CoV-2 because studies suggest that TCM formulations may target several aspects of the disease and may have lesser side effects than manufactured pharmaceuticals. In recent years, a lot of clinicians and researchers have made a series of in-depth explorations and investigations on the treatment of viral pneumonia with TCM, which have understood TCM therapeutic mechanisms more specifically and clearly. But critical analysis of this research in addition to further studies are needed to assess the potential of TCM in the treatment of viral pneumonia.

The therapeutic effects of traditional chinese medicine on COVID-19: a narrative review.

Background The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new, highly infective virus. In the absence of specific vaccines and antiviral drugs, the China National Health Commission has released a series of COVID-19 treatment guidelines, which include symptomatic treatment, antiviral treatment, and traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). Aim of the review To analyze and summarize the role of TCMs in the treatment of COVID-19. Methods Relevant studies on TCMs related to the study aim were undertaken through a literature search to synthesize the extracted data. Results The China National Health Commission guidelines recommend 15 oral and injectable TCMs for COVID-19. Studies on TCMs have demonstrated that these compounds possess broad-spectrum antiviral and antibacterial properties, and they have certain advantages in the treatment of viral pneumonia and other emergent infectious diseases. Many TCMs also have potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Treatment based on syndrome differentiation is one of the significant features in TCM. TCM compounds contain a variety of active ingredients that have proven multi-target effects, making it difficult for viruses to develop drug resistance. A variety of clinical pathways are involved in the actions of these TCMs. These properties allow TCMs to be used in the treatment of COVID-19. Conclusion TCMs have been widely used in the treatment of COVID-19 in China. The unique properties of TCM compounds allow TCMs to have a role in the management of COVID-19.

Role and place of modern innovative medical technologies in treatment of viral pneumonia

Purpose. To show the role of modern innovative medical technologies in the treatment of severe viral pneumonia caused by the COVID-19 virus.Materials and methods. Clinical signs of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were analyzed. Aspects of treatment of COVID-19 with the use of heated helium-oxygen mixture (HHOM) by applying Ingalit-V2-01 apparatus are shown.Results and discussion. Successful use of Ingalit-V2-01 apparatus in 17 patients is shown.Conclusion. Positive curative effect of modern high-technology innovative Ingalit-V2-01 apparatus, which provides a heated temperature up to 90–100° With a respiratory gas mixture of oxygen and helium together with an anticoagulant and surfactant in the early stages of coronavirus infection, it is associated not only with local (bronchopulmonary system), but also with systemic action on body.