Sewage Wastewater Treatment Research Articles

Internet of things for secure surveillance for sewage wastewater treatment systems

IoT is a secure communication technology used to transfer data from a physical entity to a device with intelligent analysis tools through a wireless channel. The wastewater treatment method extracts pollutants and transforms them into effluents added to the water supply with minimal environmental effects or recovered directly. The major issue is monitoring the disposal of sewage in the treatment plants. Hence, this paper, Surveillance-based Sewage Wastewater Monitoring System (SSWMS) with IoT, has been proposed for monitoring wastewater treatment and improving water quality. A smart water sensor enabled by IoT monitors water quality, water pressure, and water temperature and quantifies water dynamics to map water flow through the entire treatment facility. The proposed method calculates the wastewater treatment facility's effectiveness and ensures that chemical releases are maintained below allowable levels. Thus, the experimental results show the improved recycling water quality level is raised to 97.98%, enhancing secure communication and less moisture content when compared to other methods.

Algal biomass production by phosphorus recovery and recycling from wastewater using amorphous calcium silicate hydrates

The phosphorous supply crisis is a major challenge for a sustainable society, and the algal industry is not unrelated to this crisis. Recycling phosphorus from sewage wastewater is a potential way to address this issue. We previously developed amorphous calcium silicate hydrates (aCSH) as excellent phosphorus recovery materials. In this study, we designed a phosphorus recovery process using aCSH in a pilot-scale facility connected to a sewage wastewater treatment plant, and demonstrated the production of microalgal biomass using phosphorous-containing aCSH (P_aCSH). As a result, high phosphorous recovery rates (>80%) were obtained throughout the year. The carbohydrate-rich microalga Pseudoneochloris sp. NKY372003 was cultivable with P_aCSH. The biomass and carbohydrate productivity of this microalga with P_aCSH was comparable to that with conventional media. Approximately 94% of the phosphorus in P_aCSH was recycled into the biomass. This study successfully demonstrated the recycling the phosphorus recovered from wastewater for microalgal cultivation by aCSH.

State-of-the-Art and Opportunities for Forward Osmosis in Sewage Concentration and Wastewater Treatment.

The application of membrane technologies for wastewater treatment to recover water and nutrients from different types of wastewater can be an effective strategy to mitigate the water shortage and provide resource recovery for sustainable development of industrialisation and urbanisation. Forward osmosis (FO), driven by the osmotic pressure difference between solutions divided by a semi-permeable membrane, has been recognised as a potential energy-efficient filtration process with a low tendency for fouling and a strong ability to filtrate highly polluted wastewater. The application of FO for wastewater treatment has received significant attention in research and attracted technological effort in recent years. In this review, we review the state-of-the-art application of FO technology for sewage concentration and wastewater treatment both as an independent treatment process and in combination with other treatment processes. We also provide an outlook of the future prospects and recommendations for the improvement of membrane performance, fouling control and system optimisation from the perspectives of membrane materials, operating condition optimisation, draw solution selection, and multiple technologies combination.

Pseudomonas stutzeri GF2 augmented the denitrification of low carbon to nitrogen ratio: Possibility for sewage wastewater treatment

A denitrifying strain with high efficiency at low carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 2.0 was isolated and characterized. It belongs to the genus Pseudomonas. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that GF2 was rod-shaped. The nitrate removal efficiency reached up to 92.41% (1.85 mg L−1 h−1) with the C/N ratio of 2.0 and the nitrite accumulation eventually decreased to 0.88 mg L−1. By response surface method (RSM) method, three reaction conditions of strain GF2 were optimized, including pH, C/N ratio, and nitrate concentration. Nitrogen balance and gas detection revealed that 88.03% of nitrogen was removed in gaseous form (included 98.80% nitrogen gas), which confirmed its efficient denitrification ability and pathway. 3D fluorescence spectrum (3D-EEM) manifested that in the absence of organic matter, strain GF2 can utilize extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) as carbon source for efficient denitrification. This research strived to provide new research ideas for low C/N ratio sewage treatment.

Occurrence, Potential Sources, and Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Han River Basin, South Korea.

Increasing public awareness about the aesthetics and safety of water sources has shifted researchers’ attention to the adverse effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on humans and aquatic organisms. A total of 17 VOCs, including 10 volatile halogenated hydrocarbons and seven volatile non-halogenated hydrocarbons, were investigated at 36 sites of the Han River Basin, which is the largest and most important drinking water source for residents of the Seoul metropolitan area and Gyeonggi province in South Korea. The VOC concentrations ranged from below detection limits to 1.813 µg L−1. The most frequently detected VOC was 1,2-dichloropropane, with a detection frequency of 80.56%, as it is used as a soil fumigant, chemical intermediate, and industrial solvent. In terms of geographical trends, the sampling sites that were under the influence of sewage and industrial wastewater treatment plants were more polluted with VOCs than other areas. This observation was also supported by the results of the principal component analysis. In the present study, the detected concentrations of VOCs were much lower than that of the predicted no-effect concentrations, suggesting low ecological risk in the Han River. However, a lack of available ecotoxicity data and limited comparable studies warrants further studies on these compounds.

Impact of Urban Fires in Drainage Systems: an Experimental Case Study

The number of existing studies on the effect of urban fires on drainage systems and treatment facilities is relatively scarce. However, as shown in this paper, the water runoff generated during an urban firefighting can impact these systems. The maximum flow capacity of sewers or other components of the drainage systems can be exceeded. Contaminated water resulting from the fire combat can also impact on subsequent treatment operations taking place at domestic sewage treatment facilities or wastewater treatment plants. Further environmental concerns may be raised if these runoffs are discharged without any treatment. In this paper, a case study is presented to assess the possible effects of urban firefighting on drainage systems and treatment facilities. For this, a simulation of a fire in a traditional Portuguese dwelling was carried out, collecting and analysing the water effluent resulting from the firefighting. Potential physicochemical and hydraulic impacts were discussed taking into account European and Portuguese context. With this work, the authors aimed to provide authorities with information that allows planning or implementation corrective interventions that may be necessary to mitigate potential impacts in the case of urban fires.

Application of Response Surface Methodology For Modeling and Optimization of A Bio Coagulation Process (Sewage Wastewater Treatment Plant).

Cactus has shown great capabilities as a bio coagulant/flocculent in the treatment of wastewater and as a factor for sustainable development of the environment, due to its abundance and non-toxicity for human health. This has encouraged the present study based on the design of experiments to optimize the two operating factors: the bio coagulant dosage and initial pH. The effect of these considered factors on turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction performances was investigated to treat sewage wastewater from plants by the coagulation/flocculation process using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite faced design (CCFD). The effect of the pH on the supernatant turbidity removal and the COD reduction was very significant whereas that of the coagulant dosage was insignificant on the COD removal efficiency. Experimental results revealed that the maximum reduction of turbidity and COD could be reached at a coagulant dosage of 28 mg/l and a pH of 12. At these optimal conditions, the removal efficiency of turbidity and COD was 98.33% and 96.55% respectively. By the end of the treatment, final values of 0.84 NTU and 20.8 mg/l were obtained for turbidity and COD, respectively. A notable decrease of orthophosphate (O- PO4-2), nitrite (N-NO3-), ammonium (N-NH4+) and suspended matter (SM) was observed. The study also showed that the quadratic regression model could be used as a theoretical basis for the process based on a high coefficient of determination R2 value > 0.96, obtained from the analysis of variances (ANOVA).

Energy generation from effluent treatment plant sludge: Design of bioreactor

The sludge generated from physical, chemical, and biological treatment of sewage and industrial wastewater is a serious problem. It is becoming a major environmental problem with the increase in urbanization & industrialization. The sludge generated contains a vast spectrum of organic, inorganic chemicals & pathogens. Presently the sludge is dewatered and disposed of as landfill. It is shifting of pollution & its problem from liquid to the solid phase. The organic pollutants from industry are the source of energy and can be used as fuel. This research work collects the latest information on recent trends in the conversion of sludge to fuel as value-added products such as briquette, energy. The present studies are carried out on the sludge generated from the Sewage Treatment Plant. The sludge is dewatered by using different types of filtering mediums. The dewatered sludge is mixed with other ingredients to make the briquettes and energy. The briquettes are sundried to use as fuel for domestic and industrial use. The briquettes are analyzed for their fuel value. We have also studied the brief design aspects of the horizontal anaerobic batch bioreactor. The cost of the briquettes is also given. Thus this research work gives the most promising value-added usage for the sludge and helps to keep the environment green and sustainable with the energy conservation concept.

Dynamics of taxonomic and functional community structure in macrozoobenthos and the underlying driving factors in Lake Dongting during 1988 and 2016

洞庭湖是我国第二大淡水湖泊，其水文条件对湖泊湿地生态系统健康的维系发挥着不可替代的作用.近年来，水环境恶化日益威胁湖区水生态系统健康.然而，有关底栖动物水生态健康评价的研究仍然停留在物种群落结构方面，缺乏底栖动物群落功能对水污染响应的研究，尤其在较长时间尺度上.因而，本研究分析了1988—2016年近30 a来洞庭湖的水质和底栖动物群落数据，探寻底栖动物群落功能对水环境恶化的响应规律.结果表明，洞庭湖水体总氮浓度是威胁底栖动物物种和功能群落变动的主要因素.此外，不断恶化的水环境驱动底栖动物物种和功能群落结构改变，表现为敏感水生昆虫的比例下降，寡毛类、小型软体动物比例的上升，并伴随着体长为1.00~1.99 cm、背扁型、侧扁型、不移动等功能性状类别比例的下降.同时，水环境恶化降低物种丰富度、功能丰富度和劳氏二次熵多样性.基于距离的冗余分析结果显示，水体氮营养盐、重金属离子和有机污染物共同驱动底栖动物物种群落结构的变异，而营养盐类与无/有机污染物决定着其功能群落结构的变异.鉴于洞庭湖水质不断恶化的状况，本研究建议采取一系列措施，包括合理管控湖区周边废水直排入湖、取缔湖区内的非法采砂以及调控枯水季洞庭湖水位等.生物监测和评价方面，建议将底栖动物物种和功能群落一并纳入评价体系，且优先选用物种丰富度、功能丰富度和劳氏二次熵指数评估换水周期较短的大型浅水湖泊水质变化对底栖动物物种和功能多样性的影响.;Lake Dongting is the second-largest and Yangtze-connected freshwater lake in China, maintaining the wetland ecosystem health. However, in recent decades, the deterioration of water quality is increasingly threatening the lake ecosystem health. Previous studies related to the bioassessment of the aquatic ecological condition using the macrobenthic fauna focused on the effects of deterioration of water quality on the benthic natural community structures, instead of its community functioning, especially at a long time scale. Thus, the present study analyzed the water quality and macrozoobenthic faunal data of the lake in the past thirty years to detect the mechanisms of variances of functional structures underlying the deterioration of water quality. Our results showed that total nitrogen remains the main stressor affecting the changes of taxonomic and functional structures in macrobenthic fauna. In addition, degraded water environmental condition determined the changes of taxonomic and functional structures in the macrozoobenthos, showing the decreases in the proportion of sensitive aquatic insects and increases in the proportion of oligochaetes and small mollusks, accompanying by decreasing in the trait category values of 1.00-1.99 cm, dorsal flat, lateral flat, no mobility, etc. Moreover, the accumulation of aquatic pollution decreased taxa richness, functional richness, and Rao's Q diversity. Results of dbRDA showed that nitrogen, heavy metals, and inorganic/organic pollutants jointly determined the variation of macrobenthic taxonomic structure, while nitrogen and inorganic/organic pollutants dominated the variation of its functional structure. According to the deteriorated water quality of the lake, a set of measures are proposed in the present study, including treatment of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater discharged directly into the lake, banning illegal sand mining in the lake area, and maintaining the natural water level in dry season. In terms of bioassessment and monitoring, we suggest that the taxonomic and functional community structure in macrozoobenthos should be incorporated into the bioassessment framework. If assess the effects of the deteriorated water quality of large shallow lakes with short periods of water exchange on the macrozoobenthos taxonomic and functional diversity, the taxa richness, functional richness, Rao's quadratic entropy coefficient indices are recommended.

Typical antibiotics in the receiving rivers of direct-discharge sources of sewage across Shanghai: occurrence and source analysis.

In Shanghai, the antibiotics in the receiving rivers of direct-discharge sources of sewage (aquaculture farms, cattle farms and wastewater treatment plants) were investigated. Water and sediment samples from the receiving rivers of these sources were collected, and were screened for 19 typical antibiotics. The concentration of the antibiotics in the water and sediment ranged from not detected (ND) to 530.05 ng L−1 and ND to 1039.53 ng g−1, respectively, and sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones were identified as the main antibiotics in the water and sediment, respectively. According to principal component analysis with multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), source contributions were estimated: wastewater treatment plants (66.8%) > aquaculture farms and cattle farms (21.2%), indicating that the contribution of human antibiotics was higher than veterinary antibiotics. Based on the risk quotients, ciprofloxacin was identified as the main antibiotic that causes medium risk in the aquatic ecosystem. This work systematically reflected the profile and source apportionment of antibiotics in Shanghai, which is helpful for antibiotic contamination control and environmental management.

Microbial Community Structure for Sewage Wastewater Treatment Plants in Winter

Constructing an effective control strategy for the daily operation of sewage treatment plants daily operation is an important criterion for the removal performances of nutrient stable in winter. To investigate microbial community structure, functional groups, and relationships between population dynamics and effluent variation, activated sludge obtained from 4 plants, which were running stably in a low temperature period (8-15℃) in northern China, were sampled. The high-throughput sequencing results indicated that the microbial community had good richness in the low temperature period during which the abundance of Actinobacteria increased. Nitrosomonas, a key functional ammonia oxidation bacterium, was greatly affected by the decreasing temperature, while Denitrifies, a highly diverse core group with wide distribution, maintained stable abundance indicating less influence of decreasing temperature. The denitrification efficiency was only associated with the mixed liquor reflux ratio. Tetrasphaera was widely present in four processes and played an important role for the removal of biological phosphorus. Sludge bulking phenomena caused by filamentous bacteria overgrowth occurred frequently in winter; however the quality of effluents was slightly influenced.

Ecological — microbiological characteristics of new bioderators on the basis of sewage wastewater treatment of Odesa

Results of researches of number of microorganisms — representatives various environmental — trophic groups in new biofertilizers on the basis of precipitation of sewage (further — OSV) Severnaya and Yuzhnaya stations of bioscrubbling (SB) in Odesa for defining their suitability on microbiological indicators for use as fertilizers in agriculture are provided. It is established that in new biofertilizers on the basis of OSV SBO Severnaya and Yuzhnaya of Odesa microorganisms — ammonifiers and bacteria which utilize mineral nitrogen develop actively. At the same time, in new biofertilizers the strengthened development of representatives of other groups of microorganisms, such as streptomitseta and sporous microorganisms which optimize mineral food of plants is noted. Parameters of coefficient of a mineralization of an immobilization (0.0009–0.01) demonstrate prevalence of processes of synthesis over destruction of organic matter in all options of experience. The index of an oligotrofnost (IO) (the indicator of security of new biofertilizers with the easily acquired nutrients, indicates their high security with batteries (IO = 0.0009–0.1). It demonstrates that new biofertilizers on the basis of precipitation of sewage, suitable on microbiological indicators for their use in agriculture. On the obtained data which characterize advantages of new fertilizers — (active development of microorganisms of various specificity of action, specifics of functional orientation of a microbiota) can be predicted that use of biofertilizers on the basis of precipitation of sewage will have positive impact on functioning of an agrocenosis.

Phytoremediation of TSS, NH3-N and COD from Sewage Wastewater by Lemna minor L., Salvinia minima, Ipomea aquatica and Centella asiatica

The rapid growth of industries has resulted in wastewater generation containing different organic and chemical substances channeled into the water body. This causes the arising of water pollution issues in many regions. The phytoremediation method was introduced in the process of treating water pollution as it is low cost and environmentally friendly. Lemna minor, Salvinia minima, Ipomoea aquatica and Centella asiatica were chosen in this study because they have tolerance to various pollution conditions and are able to remove organic pollutants and heavy metals. The objectives of this study were to determine the water quality before and after treatment, to determine the rate of reduction in total suspended solids (TSS), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in sewage water through the phytoremediation method and to assess the effectiveness of the plants in the phytoremediation of sewage wastewater. It was found that, Lemna minor, Salvinia minima, Ipomoea aquatica and Centella asiatica were able to reduce TSS by 50.8%, 77.6%, 85.6% and 67.6%, respectively; NH3-N by 80.4%, 89.9, 97.3% and 79.1%, respectively; and COD by 75%, 82%, 44.8% and 36.46%, respectively. In this study, it was found that sewage wastewater treatment using Ipomoea aquatica was more efficient in reducing NH3-N and Salvinia minima was more efficient in reducing TSS and COD values.

Analysing the reasons of the inadequate performance for small sewage treatment plants in the Far North

The development of natural resources in the Far North is constrained by the water factor, because intensive use of water resources by the extractive industry enterprises is associated with expenditure, losses, water pollution. As a result, it has a significant impact on the state of the hydrosphere and all other components of the environment. Discharge of untreated and insufficiently treated wastewater into surface water bodies by camp settings constantly worsen their condition. Wastewater is contaminated with phosphorus, nitrogen, all kinds of bacteria, it can also contain viruses and helminth eggs, and it contains large quantities of synthetic surfactants, which are formed after bathing, washing and laundry on the camp settings of the extractive industry enterprises. Wastewater flow rate is 1400 m3/day in the camp settings. However, the degree of toxicity of water-discharge is no less than that of large cities. The characteristic features of wastewater from camp settings and sewerage systems are: remoteness from sources of centralized power supply, water supply and sewerage (isolated location); the interruptions in the supply of wastewater to structures and a low population density (up to 70 people/ha); increased concentrations of contaminants because of the relatively low standards of wastewater disposal (depending on the degree of buildings improvement). Thus, small sewerage treatment facilities are complex, difficult-to-control biological systems operating in an unfavorable mode of a constantly changing composition of wastewater. It should be noted that the published information on the topic of domestic sewage wastewater treatment has a limited scope, due to the specificity of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of wastewater, natural and climatic conditions, and other factors. The work considers the treatment facilities of the Chukotka Autonomous District of the Far Eastern region of Russia (the Far North region), the microbiological composition of wastewater was studied, which is formed in especially unfavorable conditions (the Far North region), the conditions for the biocenosis formation and the reasons negatively affecting the biocenosis.

Gram-negative bacteria carrying β-lactamase encoding genes in hospital and urban wastewater in Brazil.

Multidrug resistance mediated by β-lactamase in Gram-negative bacilli is a serious public health problem. Sewers are considered reservoirs of multiresistant bacteria due to presence of antibiotics that select them and favor their dissemination. The present study evaluated the antibiotic resistance profile and β-lactamases production in Gram-negative bacilli isolates from hospital sewage and urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTP) in Brazil. Bacteria were isolated and identified with biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the disk-diffusion method and detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemases by enzymatic inhibitor and conventional PCR. Differences in resistance to amoxicillin clavulanic, aztreonam, cefepime, and cefotaxime were observed in hospital sewage compared with urban sewage (p < 0.05). The multidrug-resistant phenotype was observed in 33.3% of hospital sewage isolates (p = 0.0025). β-lactamases genes were found in 35.6% of isolates, with the most frequent being blaKPC and blaTEM (17.8%), and blaSHV and blaCTX-M (13.3% and 8.9%, respectively). The data obtained are relevant, since the bacteria detected are on the priority pathogens list from the World Health Organization and hospital sewage could be released untreated into the municipal collection system, which may favor the spread of resistance. Changes in hospital sewage discharge practices, as well as additional technologies regarding effluent disinfection in the UWWTP, can prevent the spread of these bacteria into the environment and negative impact on water resources.

First record of emerging contaminants in sponges of an inhabited island in the Maldives

In the Maldivian islands, the lack of sewage wastewater treatment and an improper landfill enhance the potential hazard of emerging contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products. In order to analyze the occurrence of emerging contaminants in the marine biota, sponges were collected in two coral reef areas of Magoodhoo island (Faafu), one near the landfill and the other furthest from the island. Caffeine, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine were detected only in the proximity of the landfill, with caffeine showing the highest concentration (28.4 ng/g d.w.), followed by fluoxetine (6.00 ng/g d.w.). Norfluoxetine was below the limit of quantification of 10 ng/g d.w. Nitro xylene, N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide and galaxolide were found in both areas, with concentrations of 3.51/6.11/8.54 and <LOQ/1.14/0.62 ng/g d.w., respectively. Due to the vital role of the coral reef for the livelihood and economy of the Maldivian people, attention should be paid to this class of contaminant.

Value Adding Innovations in Sanitation

Conventional sanitation based on long transport of wastewater in sewage and multistage wastewater treatment prevents health and environmental impacts but it is costly. Two innovations in sanitation, which comply with high health and environmental standards and reduce costs are presented. A social innovation led by a farmers’ association reuses effluent on a regional scale. After municipal wastewater treatment effluents are transported to reservoirs for additional biodegradation and reuse for irrigation. About 30% of the annual costs are saved compared to the conventional sanitation but regulations and organizational challenges impede dissemination of this systems. A technological innovation led by social entrepreneurs and non-governmental organizations refers to the decentralized sanitation with biodigesters and constructed wetlands. A vertical flow helophyte system, certified for the highest health and environmental standards, is used for sanitation of a few million person equivalents in households, services and industries. The costs are reduced by 40% compared to the conventional sanitation and can be beneficial when scale is large and co-benefits are attained but they need much space. The innovative citizen’s initiatives can be encouraged given low institutional interest for innovative sanitation.

Location of ecopoints through integration p-medians model with geographical information system

Abstract: The configuration of logistics networks for waste oil and fats collection services is a strategic point of great importance, since their disposal contributes to a number of environmental disturbances, problems in sewage pipes and wastewater treatment systems. Starting from this premise, this paper proposes location of ecopoints in the city of Montes Claros-MG, capable of optimizing the collection of the waste oil and fats in all urban area of the municipality. This proposal of location was constructed in two stages: in the first, the collection network was constructed by integrating a location model of facilities with a geographic information system (GIS). It was possible to model a collection network in the city of Montes Claros - MG containing 87,748 points referenced by geographic coordinates and representatives of residential points considered as potential generators of these residues. During the creation of the model, due to the high density of the network and the low quantity of facilities (p), which causes limitation in the solution, it was observed the need for thematization of the map and consequently the network partitioning in zones, which allowed to determine the initial amount of installations that were to be found in the solution. Finally, an application in the native language of Transcad, GISDK, was developed with a programming interface that was developed to automate the process of integration of the model in the GIS. The model allowed the creation of 12 networks with densities below 12000 points, allowing gain in the solution of the problem.

Edukacja ekologiczna prowadzona przez Grupową Oczyszczalnię Ścieków Łódzkiej Aglomeracji Miejskiej i jej znaczenie w równoważeniu rozwoju

W artykule przedstawiono rolę edukacji ekologicznej i jej wpływ na zrównoważony rozwój na przykładzie Grupowej Oczyszczalni Ścieków Łódzkiej Aglomeracji Miejskiej. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań dotyczących oddziaływania edukacji ekologicznej na mieszkańców.

Co-HTL of domestic sewage sludge and wastewater treatment derived microalgal biomass – An integrated biorefinery approach for sustainable biocrude production

Microalgal biomass as bioenergy feedstock is gaining wide attention for biocrude production through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). However, the availability of feedstock in all seasons is a major challenge. Hence, to ensure a consistent supply of feedstock and transform waste to energy, the present study investigates co-HTL of domestic wastewater treatment derived microalgal biomass (Monoraphidium sp. KMC4) and domestic sewage sludge (DSS) as bioenergy feedstocks. The effects of temperature, feedstock ratio, and residence time were studied and optimised for maximum biocrude yield. The study showed that, co-HTL at optimum operating conditions of 325 °C, 75:25 wt% (KMC4:DSS), and 45 min produced 39.38 wt% biocrude yield at a conversion rate of 83.96 wt%. The optimum biocrude yield was 16% and 79% higher than the individual HTL of KMC4 and DSS respectively. The comprehensive characterizations of co-HTL biocrude showed 76.77%, 10.6%, 8.85%, 3.38% of C, H, N, O and 39.47 MJ Kg−1 of HHV with an energy recovery rate of 77.53%. Meanwhile, co-HTL enhanced the distillation profile of biocrude which had 10.13% of heavy naphtha, 23.92% of kerosene, and 27.09% of gas oil. The FTIR and GC–MS analysis confirmed that the co-HTL biocrude had superior hydrocarbons such as alcohols and esters with limited nitrogen and oxygen heterocyclic compounds. In addition, ICP-AES confirmed a significant decrease in transfer of mineral elements from the co-HTL feedstock to biocrude. This validates the sustainability of the co-HTL process to produce high energy density biocrude with the potential to substitute fossil fuels.