Ray Treatment Research Articles

Effect of ultraviolet rays treatment of titanium and titanium alloy on antibacterial property

To evaluate the antibacterial property of ultraviolet rays (UV)-treated titanium and its alloy by observing the attachment and colony-forming units (CFU) of Staphylococcus Aureus (Sa) and Fusobacterium Nucleatum (Fn). Both of the titanium and its alloy were divided into 2 groups according to the UV treatment protocol as the UV-treated group (UV-Ti, UV-A), and two control groups (C-Ti, C-A) were also prepared. Then the sand-blasted and acid etched titanium and its alloy disks were stored in the dark and sealed containers for 4 weeks and treated with or without UV light for 48 hours. The hydrophilicity of disks were measured using contact angle measuring device. The attachment of the two kinds of bacteria were observed using inverted fluorescence microscope after stained by the Hoechst 33342 which was part of blue fluorescent dyes used to stain DNA and the results were replenished and verified by the Safranine O staining. CFU were used to measure the antibacterial property of the materials. The contact angles of UV-Ti (1.32 ± 0.29)° and UV-A (0.89 ± 0.07)° were smaller than those of C-Ti (81.18 ± 1.46)° and C-A (83.34 ± 0.06)° (P < 0.05). After being cultured on the surface of the two kinds of materials for 15 min, 30 min and 1 h, the attachment of Sa and Fn on the surface of titanium [(31 ± 13, 73 ± 13, 263 ± 49), (10 ± 7, 26 ± 19, 105 ± 37)] and its alloy disks [(64 ± 19, 57 ± 16, 304 ± 53), (11 ± 5, 59 ± 18, 124 ± 53)] which were treated with the UV light were much lower than those in control titanium groups[(139 ± 30, 271 ± 51, 749 ± 172), (164 ± 16, 227 ± 65, 483 ± 64)] and its control alloy group [(174 ± 11, 387 ± 39, 1409 ± 262), (265 ± 45, 374 ± 133, 910 ± 103)] (P < 0.05). What's more, the CFU number of the two kinds of bacteria decreased sharply after the UV treatment (P < 0.05). UV treatment can reduce the attachment and viability of different kinds of bacteria and the antibacterial effect will at least last for 24 hours.

Anatomical structure of leaf sectors with different resistance to powdery mildew (Erisiphe cruciferarum Opiz ex. L. Junell) in winter rapeseed chimera

The subject of the study was a sectorial chimera of dihaploid winter rapeseed, obtained with the help of gamma ray treatment (30 Gy) during shoot cloning in vitro. One sector of the plant was infected by &lt;i&gt;Erisiphe cruciferarum&lt;/i&gt; Opiz ex. L. Junell and the other one was resistant. The anatomical structure of a leaf, divided into the two sectors along the midrib, was studied. The infected part of the leaf blade was thinner and built of a smaller number of palisade and spongy mesophyll cell layers. The size of cells in this sector, both in the epidermis and in the mesophyll, as well as the size of nuclei, chloroplasts and intercellular spaces were bigger than those in the resistant portion. On the other hand, the stomata in the infected segment were smaller but their number was higher than that in the healthy part. The study made it possible to analyse the relation between the anatomical structure of the host plant and the pathogen.

Extraction of natural dye from red calico leaves: Gamma ray assisted improvements in colour strength and fastness properties

The present study was conducted to explore the colouring potential of red calico {Alternanthera bittzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson} leaves and to improve colour strength of dye using gamma radiations followed by mordanting process. The results showed that red calico plant leaves could be an excellent source of natural dyes for textile sector. Copper sulphate (1%) and tannic acid (1%) were the best pre- and post-mordants, respectively to improve the colour strength and colourfastness properties. The results from dyeing indicated that gamma ray treatment of 15 kGy was the effective absorbed dose for extraction of dye and surface modification of cotton fabric. Dyeing of cotton fabric with red calico leaf extract at 60 °C for 50 min using dye bath of pH 7.0 and salt concentration of 6 g/L produced good colour strength. Gamma ray treatment of cotton reduced the amount of mordants and improved the colourfastness properties.

Gamma radiation effects on seed germination, growth and pigment content, and ESR study of induced free radicals in maize (Zea mays).

The effects of gamma radiation are investigated by studying plant germination, growth and development, and biochemical characteristics of maize. Maize dry seeds are exposed to a gamma source at doses ranging from 0.1 to 1kGy. Our results show that the germination potential, expressed through the final germination percentage and the germination index, as well as the physiological parameters of maize seedlings (root and shoot lengths) decreased by increasing the irradiation dose. Moreover, plants derived from seeds exposed at higher doses (≤0.5kGy) did not survive more than 10days. Biochemical differences based on photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids) content revealed an inversely proportional relationship to doses of exposure. Furthermore, the concentration of chlorophyll a was higher than chlorophyll b in both irradiated and non-irradiated seedlings. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy used to evaluate the amount of free radicals induced by gamma ray treatment demonstrates that the relative concentration of radiation-induced free radicals depends linearly on the absorbed doses.

Gamma radiations induced improvement in dyeing properties and colorfastness of cotton fabrics dyed with chicken gizzard leaves extracts

Cotton fabric and chicken gizzard leaves powder were treated with different absorbed doses of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25kGy using Cs-137 gamma irradiator. Effects of different mordants on dyeing of un-irradiated and irradiated cotton fabrics were investigated in the CIE Lab system using Spectraflash SF650. Methods suggested by International Standard Organization (ISO) were followed throughout the study period. The results indicated that color strength of cotton fabric was significantly improved by the gamma ray treatment. Absorbed dose of 10kGy was proved to be most effective in improving cotton dyeing properties compared with other levels of gamma radiation used in the study. The optimum temperature for dyeing was 60°C with the time duration of 60min using 4g/L of electrolyte with alkali solubilized extract of chicken gizzard. Furthermore, 4% of iron (Fe) as pre-mordant and 1% of tannic acid (TA) as post-mordant proved to be more effective in enhancing the color fastness properties of irradiated cotton fabric.

면실 종자의 발아억제를 위한 전처리 조건 연구

This research study was to develop methods for inhibiting the germination of cotton seeds. Germination rates after heating treatment at <TEX>$80^{\circ}C$</TEX> with 10, 20, 30, 40 min. were 9.3, 9.3, 5.3 and 1.3 percentage, respectively. Heat treatment over <TEX>$85^{\circ}C$</TEX> with 10 min. caused no germination of cotton seeds. Germination was significantly reduced with gamma rays treatment more than 10,000 gy, while the treatment within 2,000-8,000 gy induced less effects. Microwave processing for 30 seconds and 60 seconds inhibit the germination of cotton seed under 8 and 0%, respectively. As a physical treatment, rollmill milling with 1.5, 2, 2.5 mm gap inhibited any germination of cotton seeds. The optimum gap of roll-mill for processing physical cracking was below 51% of the thickness of seed.

COSMIC CONNECTIONS: FROM COSMIC RAYS TO GAMMA RAYS, COSMIC BACKGROUNDS AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

Combined data from gamma-ray telescopes and cosmic-ray detectors have produced some new surprising insights regarding intergalactic and galactic magnetic fields, as well as extragalactic background light. We review some recent advances, including a theory explaining the hard spectra of distant blazars and the measurements of intergalactic magnetic fields based on the spectra of distant sources. Furthermore, we discuss the possible contribution of transient galactic sources, such as past gamma-ray bursts and hypernova explosions in the Milky Way, to the observed flux of ultrahigh-energy cosmic-rays nuclei. The need for a holistic treatment of gamma rays, cosmic rays, and magnetic fields serves as a unifying theme for these seemingly unrelated phenomena.

Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Morpho-Agronomic Characteristics of Groundnut (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Arachis hypogaea&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; L.)

Induced mutation in plant improvement has been used in several crops to generate new sources of genetic variations. A study was conducted to determine the effect of different doses of gamma irradiation on different morpho-agronomic characteristics. Agronomic traits that were analyzed included: grain yield, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant and weight of 100 seeds and numbers of days to 50% flowering. Morphometric characterisation of the descriptive data included plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves/plant, leaflet length, leaflet width and number of ramification/ plant. Groundnut seeds were treated with various doses of gamma rays (100, 200, 400 and 600 Gy). Among the various dose treatments, gamma rays treatment at 100 Gy resulted in a higher increase of grain yield and other morpho-agronomic parameters especially for the JL24 variety. In fact the gamma irradiation at 100 Gy increased significantly grain yield by 14% for JL24, and 4 % for JL12. The number of pods per plant was increased by 2% for JL12 and 37% for JL24. For the number of seeds per plant, there was a significant increase of 8% for JL12, and 62% for JL24 at 100 Gy. A similar trend was observed for the JL24 at 200 Gy dose. Higher doses of gamma rays (400 and 600 Gy) reduced significantly plant growth and grain yield. The usefulness of the mutants identified in a groundnut breeding program is discussed.

Optimization of flask culture medium and conditions for hyaluronic acid production by a streptococcus equisimilis mutant nc2168

A mutant designated NC2168, which was selected from wild-type Streptococcus equisimilis CVCC55116by ultraviolet ray combined with60Co-γ ray treatment and does not produce streptolysin, was employed to produce hyaluronic acid (HA). In order to increase the output of HA in a flask, the culture medium and conditions for NC2168 were optimized in this study. The influence of culture medium ingredients including carbon sources, nitrogen sources and metal ions on HA production was evaluated using factional factorial design. The mathematical model, which represented the effect of each medium component and their interaction on the yield of HA, was established by the quadratic rotary combination design and response surface method. The model estimated that, a maximal yield of HA could be obtained when the concentrations of yeast extract, peptone, glucose, and MgSO4 were set at 3 g/100 mL, 2 g/100 mL, 0.5 g/100 mL and 0.15 g/100 mL, respectively. Compared with the values obtained by other runs in the experimental design, the optimized medium resulted in a remarkable increase in the output of HA and the maximum of the predicted HA production was 174.76 mg/L. The model developed was accurate and reliable for predicting the production of HA by NC2168.Cultivation conditions were optimized by an orthogonal experimental design and the optimal conditions were as follows: temperature 33ºC, pH 7.8, agitation speed 200 rpm, medium volume 20 mL.

Gamma ray treatment enhances bioactivity and osseointegration capability of titanium

The time-dependent degradation of titanium bioactivity (i.e., the biological aging of titanium) has been reported in previous studies. This phenomenon is caused by the loss of hydrophilicity and the inevitable occurrence of progressive contamination of titanium surfaces by hydrocarbons. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that gamma ray treatment, owing to its high energy to decompose and remove organic contaminants, enhances the bioactivity and osteoconductivity of titanium. Titanium disks were acid-etched and stored for 4 weeks. Rat bone marrow-derived osteoblasts (BMOs) were cultured on titanium disks with or without gamma ray treatment (30 kGy) immediately before experiments. The cell density at day 2 increased by 50% on gamma-treated surfaces, which reflected the 25% higher rate of cell proliferation. Osteoblasts on gamma-treated surfaces showed 30% higher alkaline phosphatase activity at day 5 and 60% higher calcium deposition at day 20. The strength of in vivo bone-implant integration increased by 40% at the early healing stage of week 2 for gamma-treated implants. Gamma ray-treated surfaces regained hydrophilicity and showed a lower percentage of carbon (35%) as opposed to 48% on untreated aged surfaces. The data indicated that gamma ray pretreatment of titanium substantially enhances its bioactivity and osteoconductivity, in association with the significant reduction in surface carbon and the recovery of hydrophilicity. The results suggest that gamma ray treatment could be an effective surface enhancement technology to overcome biological aging of titanium and improve the biological properties of titanium implants.

Dyeing behaviour of gamma irradiated cotton fabric using Lawson dye extracted from henna leaves (Lawsonia inermis)

Dyeing behavior of gamma irradiated cotton fabric using Lawson dye extracted from henna leaves has been investigated. Cotton and dye powder are irradiated to different absorbed doses of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10kGy using Cs-137 gamma irradiator. The dyeing parameters such as dyeing time, electrolyte (salt) concentration and mordant concentrations using copper and iron as mordants are optimized. Dyeing is performed using un-irradiated and irradiated cotton with dye solutions and their color strength values are evaluated in CIE Lab system using Spectraflash –SF650. Methods suggested by International Standard Organization (ISO) have been employed to investigate the colourfastness properties such as colourfastness to light, washing and rubbing of irradiated dyed fabric. It is found that gamma ray treatment of cotton dyed with extracts of henna leaves has significantly improved the color strength as well as enhanced the rating of fastness properties.

Gamma ray mediated mutagenesis of Phialocephala humicola: Effect on kinetics and thermodynamics of -amylase production

The current report dealt with the development of the fungus Phialocephala humicolathrough gamma ray treatment for the hyper production of α-amylases, which have diverse industrial applications. Improvement of microbes for the over production of industrial products has been the hallmark of all commercial fermentation processes. Three mutants (M13, M16 and M24) were selected based on the hyper-production of α-amylases. The mutants had gamma ray exposure of 100 and 140 krad (killing rate ≥ 99%). The mutants showed ≥ 2-fold improvement in enzyme production. The effects of inoculum size, temperature, pH and starch concentration on the growth kinetic parameters [µ, td, Yp/x, qp,µm, Ks(x), qpmax, Ks(p)] and thermodynamic parameters [ΔG*(x), ΔH*(x), ΔS*(x) and ΔG*(p), ΔH*(p), ΔS*(p)] were determined. Optimal conditions for the amylase production by the mutants were: inoculum 10% (v/v); pH range of 4-5 and temperature 37°C. The activation energy for cell mass [Ea(x)] of parent, M13, M16 and M24 was 3.095, 15.73, 3.68 and 8.03 kJ mol-1, respectively, whereas their Ea(p) for the enzyme production was 69.42, 22.94, 17.04 and 20.78 kJ mol-1, respectively. The maximum specific rate of cell mass formation (µm) of all mutated strains were greater than that of the parent strain, while specific rate for the maximum product formation (qpmax) of the mutants was about two fold higher than the parental strain. Key words: Activation energy, cell mass estimation, entropy, gibbs free energy growth kinetics.

Comparison of electron beam and gamma ray irradiations effects on ruminal crude protein and amino acid degradation kinetics, and in vitro digestibility of cottonseed meal

This study was conducted to compare effects of electron beam (EB) and gamma ray (GR) treatments at doses of 25, 50 and 75kGy on ruminal degradation kinetics of crude protein (CP), amino acid (AA), and in vitro digestibility of cottonseed meal (CSM). Ionizing radiations of EB and GR had significant effects (P<0.05) on CP and AA ruminal degradability characteristics of CSM. Effective ruminal degradability (ERD) of CP was lower in EB and GR irradiated CSM (P<0.05) than in unirradiated CSM. GR and EB treatments had the same effects on ERD decreasing of CP (P>0.05). Irradiation processing caused decrement in AA degradation after 16h of ruminal incubation (P<0.05). EB irradiation was more effective than GR irradiation in lessening the ruminal degradability of AA (P<0.05). EB and GR treatments at a dose of 75kGy increased in vitro digestibility of CSM numerically. This study showed that EB could cause CP and AA bypass rumen as well as GR. Therefore, ionizing irradiation processing can be used as an efficient method in improving nutritional value of CSM.

Optimization of flask culture medium and conditions for hyaluronic acid production by a Streptococcus equisimilis mutant nc2168.

A mutant designated NC2168, which was selected from wild-type Streptococcus equisimilis CVCC55116 by ultraviolet ray combined with60Co-γ ray treatment and does not produce streptolysin, was employed to produce hyaluronic acid (HA). In order to increase the output of HA in a flask, the culture medium and conditions for NC2168 were optimized in this study. The influence of culture medium ingredients including carbon sources, nitrogen sources and metal ions on HA production was evaluated using factional factorial design. The mathematical model, which represented the effect of each medium component and their interaction on the yield of HA, was established by the quadratic rotary combination design and response surface method. The model estimated that, a maximal yield of HA could be obtained when the concentrations of yeast extract, peptone, glucose, and MgSO4 were set at 3 g/100 mL, 2 g/100 mL, 0.5 g/100 mL and 0.15 g/100 mL, respectively. Compared with the values obtained by other runs in the experimental design, the optimized medium resulted in a remarkable increase in the output of HA and the maximum of the predicted HA production was 174.76 mg/L. The model developed was accurate and reliable for predicting the production of HA by NC2168.Cultivation conditions were optimized by an orthogonal experimental design and the optimal conditions were as follows: temperature 33°C, pH 7.8, agitation speed 200 rpm, medium volume 20 mL.

Morphological Variations in Buddleia Induced by Gamma Ray Irradiation

Buddleia species is commonly used as a perennial for landscaping as a result of its heavy flowers and long bloom period. However, this species has a few concerns such as lack of flower color, excessive growth, and an invasive nature. Attempts to improve Buddleia using conventional breeding methods have resulted in limited success. In this study, mutagenesis by gamma ray irradiation was used to induce genetic variations. In vitro shoot tips of two Buddleia cultivars, B. davidii ‘Potters Purple’ and Buddleia ‘Lochinch’, were exposed to 0 to 150 Gy gamma rays and then recovered in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.5 μM benzyladenine (BA). Shoots that recovered from the gamma ray treatment were rooted in half-strength MS medium with 0.5 μM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and grown in the greenhouse. The growth of shoot tips was inhibited after they were exposed to gamma rays. An average of 50.8% of shoots treated with 50 Gy gamma rays were recovered, whereas only 9.7% and 6.5% of shoots recovered when exposed to 100 and 150 Gy gamma rays, respectively. After transfer to the greenhouse, a few plants showed reduced growth with some dying before they reached the flowering stage. Various variations including characteristics of leaves (shape, size, hairs), stems (shape, internode length, branching), flowers (color, size, and structure), and plant stature were observed. This research demonstrates that in vitro mutation induction using gamma ray irradiation could be a useful protocol to develop new cultivars or genetic materials for further breeding of Buddleia or other related species.

Proline, sodium and potassium concentration changes in gamma rays and NaCl

In this study, the effects of gamma rays on changes of proline, sodium and potassium in potato calli (Solanum tuberosoum L.) cultivar White Desiree were investigated. After irradiation of calli by 60 and 80 Gy of gamma radiation, irradiated and non irradiated calli were transferred to a callus production medium containing 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mM NaCl. After 26 days post treatment amounts of proline, Na+ and K+ were measured. The results showed that generally in each of gamma ray treatment, amounts of proline at 120 and 150 mM NaCl were significantly more than 0, 30, 60 and 90 mM salt. A significant difference observed only at 150 mM NaCl between irradiated and non irradiated calli. This result could be related to the proline role in osmotic adjustment at high concentration of salt. The amounts of sodium increased by increasing salt the concentration but the amount of potassium decreased. These results showed that the sodium influx inhibited the potassium uptake, and may be because of strong inhibitory effect of sodium on the potassium uptake system or efflux potassium from the cells. The Na+/K+ ratio decreased at 150 mM by 60 and 80 Gy of gamma radiation.

Induction, characterization and genetic analysis of Aspergillus flavus resistant mutants in Arachis hypogaea

The Aspergillus flavus infection of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) results in the accumulation of aflatoxins in seeds, which are very harmful to humans and animals. Mutation breeding programs are an effective way of inducing resistant mutants. In this study, we induced a genetic variation by using ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and gamma rays treatment for four peanut cultivars (32 mutants from Giza 6, 22 mutants from Gregory, 15 mutants from Giza 4 and 15 mutants from Giza 5). The resistant mutants for A. flavus were identified by analyzing β-1-3-glucanases activities of the controls and infected mutants using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Two, four and four mutants derived from Giza 6, Gregory and Giza 4, respectively, showed high activities of β-1-3-glucanases and therefore more resistant to the infection of A. flavus . The genetic similarity of these mutants and their controls was also tested using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) approach. Although natural polymorphism among peanut cultivars was very low, RAPD patterns showed high polymorphism percentage of DNA fragments (37.13%). Key words : Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxins, Arachis hypogaea, peanut, gamma rays, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), pathogenesis related (PR) proteins

Improved survival of autologous fat granules transplantation by infrared ray treatment

Objective To explore the effect of infrared ray treatment on improving fat granules survival rate and reducing postoperative complications in autologous fat transplantation. Methods The patients who received autologous fat transplantation were divided into infrared ray group and control group.Each group was further divided into breast group and face group. These cases in infrared ray group were radiated for 30 minutes with infrared ray 24 hours later after surgery, once a day for sequential 5 days.No treatment was given to the control group. The survival status and complication were observed and statistically analyzed. Results Infrared ray treatment could increase fat granules survival rate after autologous fat transplantation, but no significant effect was acheived on reducing complications. Conclusion Infrared ray treatment is an effective way to enhance the survival rate of fat granules. Key words: Infrared ray; Fat granules; Transplantation, autologous

Induced pollen sterility via microcyte formation in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Gametogenesis is cytologically affected by a large number of genes. Mutations induced in these genes by mutagenic environmental hazards such as gamma rays, chemical such as EMS may cause anomalies that may appear in form of pollen sterility. Due to effect of maximum dose of combination treatment of gamma rays and ethyl methane sulfonate (500Gy+ 0.5% EMS) applied on the seeds of Linum usitatissimum L., there is appearance of phenomenon known as chromosome elimination which is resulted in form of small microcytes resulting into sterile pollen grains. Migration of micronuclei towards the wall of microspore and its separation as a bud or microcyte might be the possible cause of pollen sterility.

Comparative effect of individual and sequential treatment of gamma rays and sodium azide in Vigna unguiculata

An attempt has been made to study the potential of mutagenic effects of gamma rays and sodium azide (NaN3) on the meiotic cells of Vigna unguiculata (cowpea). Cowpea being a self-pollinated vegetable crop has very limited genetic variability therefore induced mutation can provide additional source of mutation in recent plant breeding programmes. Chromosomal aberrations like unorientation, multivalents, laggards, bridges, micronuclei, stickiness and precocious movement etc. were noticed in mutagen treated populations. Chromosomal aberrations were found to be correlated with the concentrations of physical and chemical mutagens individually as well as in combination. On the basis of our experimental results it can be concluded that the combined treatment proved to be more effective in inducing abnormalities and pollen sterility as compared to individual treatment sets.