Mycorrhiza Treatment Research Articles

The Mitigating Effects of Biostimulant Amendments on the Response of Purslane Plants Grown under Drought Stress Conditions

Portulaca oleracea L. is a wild edible plant with high potential for exploitation in commercial cropping systems due to its nutritional value and great adaptability to abiotic stress conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the response of purslane plants grown under drought stress conditions (100%, 80%, and 60% of field capacity (FC)) and the implementation of biostimulant amendments (control without amendment, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), mycorrhiza, and effective microorganisms (EMs)) for two consecutive years. In the two-year experiment, the greatest height was recorded in plants grown under no-stress conditions and inoculated with PGPR. The highest branch number, and fresh and dry weight of aboveground and underground parts were observed under no-stress conditions at the mycorrhiza treatment. Moreover, mycorrhiza application in plants growing under 100% FC resulted in the highest N, P, total carbohydrates, and vitamin C and the lowest nitrate and proline contents in leaves. Purslane plants grown under 100% FC and inoculated with PGPR treatment resulted in the highest K and total chlorophyll leaf contents. Additionally, growing plants under mild drought stress (80% FC) combined with biostimulant application (e.g., inoculation with mycorrhiza, PGPR, and EM) may improve plant growth characteristics and mitigate negative stress effects. In general, the applied biostimulant amendments alleviated the adverse effects of drought on plant growth and leaf chemical composition indicating the importance of sustainable strategies to achieve high yield and sufficient quality within the climate change scenario.

Mycorrhizal symbiosis and natural dye waste organic fertilizer: Enhancing growth and yield in indigofera tinctoria

Background: Indigofera tinctoria, commonly known as true indigo, is a plant widely used in the textile industry for its natural indigo dye, which produces a rich blue color for fabrics. Indigofera tinctoria, known for its natural bluish-purple dye, generates 10% dye and 90% waste during extraction, requiring effective waste management. This study aimed to optimize organic fertilizer and mycorrhiza doses from I. tinctoria waste for enhancing soil fertility in arid regions. Methods: The study was conducted from May to December 2020 in Puron Village, Bulu District, Sukoharjo Regency. A factorial Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with 2 factors was employed. The first factor consisted of 5 levels of I. tinctoria organic fertilizer treatments: 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 g per plant. The second factor included 3 levels of mycorrhiza treatments: 0, 10, and 20 g per plant. Variables observed included mycorrhizal infection on roots, plant growth rate, and yield (fresh leaf and shoot weight of I. tinctoria). Data analysis utilized ANOVA at a 5% significance level followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results: The results indicated that organic fertilizer from natural dye waste at a dosage of 200 g per plant increased the percentage of mycorrhizal-infected roots and boosted shoot weight by 63.27% at 8 weeks after planting (WAP). Mycorrhiza at 10 g per plant increased mycorrhizal infection percentage and enhanced shoot weight by 45.98% at 4 WAP. The combination of I. tinctoria extraction waste organic fertilizer at 200 g per plant and mycorrhiza at 10 g per plantshowed interaction, significantly increasing the growth of root nodules of Indigofera tinctoria by 84.04% at 12 WAP. Conclusion: The integration of organic fertilizer derived from indigo dye waste and mycorrhiza presents a promising strategy for enhancing I. tinctoria growth and productivity. Novelty/Originality of this Study: This study is distinctive in its demonstration of the effective use of I. tinctoria extraction waste as an organic fertilizer, aligning with zero-waste principles and contributing to improvements in plant growth and soil fertility. Furthermore, it investigates the synergistic effects of mycorrhizal associations on enhancing nutrient absorption and overall productivity of I. tinctoria, an aspect that has not been thoroughly explored in prior research.

Combined Effect of Biochar and Mycorrhizal Fungi on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Growth and Performance in Calcareous Soil

This study aims to determine the effect of combined application of biochar and mycorrhizal fungi on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and performance in calcareous soil. The experiment of this study consists of sixteen treatments (two levels of mycorrhiza, two types of manures, and four levels of biochar) as a factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates. The results showed that Cattle 1 t.h-1+Mycorrhiza treatment produced the maximum plant height, percent N in seeds, percent protein in seeds, weight of the shoot after drying, weight 100 seed, and root length after two months of planting compared to other treatment including Poultry 1 t.h-1+Mycorrhiza. This indicates that Cattle 1 t.h.-1+Mycorrhiza has a higher effect on the performance of wheat than other treatments. In conclusion, the findings of this study showed that combinations of biochar and mycorrhizal fungi have a significant effect on the growth and performance of wheat plants in calcareous soil. Therefore, Cattle1 t.h.-1+Mycorrhiza can be used by farmers to improve their wheat performance in calcareous soil in Iraq.

Effects of Mycorrhizal on The Growth and Yield of Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)

Innovations are required to increase the production of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L), mainly due to the need for more quality land, such as dry land in Wamena. The innovation uses biological microorganisms that positively impact plants, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Therefore, this experiment aimed to determine the response of the growth and yield of cayenne pepper plants cultivated in dry land to the application of mycorrhiza. The research was conducted using a completely randomized design with one factor: the mycorrhizae dose (0, 20, 50, 80, and 120 g). The research results were analyzed using ANOVA, and the analysis process continued with the 5% level DMRT test. The research results on the growth of cayenne pepper are visible in the plant height parameters of the 80 g treatment (75 DAP: 93.4 cm) and the 120 g treatment (95 DAP: 103.3 cm). Then, the stem diameter parameter showed a real influence by the 120 g mycorrhiza treatment at 35 and 75 DAP and the 80 g mycorrhiza treatment at 95 DAP. The excellent response of plants to the 80 g and 120 g mycorrhiza treatments also impacted the plant's total chlorophyll content and the number of leaves produced, which then impacted the number of productive branches. So, the effect on the yield of cayenne pepper plants is that the number of fruits treated with 80 g of mycorrhiza was 89.7 fruits, with the weight of the heaviest cayenne pepper fruit being 68.0 g by the treatment of 120 g of mycorrhiza with a fresh weight of 17.6 g and a total dry plant of 10.2 g compared to the control. Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Biofertilizers, fungi, marginal land, Wamena

Effect of Different Mycorrhiza Treatments on Spore Counts in Oil Palm Topsoil

Mycorrhiza fungi are pivotal in oil palm cultivation, offering potential for enhanced growth and a reduced need for chemical fertilizers. However, the effectiveness of varying volumes and application timings of mycorrhiza remains an underexplored area. This gap, especially in the context of nursery-stage oil palm topsoil, challenges the advancement of sustainable cultivation practices. Addressing this, our study sought to evaluate the impact of different mycorrhiza volumes on spore counts in oil palm topsoil at nursery. Over a period of four months, we administered three levels of mycorrhiza treatments (0.5g, 1.0g, and 1.5g per plant) and conducted a thorough analysis using a 2-way ANOVA. The results revealed no statistically significant difference in spore counts due to varying mycorrhiza weights, as indicated by an F-value of 1.67 and a p-value of 0.209. However, the time factor, represented by different months, showed a significant impact on spore counts, with an F-value of 4.36 and a p-value of 0.014. Additionally, the interaction between mycorrhiza weight and month did not significantly influence spore counts, evidenced by an F-value of 0.31 and a p-value of 0.928. This study underscores the importance of temporal factors over mycorrhiza volume in oil palm nurseries and contributes valuable insights for optimizing sustainable cultivation practices.

The role of mycorrhiza and humic acid on quantitative and qualitative traits of faba bean plant under different fertilizer regimes

In sustainable agricultural ecosystem management, a key focus is on minimizing chemical fertilizer use and maximizing the use of non-chemical alternatives. Our study was designed to explore the impact of mycorrhizal fungi and humic acid (HA) on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of faba beans under varying chemical fertilizer levels. The experiment involved different treatments, which included HA and mycorrhiza in four variations (control, HA, HA+ mycorrhiza, and mycorrhiza alone), and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers at three different dosages (50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended amount). The findings revealed that combining HA with mycorrhiza significantly influenced root colonization, with the highest chlorophyll a concentration (1.58 mg g⁻¹) observed in the HA+ mycorrhiza treatment at 75% NPK. This treatment also led to the highest counts in seeds per pod, number of pods, and weight of 100 seeds. Between the 100% and 75% NPK levels in the HA+ mycorrhiza treatment, no significant differences were noted in terms of grain and biological yield. The greatest grain yields were measured at 4356 kg ha⁻¹ and 4322 kg ha⁻¹ for the HA+ mycorrhiza treatment at 100% and 75% NPK, respectively. Additionally, the highest concentrations of Fe, N, P, K, and Zn were observed with the HA+ mycorrhiza application at the 100% NPK level.

Biochar and mycorrhiza enhance soil carbon storage and reduce CO2 emissions in wastewater-irrigated turf

Abstract Irrigation with recycled wastewater can reduce freshwater demand and improve soil fertility, but it can also increase CO2 emissions from soil and contribute to global warming. This study investigated whether biochar and mycorrhiza can reduce CO2 emissions and enhance soil quality in wastewater-irrigated turf. A factorial experiment was conducted with four levels of biochar (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5%), two mycorrhiza (with and without), and two types of irrigation water (freshwater and recycled wastewater). Soil CO2 and H2O emissions, moisture and temperature, and chemical and physical properties were measured for 3 months. Biochar and mycorrhiza treatments significantly reduced CO2 emissions by 19.4–45.0% compared to the control treatment. The combination of biochar at a 1.5% level with mycorrhiza had the highest emission-reducing effect. Biochar and mycorrhiza treatments also reduced H2O emissions by 8.1–14.6%, increased soil organic matter, carbon, and total nitrogen, regulated soil EC and pH, and improved soil porosity and aggregate stability. The results suggest that biochar and mycorrhiza can be effective strategies to mitigate CO2 emissions and improve soil quality in wastewater irrigation. The combination of biochar with mycorrhiza can have synergistic benefits for soil carbon storage and conservation.

The Role of Biofertilizer in Combination with Different NPK Fertilizer Treatments on Growth Characteristics and Yield Responses of Chicken Pea (Cicer arietinum L.)

This study aimed to investigate the role of mycorrhiza and humic acid in regulating soil nutrient levels and their effects on the quantitative and qualitative traits of chickpea plants. Our results showed that the application of humic acid and mycorrhiza, either individually or in combination, significantly increased the chlorophyll content of the plants compared to the control treatment. The combination of humic acid and mycorrhiza with 100% NPK levels resulted in the highest chlorophyll levels. Additionally, the combined treatment of humic acid and mycorrhiza with 100% NPK levels showed positive effects on yield-related traits, including seed yield, biological yield, number of pods per plant, and number of seeds per pod. The highest grain yield was obtained with the combined application of humic acid + mycorrhiza at the level of 100 NPK at the rate of ~8000 kg/ha, respectively. Also, the highest levels of N and P were observed with the combined application of humic acid+ mycorrhiza at 100% level of NPK. In general, the results showed that the combined use of humic acid and mycorrhiza has been able to reduce the use of NPK fertilizer by 25%. These findings suggest that the use of humic acid and mycorrhiza in combination with NPK fertilizers can enhance the growth and productivity of chickpea plants. Furthermore, this approach offers the potential to reduce the reliance on chemical fertilizers, thereby promoting sustainable cropping systems. The study highlights the importance of bio-fertilizers and organic amendments in mitigating environmental pollution and improving crop production under changing environmental conditions.

The Effect of Mycorrhiza Inoculation on Pepper Plant Growth and Mycorrhizal Dependency

Pepper cultivation is one of the vegetables that are widely produced in the world. The use of mycorrhiza in sustainable agriculture can be an environmentally friendly and economical agriculture strategy. The purpose of the study; is to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza inoculation on plant growth development, yield and mycorrhizal dependency. The hypothesis to be tested is; inoculation of mycorrhiza increases pepper plant growth parameters. The experiment was established as a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions in February 2018 and harvested in April 2018. BT 16-90 F1 pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) species seeds were used with mycorrhiza Claroideoglomus Etunicatum and without mycorrhiza inoculation with three replications. Before harvesting, plant height and leaf diameter were measured. At harvest, the dry and fresh weights of the root and shoot were measured. In addition, some of the root morphological properties (like root diameter, root length, root surface area and root volume) were determined by using WinRhizo program. In addition, mycorrhizal root infections were determined. Mycorrhizal dependency was calculated by using dry matter data. Research findings showed that mycorrhizal inoculation increased pepper plant root, shoot fresh and dry weight, plant height, and leaf diameter. In addition, the root length of the plants with mycorrhiza inoculation (as 3921 cm pot-1) was higher than without mycorrhiza (with 1945 cm pot-1) treatments. The pepper plant has a high mycorrhizal dependency (71.9%) with Cl. Etunicatum inoculation. The results shown that Cl. Etunicatum inoculation increased pepper plant growth and development. Also, the pepper plant is a highly mycorrhiza-dependent plant.

Effects of biochar, zeolite and mycorrhiza inoculation on soil properties, heavy metal availability and cowpea growth in a multi-contaminated soil

Heavy metal pollution of agricultural soil has become a major serious concern. The development of suitable control and remediation strategies for heavy metal contaminated soil has become critical. The outdoor pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar, zeolite, and mycorrhiza on the bioavailability reduction of heavy metals and its subsequent effects on soil properties and bioaccumulation in plants as well as the growth of cowpea grown in highly polluted soil. Zeolite, biochar, mycorrhiza, zeolite with mycorrhiza, biochar with mycorrhiza, and soil without any modifications were the six treatments used. The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design and four replications. The results indicated that the combination of biochar with mycorrhiza had the highest values of root and shoot dry weight and the lowest heavy metal concentrations in root and shoot as well as bioconcentration and translocation factors for all heavy metals. The highest significant reductions in the availability of heavy metals over the control were found with biochar with mycorrhiza, which were 59.1%, 44.3%, 38.0%, 69.7%, 77.8%, 77.2% and 73.6% for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. The application of biochar and zeolite either alone or in combination with mycorrhiza increased significantly soil pH and EC compared to mycorrhiza treatment and untreated soil. It can be concluded that the combination of biochar and mycorrhizal inoculation has great potential as a cost-effective and environmentally technique for enhancing heavy metal immobilization, lowering heavy metal availability and plant uptake, and improving cowpea plant growth.

Effect of Mycorrhiza fungi Glomus etunicatum on growth characteristics of barley which grown in nutrient solutions

This study was conducted at agricultural of plant production laboratories. The factorial experiment included studying the effect of two factors :First one : Urea at concentrations of (0 , 10 and 10 mg L-1 ) dissolved in tap water second factor : Treated with Mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae) in seeds of barley .A Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D.) were used with four replicates and means were compared according to L.S.D. test at the level of 0.05. The results were summarized as follows: Mycorrhiza treatment was significantly superior in germination % ,plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoots and root s (41.3%, 10.44cm, 13.7g, 7.02g, 18.5g, 10.13g plant-1 ) respectively as well as Urea treatment(0.25g .L-1 ) was significant and superior compared to other treatments in fresh weight of vegetative and roots (6.5, 18.6 g.plant-1 . Results also indicated that the interaction of Mycorrhiza with urea 0.25g.L-1 had a significant increase in most of the studied indicators .

The role of mycorrhiza and humic acid on quantitative and qualitative traits of faba bean plant under different fertilizer regimes

One of the aspects of sustainable management in agricultural ecosystems is reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and the application of organic and biological fertilizers. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating mycorrhizal fungi and humic acid on quantitative and qualitative traits of faba bean in different levels of chemical fertilizers in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch in 2019 and 2020. Factors included humic acid and mycorrhiza application at four levels (control (distilled water), humic acid (400 mg L-1 ha-1), humic acid+mycorrhiza and mycorrhiza) and NPK at three levels (50, 75 and 100% Recommended dose). The results showed that the use of humic acid and mycorrhiza had a significant effect on the quantitative and qualitative traits of faba bean. The highest chlorophyll a level of 75 and 100% NPK was obtained by using humic acid + mycorrhiza. The combined application of humic acid and mycorrhiza showed the highest number of seeds per pod, number of pods and weight of 100 seeds. In humic acid + mycorrhiza treatment, there was no significant difference between 100 and 75% NPK fertilizer application in grain yield and biological traits. The highest grain yield was obtained with the combined application of humic acid + mycorrhiza at the level of 100 and 75% NPK at the rate of 4356 and 4322 kg ha-1, respectively. Also, the highest levels of Fe, N, P, K and Zn were observed with the combined application of humic acid+mycorrhiza at 100% level of NPK. In general, the results showed that the combined use of humic acid and mycorrhiza has been able to reduce the use of NPK fertilizer by 25%.

Bitki Gelişimini Teşvik Eden Rizobakteri ve Mikoriza Uygulamalarının Zinnia elegans L. ve Dahlia variabilis L.’in Gelişimine Etkisi

This study was carried out to determine the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and mycorrhiza treatments on the development of Zinnia elegans L. ‘Zesty’ and Dahlia variabilis L. ‘Figaro Violet’ cultivars. In the study, a suspension was first prepared from bacterial isolates developed at 25±2 °C for 24 hours. The prepared suspensions were adjusted to an absorbance value of 0,3 at 600 nanometers in a spectrophotometer. D. variabilis seedlings were immersed in suspensions prepared from ZE-12, ZE-13 and ZE-12+ZE-13, Z. elegans seedlings were immersed in suspensions prepared from ZE-2, ZE-7, ZE-12, ZE-13, ZE-12+ZE-13 for 30 minutes. In addition, Z. elegans seedlings were kept in mycorrhiza prepared at a concentration of 5000 ppm for 10 seconds. At the end of the period, flower seedlings were planted in pots with a mixture of peat and perlite. As the control group, seedlings without rhizobacteria and mycorrhiza treatment were used in both cultivars. The experiment was established with 3 replications and 10 plants per replication. The applications made in the D. variabilis experiment remained the same as the control in all other parameters except root dry weight. ZE-13 application was effective on root dry weight. It was determined that the applications made in Z. elegans seedlings increased the flower stem thickness and the number of leaves, especially the ZE-13 application was the most effective application. In conclusion, with this study, it was revealed that rhizobacteria and mycorrhiza applications, which are of natural origin and do not harm the environment, have the potential to be used in ornamental plants cultivation, and that these applications should be expanded.

A Novel Bacillus safensis-Based Formulation along with Mycorrhiza Inoculation for Controlling Alternaria alternata and Simultaneously Improving Growth, Nutrient Uptake, and Steviol Glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana under Field Conditions.

The excess use of chemicals by farmers in the agroecosystems degrades soil quality, disturbs soil ecology, and increases soil salinity and health hazards in humans. Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop whose leaves contain steviol glycosides (SGs). The Bacillus safensis NAIMCC-B-02323 strain STJP from the rhizosphere of S. rebaudiana producing salicylic acid (16.80 µg/mL), chitinase (75.58 U/mL), β-1,3-glucanase (220.36 U/mL), and cellulase (170 U/mL) was taken as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The cell-free supernatant (CFS) from strain STJP showed significant biocontrol activity against Alternaria alternata (80%), suggesting the protective role of extracellular metabolite(s) against phytopathogens. Paneer whey-based bioformulation (P-WBF) was developed to exploit B. safensis STJP to enhance the growth, nutrient uptake, soil properties, stevioside content, and SGs biosynthesis in S. rebaudiana under an A. alternata-infested field. The combined treatment of P-WBF and mycorrhiza (Glomus fasciculatum ABTEC) significantly enhanced plant growth parameters after 90 days, in comparison with control. The symbiotic action (P-WBF and mycorrhiza) displayed much better results in terms of chlorophyll a and b (improved by 132.85% and 39.80%, respectively), protein (by 278.75%), flavonoid (by 86.99%), carbohydrate (by 103.84%), antioxidant (by 75.11%), and stevioside (by 120.62%) contents in plants as compared to the untreated set. Further, the augmentation of potassium (by 132.39%), phosphorous (by 94.22%), and zinc (by 111.11%) uptake in plant tissues and soil was also observed by the application of P-WBF and mycorrhiza. The expression of UGT74G1 and UGT85C2 genes related to SG biosynthesis was upregulated (2.7- and 3.2-fold, respectively) in plants treated with P-WBF and mycorrhiza as further confirmed by the accumulation of SGs. The results suggest that the application of P-WBF and mycorrhiza not only provides an ecofriendly and sustainable solution to improve stevioside content in S. rebaudiana by a nutrient-linked mechanism but also paves the way to enhanced production of stevioside.

Profitability of Annual Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronium L.) Flower Production as Influenced by Application of Mycorrhiza and Vermicompost

To check the effect of mycorrhiza on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum, an open field experiment was conducted the effect of vermicompost and mycorrhizal treatments on profitability of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Treatments comprises of 04 mycorrhiza treatments (No application, Glomus mosseae, Acaulospora laevis, Gigaspora margarita) and 04 vermicompost doses (0 g/ m2, 500 g/ m2, 750 g/ m2, 1 kg/ m2). The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. Chrysanthemum plants showed improved growth and flowering with the application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza. In the present investigations, economic analysis of different treatments reveals that application of treatment M3V2 (Gigaspora margarita + Vermicompost @ 750 g/m2) resulted in highest benefit cost ratio (5.83) closely followed by benefit cost ratio of the treatments; M2 V2 (Acaulospora laevis + Vermicompost @ 750 g/m2) and M1 V2 (Glomus mosseae + Vermicompost @ 750 g/m2).

Effect of Mycorhizal and Vermicompost Application on Growth and Quality Flower Production of Annual Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronium L.)

Annual Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) is one of the most widely cultivated garden flowers and is highly suitable for loose flower, pot culture and bedding purposes. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different mycorrhizal strains and vermicompost on growth and flowering of Chrysanthemum coronarium. The treatments comprise of 4 mycorrhiza treatments (No application, Glomus mosseae, Acaulospora laevis, Gigaspora margarita) and 4 vermicompost doses (0 g/ m2, 500 g/ m2, 750 g/ m2, 1 kg/ m2). After one year experiment, results revealed that chrysanthemum plants showed improved growth and flowering with the application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza. The highest plant height (107.00 cm), maximum number of side shoots per plant (18.22), maximum number of flowers per plant (107.88), flower diameter and flowering duration (57.00 days) was recorded with the application of Glomus mosseae + vermicompost @ 1 kg/m2 while maximum flower weight (8.64 g), maximum flower yield (902.36 g) and shelf life (8.40 days) was recorded with Gigaspora margarita + vermicompost @ 1 kg/m2). Thus, integration of mycorrhiza and vermi-compost serve as a way for sustainable chrysanthemum flower production.

Kadmiyum Bulaştırılmış Yetiştirme Ortamda Mısır Fidesinin (Zea mays L.) Gelişimine, Kadmiyum İçeriğine ve Alımına Mikoriza ve Salisilik Asit Uygulamalarının Etkisi

Cadmium (Cd) pollution is an important problem today. In this study, the effects of mycorrhiza (M) and salicylic acid (SA) applications on plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, number of leaves, and Cd content and uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings grown in Cd treated environments were determined. For this purpose, 3 kg pots with and without mycorrhizae were used with two doses of salicylic acid (SA1: 1.0 mM and SA2: 2.0 mM). The study was carried out in three replications. As a result of the measurements, mycorrhiza and Salicylic acid applications significantly increased plant height, fresh and dry weight of corn seedlings. On the other hand, mycorrhiza and Salicylic acid applications decreased Cd content and uptake. The lowest plant height was 26.63 cm, the number of leaves was 5.6, the fresh weight was 3.74 g and the dry weight was 1.63 g in the control group, which was not treated with mycorrhiza and SA. The highest plant height was 56.17 cm, the number of leaves was 7.50, and the fresh weight was 21.46 g, with 2.0 mM SA application without mycorrhiza treatment. The highest dry weight was determined with 5.70 g in mycorrhiza and 2.0 mM SA application. While the highest Cd content of corn seedlings was 3.37 mg kg-1 and its uptake was 5.95 mg kg-1 in the control application, the lowest Cd content was 0.307 mg kg-1 and uptake were 1.48 mg kg-1 with mycorrhiza with 2.0 mM SA and 1.0 mM SA. detected in applications. When the results of our study were examined, mycorrhiza and SA applications had positive effects on corn seedlings grown in Cd-contaminated environments. The combined application of salicylic acid and mycorrhiza will contribute significantly to yield and nutrient content in agricultural production against heavy metal pollution.

Green and Blue Water Footprint for Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Irrigation Scheduling and Nutrient Management Practices

Background: Water shortage is a key obstacle to the sustainable supply of food to the world and Indian population, since largest consumptive water use. This research paper determines he water footprint of green and blue water for groundnut under an irrigated conditions during different seasons. Methods: The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu during summer, kharif and rabi 2016-2018. The experiments were laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The main plot consisted of three levels of irrigation scheduling namely 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 IW/CPE ratios and sub-plots comprised of four nutrient management practices viz., 75% of RDF with 5 tones/ha of charred rice husk, 50% of RDF with 5 tones/ha of charred rice husk, 75% of RDF with 5 tones/ha of charred rice husk along with seed treatment of Arbuscular mycorrhiza and 50% of RDF with 5 tones/ha of charred rice husk along with seed treatment Arbuscular mycorrhiza. Result: The study revealed that the growth attributes, pod yield and haulm yield, rain and irrigation water content and water use studies of groundnut were registered higher with irrigation scheduling at 0.8 IW/CPE ratios along with the application of 75% RDF and 5 tones/ha of charred rice husk as basal with seed treatment of Arbuscular mycorrhiza. The higher green water content has been recorded with irrigation scheduling at 0.6 and 0.4 IW/CPE ratios during summer’ and kharif’ 2017. The higher blue water content was recorded under irrigation scheduling at 0.8 IW/CPE ratios during all three seasons.

Effect of biofertilizer application on rainfed sorghum in calcareous soil

The influence of biofertilizers like Azospirillum, phosphobacteria, azophos (50:50 combinations of Azospirillum and phosphobacteria) and mycorrhiza, individually and in combination was investigated in pre-monsoon sowing with sorghum APK 1 variety in randomized replicated field trial at the Regional Research Station, Aruppukottai, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu. The adherence of the inoculated bacteria was recorded under all treatments. The results showed the feasibility of biofertilizer treatment to seeds in pre-monsoon sowing as the bacterial inoculants survived on seeds up to 21 days even though they were sown in dry soil and colonized until the receipt of showers. Treatment azophos + mycorrhiza with 75 per cent recommended N and P treatment was found most effective in enhancing fresh stover weight (70 tonnes/ha) and grain yield (3,536 kg/ha). This treatment also resulted in higher earhead yield (13.00 kg/plot) alongwith phosphobacteria + mycorrhiza treatment (12.80 kg/plot).

Effects of Fertilization Based on Chicken Manures and Mycorrhiza on Vegetative Parameters and Phenological Stages of Sorghum bicolor in Yagoua, Far-North Cameroon

Aims: Study aims to evaluate the effect of chicken manure and mycorrhiza levels as fertilizers on vegetative growth and on phenological stages of Sorghum in Far North Cameroon.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Valorization Station of Agricultural Research (PSAR) of Yagoua.
 Methodology: For this study, variety S-35 of Sorghum have used. Three levels of fertilization were used to evaluate germination rates, vegetative growth and phenology of this variety. The levels of fertilizers applied were 20 g of mycorrhiza, 50 g of organic manure and 20+50g of effect combined mycorrhiza+organic manure in comparison to the check (0g). The experimental design was the randomized block design with 3 replications. After evaluation of germination rates in the farm, we had evaluated the height, diameters and precocity of plants.
 Results: Uses of different levels of fertilization on germination rates were important for all the levels of fertilizers compared to the control (27. 5 %). It’s varying from 52.5 % for the chicken manure, followed by the effect of combined treatments (45 %) and bio-fertilizers with 67 %. Compared to the check, the use of chicken manure as fertilization was most significant (P<0.05) on the height of plants during the vegetative growth. The diameters of plants according to the different treatments were most significant (P<0.05) respectively by the supplies of chicken manure, the effect of both treatments (mycorrhiza+chicken manure) and mycorrhiza treatment. Theses different levels fertilization was influenced the phenological stages of plants especially first flowering of plants days after sowing. Flowering of plants at 50 % was most favorable for the treatments based on the uses chicken manure and the combined effect of treatments (mycorrhiza+chicken manure).
 Conclusion: Uses of chicken manure and mycorrhiza as fertilizers on Sorghum were significant to the vegetative growth and flowering stages of plants. Levels of chicken manure had positive effect on plant height. Plants diameters were most positively affected by organic manure, mycorrhiza and the effect of both treatments during growing of plants.