Treatment Of Helminthiasis Research Articles

Features Of Helminth Infections In Clinical Pediatrics: Issues Of Diagnosis, Therapy, Prevention

The article shows the relevance of helminthiasis in pediatrics, the difficulties of diagnosis, modern approaches to therapy and prevention. The role of albendazole in the treatment of helminthiasis in children has been noted

Human diphyllobothriasis: clinical and epidemiological characteristics of morbidity in the population of the Astrakhan region

The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the incidence of the population of the Astrakhan region with broad lentets are described. The clinical picture of the disease, the epidemiological process of diphyllobothriosis, methods of diagnosis and treatment of helminthiasis, as well as the probable causes of infection of the population are described.

Anthelmintic activity of European fern extracts against Haemonchus contortus

Most drugs used in the treatment of helminthiasis in humans and animals have lost their efficacy due to the development of drug-resistance in helminths. Moreover, since anthelmintics, like many pharmaceuticals, are now recognized as hazardous contaminants of the environment, returning to medicinal plants and their products represents an environmentally friendly way to treat helminthiasis. The goal of the present study was to test the anthelminthic activity of methanol extracts of eight selected European ferns from the genera Dryopteris, Athyrium and Blechnum against the nematode Haemonchus contortus, a widespread parasite of small ruminants. Eggs and adults of H. contortus drug-susceptible strain ISE and drug-resistant strain WR were isolated from experimentally infected sheep. The efficacy of fern extracts was assayed using egg hatch test and adults viability test based on ATP-level measurement. Among the ferns tested, only Dryopteris aemula extract (0.2 mg/mL) inhibited eggs hatching by 25% in comparison to control. Athyrium distentifolium, Dryopteris aemula and Dryopteris cambrensis were effective against H. contortus adults. In concentration 0.1 mg/mL, A. distentifolium, D. aemula, D. cambrensis significantly decreased the viability of females from ISE and WR strains to 36.2%, 51.9%, 32.9% and to 35.3%, 27.0%, 23.3%, respectively in comparison to untreated controls. None of the extracts exhibited toxicity in precise cut slices from ovine liver. Polyphenol’s analysis identified quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid and protocatechuic acid as the major components of these anthelmintically active ferns.

The effect of knowledge on attitude of pregnant women in prevention of worm infections

Introduction: Helminthiasis is an endemic and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms with a high prevalence rate and is non-fatal, but it affects the health of the human body by reducing the absorption of nutrients and proteins in infected individuals and reducing blood levels in the human body so that if it occurs in pregnant women, it can affect pregnancy and childbirth. This study aimed to examine the influence of findings on attitudes of pregnant women towards the prevention of helminthiasis in the work area of the Gatak Health Center, Sukoharjo. Methods: This study used a descriptive observational research method with a cross-sectional approach with 144 samples taken with an all-sampling technique. Results: Statistical test shows that the value of p 0.000 is less than alpha 0.05, which means there is a relationship between the knowledge the Pregnant women and the attitude of pregnant women insist the mother in preventing the occurrence of worms. Conclusion: The pregnant woman's posture is classified as functional because it influences the mother in the prevention and treatment of helminthiasis and affects her state of health.

Chemical and pharmacological characterization of anthelmintic benzimidazoles

Abstract Benzimidazoles, which interfere with the complex life cycle of worms, are essential in the treatment of helminthiasis. Four benzimidazole antihelmintics have been used in human therapy: albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole, triclabendazole. The history, representatives, synthesis, physicochemical properties, structure-activity relationships of anthelmintic benzimidazoles are presented in the review, as well as the pharmacological properties and mechanism of action of these agents. In the last decade, benzimidazole carbamate-structured anthelmintics have also been studied for their antitumor activity.

Pharmacognostic and Analytical Profile of Leaves of Erythroxylum Moonii Hochr. – An Ethno-Medicinal Plant

Erythroxylum moonii Hochr. is a shrub or small tree in family Erythroxylaceae and folklore claims report the use of its leaves in the treatment of helminthiasis. Aim: Hence, present study aims to evaluate the pharmacognostic and analytical characters including HPTLC of its leaves. Methods: E. moonii fresh and powdered leaves were explored for the macroscopic and microscopic features along with their physico-chemical, phytochemical properties and HPTLC following standard procedures. Results: The leaf of E. moonii is simple, alternate, petiolate, stipulate, elliptic and lanceolate with obtusely caudate-acuminate apex, acute base and entire margins. Fresh leaf is light green, slight astringent with characteristic odour and smooth texture. Powdered dry leaves were light green, slight astringent with aromatic odour and coarse, fibrous texture. Microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of simple, bilobed and stellate trichomes (with and without lignification), rosette, rhomboidal, prismatic and cluster crystals, paracytic stomata and starch grains as key characteristics both in fresh leaves and powdered leaves. Obtained values for loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash, pH, water and methanol soluble extractive were 10.44±0.31%, 2.2±0.67%, 0.93±0.06%, 5, 7.63±0.57% and 6.44±0.38% respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis suggested the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids in the test sample. HPTLC study revealed 17 and 11 peaks at short (254nm) and long (366nm) ultraviolet consecutively. Conclusion: Obtained results can be used to establish pharmacognostic and analytical standards of leaves of E. moonii which can serve as an important source to determine the quality, purity and strength of the powdered drug.

Artemisia dracunculus (Tarragon): A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology.

Artemisia dracunculus L. (tarragon), Asteraceae, is a species that has long been used in traditional Asian medicine, mainly in Iran, Pakistan, Azerbaijan and India. It is known as a spice species in Asia, Europe and the Americas. The raw materials obtained from this species are herb and leaf. The presence of essential oil with a highly variable composition, as well as flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins and alkamides, determines the medicinal and/or spice properties of the plant. In traditional Asian medicine, this species is used, for example, in the treatment of digestive system diseases, as an analgesic, hypnotic, antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent, and as an effective remedy in the treatment of helminthiasis. Nowadays, A. dracunculus is the subject of professional phytochemical and pharmacological researches. Pharmacological studies have confirmed its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects known from traditional uses; they have also proved very important new findings regarding its biological activity, such as antioxidant, immunomodulating and anti-tumour activities, as well as hepatoprotective and hypoglycaemic effects. A. dracunculus has long-held an established position in the food industry as a spice. And its use is growing in the cosmetics industry. Moreover, it is the subject of biotechnological research focused mainly on the development of micro-propagation protocols.

Современное состояние фармацевтического рынка антигельминтных лекарственных средств для ветеринарного применения

This paper presents an analysis of the range of veterinary medicines registered in the territory of the Russian Federation and used for the prevention and treatment of helminthiasis. The Russian Federation is a leader in the development and production of anthelmintic medicines registered on its territory. Antiparasitic medicines used for the prevention and treatment of helminthiasis are divided according to the spectrum of action depending on the class of helminths. It was revealed that the majority of medicines (89 medicines – 58,17%) have a wide spectrum of action. Of these, 62 medicines (40,52% of the total amount of anthelmintic medicines) are intended for the treatment of nematodes and cestodoses. When distributing anthelmintic medicines among target animals, it was found that 75 medicines (49.02%) are intended for the treatment of productive animals, and 78 medicines (50,98%) are intended for the treatment of unproductive animals. When assessing the dynamics of state registration of anthelmintic medicines for veterinary use, it can be noted that over the past 4 years there has been a tendency towards an increase in the average annual registration.

COMPLEXATION OF PRAZIQUANTEL WITH α-, β- AND y-CYCLODEXTRINS IN AQUEOUS-ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS

Currently, the percentage of infections with invasive (parasitic) diseases is quite large; therefore, the treatment of helminthiases is an urgent problem in veterinary medicine. Parasitic worms inflict significant damage on animal husbandry, leading to the death of animals, shortage of meat, dairy products, and wool. The most common active ingredient in antihelmintics is praziquantel, which is well known as an effective broad-spectrum anthelmintic. At the same time, praziquantel has low solubility in water and a pronounced bitter taste, which represents a significant obstacle in developing liquid forms of drugs that are convenient for administration to animals. One way to solve these problems is the complexation of medicinal substances with various (natural and synthetic) compounds. In this regard, this paper aims to study the complexation of praziquantel with α-, β-, and -cyclodextrins in aqueous-alcoholic solutions. The studies were carried out by the method of ultraviolet spectroscopy. It was found that the addition of cyclodextrins to aqueous-alcoholic solutions of praziquantel leads to spectral changes indicating the presence of intermolecular interactions and complexation. The isomolar series method showed that in dilute solutions, praziquantel forms complex compounds with cyclodextrins 1:1, that is, one molecule of praziquantel falls on one molecule of α-, β- or y-cyclodextrin. The stability constants of the resulting complexes were calculated using the molar ratio method. It is shown that in the range of 296-316 K, the composition of complex compounds remains unchanged (1:1), and their stability decreases with increasing temperature. The study of the temperature dependences of the stability constants made it possible to determine the standard values of changes in the Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and complexation entropy.

Methodological approaches to the development of the capsules «Phytohelmin» composition

The existing range of medicines is represented by a variety of dosage forms. Among them a significant proportion takes oral solid dosage forms, in particular capsules. The introduction of active pharmaceutical ingredients in the capsule composition does not require the addition of flavouring agents and requires a significantly lower amount of excipients compared to the formation of tablet dosage forms.
 In the development of dosage forms based on extracts of medicinal plants, the rational choice of the dosage form is important. The use of capsules allows making a composition of several extracts, providing the proper consumer characteristics of the finished product.
 The aim of the workis to study methodological approaches to the development of the drug «Phytohelmin», proposed for use in the 3rd phase of the treatment of helminthiasis of the digestive system.
 As the objects of research scientific works of domestic and foreign authors, databases and own findingswere selected. When conducting the own research, we used methods of bibliosemantic analysis, systematization and generalization of data.
 Capsules are characterized as a dosage form: the definition, classification, features, advantages and disadvantages are presented. When developing a medicine for the treatment of helminthiases of the digestive system in phase III (eliminating the consequences of the disease and restoring the functions of the gastrointestinal tract), we selected the solid capsule dosage form. We present a decision tree for 6 stages of choosing the medicinal plant material to justify the capsule composition under the conditional name «Phytohelmin».
 7 Degrees of the general algorithm for pharmaceutical development of capsules are described and solutions for each stage directly for the capsules of the proposed composition are given.
 Based on the results obtained, the main methodological approaches to the development of drugs in the form of capsules are formulated, in particular, capsule characteristics and classification are given, and the advantages and disadvantages of this dosage form are analyzed. The tree of decisions on the choice of medicinal plant materials in the development of medicines and the final composition of the capsules «Phytohelmin», obtained on the basis of its application, is given. The general algorithm for the pharmaceutical development of capsules and the corresponding solutions for the development of «Phytohelmin» capsules based on it in accordance with the requirements of Guide 42-3.1: 2004 «Quality Guide. Medications. Pharmaceutical Development» is described.

Quantification of albendazole in tablets of combined composition

The Aim: Treatment of helminthiases of the digestive system remains an actual task of the medicine and pharmacy worldwide. So, to meet the needs of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market tablets based on albendazole and praziquantel were proposed. In order to establish the further production of the drug, studies were conducted on the development and validation of a method for the quantitative determination of one of the active substances – albendazole, in the presence of the second active substance praziquantel. Materials and Methods: The object of the study was samples of tablets under the conditional name “AP-helmin”. Albendazole was extracted from tablets with ethyl alcohol when heated, 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution was added and the obtained sample was evaluated spectrophotometrically in the ultraviolet light (308 nm). The method was conducted meeting the requirements of State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine, harmonized with the relevant European Pharmacopoeia techniques. Results: The samples comply with the Bouguer-Lambert-Behr law in the concentration range 1 × 10-3 - 1.2 × 10-2 mg/ml, the correlation coefficient is ≥ 0.9998. The studied method of quantitative determination of albendazole in the drug meets the criteria of acceptability for the range of determination ± 5.0 % by validation characteristics: specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy. The criterion of insignificance of the systematic error of the method is fulfilled – the systematic error of the method (0.24) is practically insignificant, that is, the method of analysis is characterized by sufficient correctness in the whole concentration range from 80 to 120 %. All the validation characteristics respond to the acceptance criteria. Conclusions: A method for the quantitative determination of albendazole in tablets “AP-helmin” by spectrophotometry in ultraviolet light (308 nm) was worked out. It was experimentally confirmed that the second active pharmaceutical ingredient (praziquantel) had no affect the accuracy of the results obtained.

Artemisia absinthium L.-Importance in the History of Medicine, the Latest Advances in Phytochemistry and Therapeutical, Cosmetological and Culinary Uses.

Artemisia absinthium—wormwood (Asteraceae)—is a very important species in the history of medicine, formerly described in medieval Europe as “the most important master against all exhaustions”. It is a species known as a medicinal plant in Europe and also in West Asia and North America. The raw material obtained from this species is Absinthii herba and Artemisiae absinthii aetheroleum. The main substances responsible for the biological activity of the herb are: the essential oil, bitter sesquiterpenoid lactones, flavonoids, other bitterness-imparting compounds, azulenes, phenolic acids, tannins and lignans. In the official European medicine, the species is used in both allopathy and homeopathy. In the traditional Asian and European medicine, it has been used as an effective agent in gastrointestinal ailments and also in the treatment of helminthiasis, anaemia, insomnia, bladder diseases, difficult-to-heal wounds, and fever. Today, numerous other directions of biological activity of the components of this species have been demonstrated and confirmed by scientific research, such as antiprotozoal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, cytotoxic, analgesic, neuroprotective, anti-depressant, procognitive, neurotrophic, and cell membrane stabilizing and antioxidant activities. A. absinthium is also making a successful career as a cosmetic plant. In addition, the importance of this species as a spice plant and valuable additive in the alcohol industry (famous absinthe and vermouth-type wines) has not decreased. The species has also become an object of biotechnological research.

Analysis of the main directions of therapeutic regimens for the treatment of helminthiases of the digestive system given in the new clinical treatment protocols

The treatment of helminthiases of the digestive system is a socially significant problem that is urgent for many countries in the world, including Ukraine. Over the last 5 years, cases of enterobiosis, ascariasis and trichocephalosis have been reported most frequently in Ukraine. Therefore, it is advisable to update and implement the latest treatment protocols for the specified pathology.Aim. To analyze recommendations for the treatment of helminthiasis of the digestive system, which are given in the new clinical protocols, and identify the promising directions for saturation of the domestic pharmaceutical market with drugs that meet the needs of patients with this pathology.Materials and methods. The objects of the study were guidelines for the treatment of helminthiases of the digestive system in the open access on the website of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, scientific publications of domestic and foreign authors and our own research. The methods of generalization, systematization of theoretical and practical material, bibliosemantic and systematic analysis were used in the work.Results. The study of recommendations for the treatment of enterobiosis, ascariasis, intestinal cestodes, strongyloidosis, nematodosis and trichocephalosis has shown that the drug of choice for the treatment of this group of diseases is albendazole, which is included in each treatment protocol. Mebendazole is recommended for use in all regimens, except for the treatment of strongyloidosis. Drugs of other pharmaceutical ingredients are recommended for administration in rare cases. The main types of the pharmacological activity and side effects of albendazole are given.Conclusions. The treatment regimens recommended for helminthiasis of the digestive system have been analyzed, and the substances, based on which the development of domestic anthelmintic drugs is rational, have been determined.

LEAD MOLECULE IDENTIFICATION FROM VITEX TRIFOLIA LINN FOR HELMINTHIASIS USING IN VITRO AND IN SILICO METHODS

Objective: The study was an attempt to discover a lead molecule to treat helminthiasis using Vitex trifolia. Linn (V. folia Linn) through sterile effect, in vitro and in silico evaluation.
 Methods: The antibacterial activity was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method in three different concentrations of extract and in vitro anthelmintic activity was carried out by petri dish and organ bath method. Further, the in silico docking studies were carried out by 11 phytoconstituents against phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase (4FGZ) using Auto Dock 4.2, it was working based on the principle of Lamarckian genetic algorithm. In docking studies, three important parameters such as binding energy, inhibition constant and intermolecular energy are determined.
 Results: The extracts showed an antibacterial effect in three different concentrations. At 16 mcg/disc a significant effect was observed when compared to blank and ciprofloxacin 5 mcg/disc. The anthelmintic activity in the petri dish method, means paralyzing time of Pheretimaposthuma with the dose of 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml were 13.78, 5.79 and 4.57 min respectively and Piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml) showed paralysis in 21.58 min. In the organ bath method, the time for paralysis of the worm was recorded on a slow-moving Sherrington rotating drum and the study report showed that paralyzing time was decreased at increasing concentrations of the extract. The results of in silico studies exhibited a binding energy of-10.25kcal/mol, inhibitory constant (Ki) 30.91nM, intermolecular energy,-10.84kcal/mol for abietatriene-3-ol which is lesser than the standard ligand phosphoethanolamine (-6.03kcal/mol, 38.29µM,-7.82kcal/mol) respectively.
 Conclusion: The study reports conclude that the active constituents in V. folia Linn having better anthelmintic activity, thus the active constituents may be optimized and make way to a new moiety for the treatment of helminthiasis.

Multifocal inflammatory levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy

Levamisole (L) is an anthelmintic agent that is widely used in clinical practice. L can enter the human organism during the treatment of helminthiasis as well as during the using the contaminated cocaine. Multifocal inflammatory levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy (MILL) is one of the most serious complications of L use. The article discusses the clinical and radiological features of MILL which have a number of similarities of multiple sclerosis (MS) appearance. The disease has a favorable prognosis if started early, but the diagnosis of this rare form of leukoencephalopathy can cause difficulties. The case of MILL in patient with mistaken diagnosis of MS is descrThe case of MILL in patient with mistaken diagnosis of MS is descraibed.ibed.

Identify the diversity of helminth parasites in cattle in Jember district (East Java - Indonesia)

Cattle are maintained by many rural communities, including in Jember district. Various health problems associated with parasitic infestations are common in cattle including worm parasitic infestations. This study aims to identify the diversity of worm parasites in cattle in Jember district. The benefit of this study is to obtain information on worm species so that it can be used as a database for strategies for prevention and treatment of helminthiasis in cattle in Jember district. The method used is to randomly take 314 cattle feces samples in the Jember area. Identification of worm species diversity by examining worm eggs found in fecal samples using the sedimentation method and the Whitlock method performed at BBVet (Balai Besar Veteriner) Wates. Based on the results of cattle feces examination in Jember, worm parasite eggs were found from the trematode class, Fasciola sp. and nematode class consisting of Ostertagia sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Moniezia sp., Cooperia sp., Capillaria sp., Bunostomum sp., Strongyloides sp., Oesophagostomum sp., Trichuris sp., and Toxocara sp.

In-vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Leaves of Cleome Rutidosperma DC. (Capparidaceae) Against Haemonchus Contortus

Background: Cleome rutidosperma is annual herb found in different places in Bangladesh. Its leaves used as the treatment for Helminthiasis associated with Haemonchus contortus. This parasite is one of the most pathogenic nematodes and responsible for anemia, edema, and death of cattle’s, mainly during summer in warm, humid climates as like Bangladesh. The aim of the study to investigate the in-vitro anthelmintic activity of aqueous extract C. rutidosperma (AECR) leaves against H. contortus. Methods: We performed phytochemical analysis and in-vitro anthelmintic assay to determine the possible phytochemicals, caused by anthelmintic activity against H. contortus. Results: In-vitro anthelmintic assay, the AECR at the doses of 25; 50 and 100mg/mL significantly (p< 0.01) and (p< 0.001) paralyzed and caused the death of H. contortus in a dose-dependent manner. Reference standard drug Albendazole (15 mg/mL) exerts almost same effect as AECR. No paralyzed and death observed at the control group when treated with 0.9% normal saline. Conclusion: This data confirmed that the aqueous extract C. rutidosperma has the in-vitro anthelmintic activity of against H. contortus. C. rutidosperma may offer an alternative source for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle’s.

A review on pharmacological activities of Naravelia zeylanica

Plants are the principle source of raw materials for plant based medicine since ancient times. The traditional herbal medicines are receiving great importance in the health care sector. In Indian system of medicine i.e, ayurveda, one of the plant Naravelia zeylanica (Linn) DC belonging to family ranunculaceae has been used in the treatment of helminthiasis, dermatopathy, leprosy, rheumatalgia, odontalgia, colic inflammation, wounds and ulcers. It is distributed throughout india mainly in warm regions of Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Bengal, Bihar and greater parts of Deccan Peninsula. The aerial parts of Naravelia zeylanica traditionally used in vitiated vata, pitta, inflammation, skin diseases. The present study revel the pharmacological activates and presence of phytoconstituents likealkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, etc. in Naravelia zeylanica .

Сучасні підходи до лікування гельмінтозів

Сучасні підходи до лікування гельмінтозів

Helminthiasis and medicinal plants: a review

Helminthiasis is the most common infection caused by worms that is contaminant to human body parts. Normally, the worms live in the gastrointestinal tract, liver and other organs. The currently available anthelmintic drugs, including albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole, niridazole, dietylcarbamazine, ivermectin, praziquantel, are widely used to control helminthiasis. But these drugs have serious drawbacks such as hepatotoxicity, loss of appetite, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache and diarrhea. Thus, it is necessary to look for more effective anthelmintic drugs with the minimum side effects. Eighty percent of the world's population relies on traditional medicines and plant extracts and the active constituents are used to meet people's primary health care needs. This review focuses on helminthiasis and the role of traditional plants in the treatment of helminthiasis.