Gas Treatment Research Articles

Room temperature oxygenated groups addition in carbon materials via ozone oxidation for boosting electrochemical H2O2 production

The crucial yet delicate 2e− oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for producing the green chemical H2O2 relies on the uniform coordination environment of the active sites, such as oxygenated groups in metal-free carbon material catalysts. However, conventional harsh carbon material synthesis methods inevitably introduce structural defects and alter morphology, hindering the precise control of active site formation. Herein, we developed the ozone oxidation method under controlled reaction conditions to precisely modify carbon materials at room temperature. Through controlling the ozonation of reaction time, concentration, temperature, and relative humidity, we find the mild method allows us to precisely add active carboxyl group (–COOH) without forming structural defects. Electrochemical tests reveal that the optimal catalyst with the highest –COOH content exhibits the most outstanding mass activity of 164 A/g at 0.65 V and the highest H2O2 selectivity of 91 %. The density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the carbon sites directly connected to –COOH possess the optimized binding strength of *OOH intermediate to favor the two-electron oxygen reduction process. This work offers a novel approach to precisely and gently control carbon surface groups while preserving the structural morphology through ozone gas treatment, which can be readily applied to other material designs.

Gastrodin Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Injury in Young Rats with LiCl/Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus.

Status epilepticus is a severe neurological emergency that often leads to long-term neuronal damage and functional impairment. Gastrodin is a compound widely used in traditional Chinese medicine with potential neuroprotective effects. This study aims to investigate the effects of GAS on neuroinflammation and injury caused by LiCl/pilocarpine-induced SE in young rats. SE in rats was induced using the LiCl/pilocarpine model. Morris water maze and Y-maze experiments were used for the behavioral test of rats. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was utilized to quantify the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 levels, and biochemical kits assessed the levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) in hippocampus tissues. Additionally, Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the protein expression levels of p-p65, p65, p-IκBα and IκBα, which are key factors of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Compared to the control group, the SE group rats exhibited reduced learning and memory abilities. Markedly elevated levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8). The expression levels of p-p65 and p-IκBα were significantly upregulated, while IκBα levels were notably decreased. Following GAS treatment, the latency of seizure onset was significantly shortened, the incidence of SE was significantly reduced and the severity of nerve injury was alleviated. Additionally, both the inflammation levels and the oxidative stress were significantly decreased, primarily through inhibition NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggest that GAS may be a potential therapeutic agent for treating SE.

Cracking Failure Analysis of a 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Elbow in a Natural Gas Treatment Station

Cracking Failure Analysis of a 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Elbow in a Natural Gas Treatment Station

Portal venous gas in a domestic shorthair cat with large cell lymphoma

AbstractPortal venous gas is defined as air within the portal venous system, whereas pneumobilia is defined as gas within the biliary tract. This report describes an 11.5‐year‐old female spayed domestic shorthair being managed for large cell lymphoma. While being hospitalised, the patient was noted to have evidence of portal venous gas on diagnostic imaging. The case study highlights common underlying causes of portal venous gas and pneumobilia in addition to diagnostic options and findings for evaluation. The most common cause of portal venous gas is bowel necrosis. Ultrasound and computed tomography scan are the most sensitive diagnostic methods in differentiation. Being familiar with the radiographic signs of and potential underlying causes of portal venous gas and pneumobilia may allow for more prompt investigations of potentially life‐threatening underlying causes. If recent surgical manipulation to the hepatobiliary/hepatoenteric system is not present and there is no history of trauma, then further diagnostic workup should be performed to evaluate for an underlying cause. Treatment of portal venous gas and pneumobilia is based on treating the suspected underlying cause.

RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF A HYDRATE FORMATION INHIBITOR IN PRODUCTION WELLS IN WESTERN SIBERIA

Operation of the gas transmission system under hydrate conditions leads to the risk of deposits, changes in operating modes and plugging of pipelines and gas transmission equipment. Inhibitors such as methanol and glycols are mainly used to prevent hydrate formation. Less commonly, small amounts of polymer compounds (kinetic inhibitors) are used, which instead of inhibiting formation work thermodynamically, slowing the rate of formation of gas hydrates. However, the problems associated with excessive methanol consumption and the production of products that do not meet the standards for the content of dissolved methanol remain unresolved. These problems can be solved by improving the technological scheme of gas collection and treatment. The article focuses on the use of methanol as a hydrate inhibitor, which effectively prevents this process. It has been shown that in order to optimize the flow rate of methanol, it is necessary to take into account the salinity of formation water. The urgency of the problem is due to the high risks for the normal operation of wells, since gas hydrates can lead to clogging of equipment and pipelines, which in turn can cause emergencies and shutdown of the entire production. The article describes the current status of field development in Western Siberia, including an analysis of reserves and an assessment of production potential. Seven pay zones have been identified in the field, two of which are associated with the Upper Cretaceous deposits, four with the Upper Jurassic and one with the Middle Jurassic. The authors proposed a method for calculating the optimal amount of methanol required to prevent the formation of gas hydrates. The calculations are based on data on the composition of Cenomanian gas, temperature and other conditions in the field under consideration. The study identified critical points where gas hydrates are most likely to form. This made it possible to accurately calculate the required amount of methanol to maintain the hydrate-free state of the wells. The results of testing in the field of Western Siberia showed that the dosing of methanol is an effective means to prevent hydrate formation.

ROOT ANALYSIS OF LOSS STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY FOR OIL COOLING RADIATORS IN COMPRESSOR STATIONS PUMPING ASSOCIATED PETROLEUM GAS CONTAINING WET H2S

One of the main problems in the associated petroleum gas treatment is its further beneficial usage. Gases of the end stages of separation require special technical solutions when involving them in the production process due to low pressure. At the same time, gases of the first stages of separation by 70–90 % of the total amount are mainly used in gas processing plants. Gas of the end stages of separation contains components C3+ and higher from 400 to 2000 g/m3 and is a valuable petrochemical raw material. To transporting gas of the end stages of separation, compression is necessary to achieve sufficient pressure. When compressing gases of the end stages of separation, a significant amount of unstable condensate containing hydrocarbons C4–C12 and water is released. In addition, the end-stage gas is saturated with sulfur compounds (H2S and R-SH), which evaporate intensively from the crude oil after its heating from the end-stage separators of oil treatment. The equipment of compressor stations for gas treatment and transportation, as a rule, does not have protection against internal corrosion. Recently, failures of cooling system radiators, pipes of air gas cooling devices made of non-ferrous metal alloys have been recorded. Radiator failures are associated with the loss of their structural integrity. Oil stains without visible flows, cracks or pits appear on the outer surface of the radiator cooling channels, while in the channels of copper alloy channels radiators, clogging of individual channels is often observed over a short period of operation of the compressor station. Understanding the causes of leaks in liquid cooling radiators as part of compressor stations for pumping associated petroleum gas of the end stages of separation is an important aspect for ensuring reliable operation of process equipment and preventing possible emergency situations. The article reflects the results of studies aimed at identifying the causes of radiators structural integrity loss of oil cooling systems in the composition of block compressor stations for compression of associated petroleum gas containing hydrogen sulfide and moisture. Solutions and recommendation to minimize the risks of equipment failures of for compression stations are made.

Production process of 800 t/d sintered lime rotary kiln

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the production process and technical characteristics of the 800t/d sintered lime rotary kiln in Beitai Iron Mine of Bensteel Group Corporation Limited. The production process encompasses a number of key stages, including the charging of raw materials, firing, the crushing and screening of finished products, storage and transportation, exhaust gas treatment, and pulverized coal preparation. The study will prove a valuable point of reference for the enhancement of the overall performance of the domestic sintered lime industry.

Gastrodenol suppresses NLRP3/GSDMD mediated pyroptosis and ameliorates inflammatory diseases

Pyroptosis, a form of inflammatory programmed cell death, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. This process is primarily mediated by the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3). Gastrodenol (Bismuth tripotassium dicitrate, GAS) is a mineral compound which is used to treat duodenal and gastric ulcers associated with Helicobacter pylori. In this study, GAS was found to exhibit protective effects against classical pyroptosis in macrophages. Specifically, GAS effectively inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis, and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, GAS inhibited NLRP3 oligomerization and reduced the oligomerization of adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain (ASC) by directly binding to NLRP3. The interaction between GAS and NLRP3 is primarily mediated through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces. Hydrogen bonds are formed with PHE-727, LEU-723, and ASP-700. Remarkably, GAS treatment attenuated pyroptosis-mediated inflammatory diseases, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic, and monosodium urate (MSU)-induced peritonitis in mice. To conclude, this is the first report that discovered clinical old medicine GAS as a potent inhibitor of pyroptosis and propose a novel therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of NLRP3-GSDMD mediated diseases.

Energy, Exergy and Exergo-economic analyses of supercritical CO2 cycles for the exploitation of a geothermal resource in the Italian water dominant Amiata site

Alternative powerplant layouts to commonly applied flash technology is investigated for the water dominant geothermal location of Amiata Mountain, Italy. The proposed solution avoids flashing the brine stream by a borehole pump capable of maintaining pressurized conditions, thus reducing the amount of non-condensable gases released when reaching the ground level. Therefore, the need of a gas treatment section is completely avoided. The heat recovered from the hot brine at ground level is transferred to different supercritical CO2 cycle configurations, equipped with high efficiency Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHE). The optimal 45.5% calculated exergy efficiency was achieved for the recuperative cycle with intercooling and reheat, which however didn’t show the optimal electricity costs (8.092 c€/kWh) because of the more complex heat exchangers network. The lowest cost of electricity (7.4 c€/kWh) was found for the recuperative cycle configuration. These costs are in line with the current levels of geothermal binary cycles, but almost doubled compared to the current single flash +ORC solution, due to a 40-50% reduction of power output with sCO2 cycles. On the other hand, sCO2 binary cycles could guarantee an almost zero environmental impact, which is the main reason for social concerns related to the current flash powerplants.

Effects of the surface properties and particle size of hydrated lime on desulfurization

In the gas treatment center in smelters, hydrogen fluoride (HF) is separated from the outlet gases of electrolysis cells, which are used to produce aluminum from alumina. However, SO2 largely remains in the effluent gas. Another method has to be developed to separate this gas which is harmful to the environment. In this study, semi-dry desulfurization of a SO2 containing gas was performed at low SO2 concentrations using hydrated lime [Ca(OH)2] as a catalytic desulfurizer under specific humidity conditions. The low reaction temperature of 100 °C and minimal use of the Ca-based desulfurizer under 17 % relative humidity achieved more than 95 % removal of SO2. The morphological changes and presence of sulfur in different lime samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis showed changes in the surface properties of hydrated lime after desulfurization. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis provided the phase and composition identification of the sulfur species on hydrated lime and the CaSO3/CaSO4 product ratio. Based on the experimental results, the optimum catalyst surface area with a specific particle size is critical to the effective conversion of Ca(OH)2 into CaSO3 and CaSO4. The practicality of a Ca-based desulfurizer and its ability to convert into the required product may be the key to reducing the overall cost of desulfurization in aluminum industry.

Identification of conditions for ultrasonic effect on gas-dispersed medium and creation of radiators to increase the efficiency of coagulation in devices with swirling flow

Relevance. The presence and uncontrolled distribution of aerosols of various substances in the air, which have a negative impact on humans, flora and fauna. This problem is especially acute in the extraction, processing and combustion of georesources. The most effective way to solve the problem is the use of high-intensity ultrasonic vibrations, the effect of which on aerosols causes convergence and agglomeration of small particles into large ones. However, at low concentrations, the particle coagulation efficiency is not sufficient to increase the recovery rate of gas treatment equipment. Therefore, there is a need to find new ways to optimize ultrasonic equipment for coagulation of fine particles in order to increase its efficiency. Aim. To determine the optimal conditions for ultrasonic influence on a swirling gas-dispersed flow, ensuring maximum efficiency of agglomeration of highly dispersed particles. Carrying out comparative studies of coagulation of particles when exposed to ultrasonic fields generated by different types of radiators and their combined effects will make it possible to determine the effectiveness of ultrasonic coagulation and the optimal design scheme of ultrasonic exposure. Objects. Coagulation of particles under ultrasonic impact, formed by various types of radiators. Methods. Computer modeling of the generated ultrasonic field using the finite element method using harmonic acoustic analysis. Finite element modeling and design of disk radiators using modal analysis. To determine the characteristics of the aerosol, a Malvern Spraytec Particle Analyzer was used. Results. The results of calculations and experiments have shown that the use of an extended ultrasonic tubular radiator operating on a bending-diametric mode of vibration and forming a ring standing wave with a sound pressure level of 162–165 dB as the main source of ultrasonic impact for devices with swirling flows may be the most energy efficient. Further increase in the efficiency of coagulation can only be achieved by the combined action of a tubular radiator and a longitudinally oscillating radiator. This significantly modifies the field structure and provides not only an increase in the sound pressure level (up to 167 dB), but also in the number of formed nodal surfaces (up to 44).

Scalable synthesis of Robust, high-loading nitrogen-infused intermetallic FePt@Pt (core@shell) catalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

In this study, we propose PtFeIMN@Pt/C, featuring a Pt shell on a nitrogen-infused PtFe intermetallic core structure, and attempt large-scale synthesis of catalysts with high metal content (>50 wt%). Using the ultrasound-assisted polyol synthesis method, we synthesize core@shell structured PtFe@Pt/C catalysts with approximately 60 wt% metal content at a 10 g scale in a single step. Post-treatments, including annealing, acid treatment, and nitriding in high-pressure NH3 gas, follow to synthesize the target catalysts. Optimizing the annealing temperature reveals a trade-off relationship affecting catalyst activity and durability. The PtFeIMN@Pt/C_600 °C, synthesized under optimized conditions, exhibits superior electrochemical performance and durability compared to commercial Pt/C catalysts. The accelerated stability test (AST) further shows significantly enhanced durability when nitrogen is included in the core. In the single cell tests, PtFeIMN@Pt/C_600 °C demonstrates approximately four times higher mass activity than commercial Pt/C catalysts and a 29.9 mV voltage drop at 0.8 A cm−2 after AST, meeting the U.S. Department of Energy's targets.

Experimental research and reaction process analysis of degradation of strong greenhouse gas SF6 using 304 stainless steel

ABSTRACT Emission reduction and substitution of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is an important way to build a new type of green and low-carbon power platform system and to achieve the goal of “net-zero.” As a strong greenhouse gas widely used in the power industry, it is especially necessary to carry out harmless degradation treatment for SF6 exhaust gas that cannot meet the reuse conditions. In this paper, based on thermal degradation treatment technology, 304 stainless steel was utilized to degrade SF6. The study revealed that 304 stainless steel had a significant effect on the degradation of SF6 gas. Particularly under low initial concentration (1700 ppm), low space velocity (1200–2400 mL/g304·h), and high temperature (800 ℃) conditions, the currently designed SF6 degradation platform could achieve a 100% degradation efficiency and maintain it for a long time. Simultaneously, the main gas phase products of the degradation reaction were detected as SO2 and SiF4, while the solid phase products were related to the initial concentration of SF6. Under low concentration conditions, the solid phase products of the degradation reaction were FeF2 and FeS, while under high concentration conditions, the degradation products were FeF3 and S, the byproducts of Ni and Cr in 304 stainless steel were NiF2 and CrF3 respectively. Finally, the possible reaction pathways for 304 stainless steel to degrade SF6 were determined, and the feasibility of the reaction was confirmed through thermodynamic calculations. This research provides valuable reference for the harmless degradation of SF6 gas in the domestic and international power industry.

Thraustochytrids and Algae as Sustainable Sources of Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Aquafeeds

There is limited ability to biosynthesize long-chain omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA and DHA in food webs leading to humans. Seafood is the key source of ω3 LC-PUFA, with aquaculture expected to meet rising global demand; however, marine fish have a high dietary requirement for EPA and DHA themselves. This was traditionally met using unsustainable dietary fish oil and fish meal, but limited supply and environmental concerns have dictated research on replacements. Among the industrial sources of EPA and DHA, microalgae and especially thraustochytrids stand out as resources with high concentrations. Although unicellular, thraustochytrids are not microalgae as they are not photosynthetic but instead are microheterotrophs. This removes the light requirement and facilitates high yields of monoculture for the production of single-cell oils. The availability, in high concentrations, of usually one or the other essential fatty acid permits a calibration of the EPA and DHA dose, which is especially useful as their effects have mainly been considered together in medical and aquaculture research. EPA and DHA have different effects on cell function and are precursors of different bioactive compounds. Using thraustochytrids, microalgae, and heterotrophic dinoflagellates, the importance of DHA has been investigated. DHA was essential for optimizing the growth of the early life stages of scallops and finfish and was preferentially incorporated into fish membrane phospholipids. The production of microalgae and microheterotrophs can contribute to the treatment of wastewater and waste gas, further enhancing their sustainability and reducing the environmental costs of aquaculture.

A Critical Review of Deep Oxidation of Gaseous Volatile Organic Compounds via Aqueous Advanced Oxidation Processes.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered to be the most recalcitrant gaseous pollutants due to their high toxicity, diversity, complexity, and stability. Gas-solid catalytic oxidation methods have been intensively studied for VOC treatment while being greatly hampered by energy consumption, catalyst deactivation, and byproduct formation. Recently, aqueous advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have attracted increasing interest for the deep oxidation of VOCs at room temperature, owing to the generation of abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, current reviews mainly focus on VOC degradation performance and have not clarified the specific reaction process, degradation products, and paths of VOCs in different AOPs. This study systematically reviews recent advances in the application of aqueous AOPs for gaseous VOC removal. First, the VOC gas-liquid mass transfer and chemical oxidation processes are presented. Second, the latest research progress of VOC removal by various ROS is reviewed to study their degradation performances, pathways, and mechanisms. Finally, the current challenges and future strategies are discussed from the perspectives of synergistic oxidation of VOC mixtures, accurate oxidation, and resource utilization of target VOCs via aqueous AOPs. This perspective provides the latest information and research inspiration for the future industrial application of aqueous AOPs for VOC waste gas treatment.

An Environmental Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Comparative Life Cycle Analysis

The environmental implications of various municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, were analysed considering the Riyadh Green Initiative through a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This study evaluates five distinct scenarios: unsanitary landfilling (Sc0), incineration (Sc1), and a combination of technologies such as anaerobic digestion (AD) and a material recovery facility (MRF) in scenarios Sc2–Sc4. These scenarios were assessed using GaBi 9.2.1 software, employing the impact methodology outlined by CML (2001) to evaluate eight impact categories, including Global Warming and Acidification Potentials, among others. The findings indicate that scenarios incorporating the treatment of 100% of recyclable and organic waste through AD exhibited substantial environmental benefits. Additionally, Sc2 demonstrated the lowest environmental burdens across all impact categories. In contrast, Sc0 ranked the worst in all categories due to the absence of gas and leachate treatment. The results were shown to be reliable when compared qualitatively to previous studies. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess this study’s system boundaries and the impact of the MRF rate. Overall, this research provides valuable insights for optimising MSW management practices in Riyadh, aiming to reduce their environmental impacts and align with the goals of the Riyadh Green Initiative.

Gastrodin alleviates microglia-mediated inflammatory responses in neonatal mice with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage by regulating CCR5/AKT signaling

To investigate the mechanism behind the protective effects of gastrodin against microglia-mediated inflammatory responses following hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) in neonatal mice. Thirty-six 10-day-old C57BL/6J mice were randomized into sham-operated group, HIBD (induced by ligation of the left common carotid artery followed by hypoxia for 40 min) group, and HIBD with gastrodin treatment groups (n=12). In gastrodin treatment group, 100 mg/kg gastrodin was injected intraperitoneally 1 h before and at 2 and 12 h after hypoxia. After the treatments, the expressions of CCR5, AKT, p-AKT, and TNF-α and the co-expression of IBA1 and CCR5 in the corpus callosum of the mice were detected with Western blotting and immunofluorescence double staining. In a BV2 microglial cell model of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), the effects of pretreatment with gastrodin and Maraviroc (an CCR5 antagonist) on protein expressions of CCR5, AKT, p-AKT, TNF-α and IL-1β were evaluated using Western blotting and immunofluorescence double staining. The neonatal mice with HIBD showed significantly increased expressions of CCR5 and TNF-α with lowered p-AKT expression in the brain tissues, and GAS treatment obviously reversed these changes. HIBD also significantly increased the co-expression of IBA1 and CCR5 in the corpus callosum of the mice, which was obviously lowered by gastrodin treatment. In BV2 cells, OGD significantly increased the expressions of CCR5, TNF-α, and IL-1β and decreased the expression of p-AKT, and these changes were inhibited by treatment with gastrodin, Maraviroc or their combination; the inhibitory effect of the combined treatment did not differ significantly from that of gastrodin or Maraviroc alone. Gastrodin can produce neuroprotective effects in neonatal mice with HIBD by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine production and activate AKT phosphorylation via inhibiting CCR5.

Application of tree cores to investigate the historical pollution trends of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic compounds: A case study in a typical coal-contaminated region of China

In this study, 76 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) were detected in air, soil, and tree core samples from Huainan, a typical coal-contaminated region of China. Concentrations of ΣPACs in soil and air samples were 2400 ± 5100 ng/g and 150 ± 63 ng/m3, respectively. Priority PAHs were predominant in both air and soil samples, contributing over 50 % of ΣPACs. Source analysis indicated that PAC contamination in Huainan primarily originated from local coal-related activities. The benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQBaP) of PACs in the air samples (5.6 ± 5.3 ng/m3) exceeded the threshold of 1 ng/m3. Some PACs, such as benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) and Alk-BaPs, demonstrated significant toxicity and are recommended for consideration as priority pollutants. The historical pollution trends of atmospheric PACs were obtained based on the tree core samples. PAC concentrations in tree core segments showed a strong correlation with atmospheric PM10 levels in Huainan. As air quality has improved in recent years, the PACs concentrations in tree core segments have also decreased. Historical fluctuations of atmospheric PACs were largely attributed to the changes in the gas treatment systems of a nearby coal-fired power plant and adjustments in environmental policies. By integrating trends observed in tree core segments with air concentrations, the historical atmospheric PAC concentrations were extrapolated. The extrapolated results showed similar concentration levels and trends when compared with historical data from other studies in China. Thus, tree cores can not only reflect the historical trends of atmospheric PACs with high temporal precision but also are feasible for extrapolating historical concentrations of airborne PACs.

Control of Methylamine Gas Treatment for Upscaling Perovskite Solar Module

Methylamine (MA0) gas treatment (MATM) is a process that involves the adsorption of MA0 on methylammonium (MA)‐based lead perovskite thin films, forming an adsorption intermediate, which appears as a visually transparent liquid. When MA0 is desorbed from this intermediate, recrystallization of the MA‐based perovskite occurs. Due to the highly reversible nature of MATM and its ability to inherently levelize the film surface through liquefaction, MATM is a promising method for fabricating uniform and intact perovskite thin films over large areas, which is crucial for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells. Herein, efforts to control the MATM process are presented, including slowing down the kinetics of MA adsorption by introducing a diluent into the MA stock solution, establishing a monitoring system to investigate the desorption process in detail, and demonstrating the success of MATM in fabricating perovskite solar modules. It is found that MATM not only heals morphological flaws but also promotes (110) orientation crystallinity and reduces trap density in recrystallized MAPbI3 films. Finally, MATM is applied to prepare perovskite minimodules using an in‐house designed MA‐induced liquefaction and recrystallization reactor. The minimodule (5 × 5 cm) fabricated using MATM achieves 18.32% efficiency, significantly surpassing the performance of those fabricated using antisolvent‐treating (7.50%) and vacuum drying (16.09%) methods.

Numerical Modeling of the Fluids Petroleum Flow Through the Supersonic Separator

In the context of increasing concerns regarding the amplification of the thermal effects of climate change, the Council of the European Union has proposed the reduction (up to the elimination) of the use of fossil fuels. For this purpose, the implementation of new ecological (renewable) fuels is being analyzed to reduce the carbon dioxide footprint, natural gas being the transition fuel. Also, in the next period, an increase in the demand for methane, the exploitation of condensate deposits, those with natural gas mixed with acid gases (containing hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen), as well as oil deposits with associated natural gas, which will require their treatment (to eliminate saline or non-saline water, mechanical impurities, of condensate and acid gases). At the same time, the exploitation of offshore deposits in deep waters will be emphasized, which will lead to the location of treatment equipment on the seabed. The present work discusses the simulation of natural gas treatment processes, focusing on the separation from methane (in the supersonic field) of water, condensate, and acid gases.