Treatment Of Dysmenorrhea Research Articles

Evaluating the effectiveness of NSAIDs and vasopressin receptor antagonists as primary dysmenorrhea treatments

Primary dysmenorrhea describes the intensely painful uterine contractions experienced during menstruation. It is associated with elevated prostaglandin production in the uterine area and primarily affects adolescents. There are several treatment options available for primary dysmenorrhea, however, there is a lapse in research assessing their efficacy and reliability. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview and evaluation of two forms of treatment for primary dysmenorrhea: non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and vasopressin receptor antagonists. While studies conducted on the effectiveness of NSAIDs have shown consistent results, research conducted on vasopressin receptor antagonists remains contradictory. As such, the clinical efficacy of vasopressin receptor antagonists remains inconclusive, exposing several limitations and areas that require additional research. Furthermore, this review discusses the efficacy of promising novel treatments (i.e. levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices, intravaginal rings, transdermal patches) and highlights the importance of additional studies for validation.

Prevalence of Dysmenorrhea and Associated Factors Among Haramaya University Students, Eastern Ethiopia.

PurposeDysmenorrhea is the most common gynecological problem among adolescents and a common cause of school absenteeism. Previously, there was no study conducted on prevalence of dysmenorrhea and associated factors among university students in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess prevalence and associated factors of dysmenorrhea among Haramaya university undergraduate regular students in Eastern Ethiopia.Materials and MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from February to March 2020. A multistage random sampling technique was applied and a total of 569 participants were included into the study. The total sample size was proportionally allocated based on the total number of students in each departments, and simple random sampling technique was employed to select participants. The data were entered to EPI‑info version 3.5.4 and then exported to Statistical Package for Social Science version 23.0 software for analysis. The associations between independent variables and outcome variable were explored using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. The results of these analysis were reported as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals.ResultsThe prevalence of dysmenorrhea in this study was 356 (64.7%) 95% CI [60.7%, 68.7%]. Premenstrual syndrome (AOR = 5.20:95% CI [2.82, 9.61]), early menarche (AOR = 4.67:95% CI [2.33, 9.37]), history of anxiety (AOR = 4.08:95% CI [2.31, 7.19]), taking of ≥4 glass of tea per day (AOR = 5.69:95% CI [1.49, 21.77]), usually eating fat and oil (AOR = 2.03:95% CI [1.15, 3.59]) and usual use of meat food (AOR = 3.61:95% CI [2.03, 6.39]) were positively and independently associated with the occurrence of dysmenorrhea.ConclusionDysmenorrhea was a common problem among Haramaya University female students. History of anxiety, early menarche, premenstrual syndrome, tea consumption, usual use of fat and oil containing food and usual use of meat food were significantly associated to dysmenorrhea. We recommend Haramaya University to provide accessible and appropriate medical treatment and counseling service for dysmenorrhea affected students.

Effectiveness of vitex agnus castus extract in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea

Background. Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is one of the most common types of gynecological pathology and is observed in 31–52% of young women, in 10% of them the pain is so intense that leads to disability. In the pathogenesis of PD consider a representative of eicosanoids— thromboxane A2 with a pronounced vasoconstrictor effect. The article presents the results of clinical and hormonal examination of women with PD and developed on this basis a method of treatment. The purpose was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment of PD, taking into account the multicomponent pathogenesis of the disease. Materials and methods. There were 60 women observation, randomly divided into two groups: 30 women with PD (main group) and 30healthy women (control group). PD was diagnosed on the basis of patients’ complaints of painful menstruation and related symptoms, excluding organic gynecological pathology and diseases of the internal organs in consultation with a physician and endocrinologist. Treatment of patients with PD was performed with a combined drug, which includes a standardized extract of Vitex agnus castus L., indole-3-carbinol, 3,3-diindolyl-methane, passionflower extract, California escholzia extract. Results. As a result of treatment in patients with PD significantly reduced the intensity of pain, and 60% completely disappeared pain, all disappeared fear of waiting for the next menstruation, significantly reduced the manifestations of autonomic vascular (from 17% of patients to 3%), autonomic (from 10% of patients to 0%), metabolic and endocrine (from 13% of patients to 0%) disorders and disorders of the emotional and mental sphere (from 23% of patients to 7%), no patient had a combination of symptoms. Conclusions. Given the safety, high therapeutic efficacy, the drug based on Vitex agnus castus extract can be recommended for the treatment of young patients with PD lasting at least 3 months.

Physiotherapy Intervention for Primary Dysmenorrhea - A Narrative Review

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) refers to painful cramps before and/or during menstruation. There are two types of Dysmenorrhea: Primary and secondary. Different approaches to the treatment of Primary dysmenorrhea are applied to manage the symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Purpose: the aim of this study was to find out the most effective physiotherapy treatment for primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: scientific literature relevant to physiotherapy for dysmenorrhea published in India between September 2014- august 2021 through popular databases such as google scholar, PubMed, Pedro was searched. Total Eleven articles met the objectives and criteria and they were reviewed main outcome measures of study was pain intensity and was measured mainly through VAS (visual analogue scale) and NPRS (Numerical pain rating scale). Apart from pain intensity, other outcome measures such as core strength, flexibility and quality of life also have been recorded. Isometric exercises, core strengthening exercises, aerobic exercises including chair exercises, stretching exercises, moist pack and TENS are different physiotherapy approaches to the treatment of Primary dysmenorrhea. Conclusion: The current review suggests that physiotherapy specially core strengthening exercises and various stretching exercises help to provide a clinically significant reduction in menstrual pain intensity and also helps to increase core muscles strength and flexibility. Keywords: Isometric exercises, Core strengthening exercises, Aerobic exercises including chair exercises, Stretching exercises, Moist pack and TENS.

Prunus mira Koehne in Sichuan, China: Recorded History as a Medicine and Food, Modern Applications, Distribution, and Ethnobotanical Investigations.

Prunus mira Koehne, a Prunus plant in the Rosaceae family, is named ཁམབུ། in Tibetan and “Guang he tao” in Chinese. It is mainly distributed in Tibet Autonomous Region, Yunnan Province, and Sichuan Province in China. It is also a rare “living fossil group” of peach genetic resources in the world. It is used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of dysmenorrhea, injury, intestinal dryness, constipation, and other diseases, and is used in Tibetan medicine for the treatment of hair, eyebrows, and beard shedding. In this article, the botanical characteristics, medicinal history, modern applied research, and ethnobotanical investigation of P. mira were recorded and evaluated. P. mira was first recorded in Dumu Materia Medica. P. mira in Sichuan Province is mainly distributed in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, and has certain economic and medicinal value. P. mira has high nutritional composition. It is made into high-quality edible oil, cosmetic base oil, fruit juice, fruit wine, fruit vinegar, “Liang guo”, and other products. Oleic acid and linoleic acid are the main fat-soluble components of P. mira, which has an anti-inflammatory medicinal value and promotes hair growth. Its longevity and cold resistance can bring great genetic value and play an important role in maintaining peach genetic diversity. At present, there are few studies on the pharmacological effects of specific active components of P. mira and there are also few clinical studies. We can continue to study these aspects in the future. At the same time, products of P. mira have great market potential. All in all, P. mira is very worthy of further research and development.

382 PHASE-III Randomized monocentric controlled trial comparing clinical and cost-effectiveness analysis of botulinum toxin uterine injections versus placebo for severe dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain from uterine origin after standard therapeutic failure

Introduction and aims of the study: Severe dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain (CPP) from uterine origin may be followed by psycho-social consequences and professional absenteism. Despite a negative magnetic resonance imaging and laparoscopy, current available treatments (analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs and hormones) are ineffective with low quality of life gains. As published previously, injections of botulinum toxin (BT) type A under hysteroscopy into uterine myometrium revealed significant decrease of patient-reported symptoms and improvement of global quality of life scores at 8 and 12-week post-injection. The aims of this study are to evaluate clinical and cost-effectiveness of BT use for severe dysmenorrhea/CPP after treatment failure. Methods: Phase-III randomized monocentric controlled trial comparing BT versus placebo among 100 participants. Randomization will be centralized. Study investigators, analysis team, and subjects will remain blinded. Participants will be informed and will sign a written informed consent. Data will be collected and registered in a secure electronic platform before enrollment, at inclusion, 8-week and 4-month follow-up. Main clinical outcome: Patient Global Impression of Improvement. Secondary clinical outcomes: Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) by Endometriosis Health Profile, Generic HRQoL EQ-5D-3L, Female Sexual Function Index, dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia numerical rating scale, pain visual analogue scale, side effects, drug tolerance, surgical complications, global patient satisfaction. Effectiveness and costs outcomes: quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), direct and indirect costs, net social benefit, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Discussion: This study will provide the most reliable evidence on the effectiveness of a novel therapy for patients suffering from severe dysmenorrhea and CPP from uterine origin, in the event of standard therapeutic failure. The health economic evaluation will give evidence to guide collective decision-making on marketing authorization for this clinical indication. Conclusions: Evidence-based clinical and cost-effectiveness of BT will guide the proposal and implementation of a new treatment for severe dysmenorrhea and CPP from uterine origin.

Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain for the Gastroenterologist.

Endometriosis, affecting 5-10% of reproductive-age women, is a common contributor to dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain. Diagnosis requires laparoscopic tissue biopsy, but careful pelvic examination, and/or imaging with either ultrasound or MRI, may identify patients who should receive empiric first-line therapy. The presence of dyschezia, particularly with cyclical exacerbation, should raise suspicion for bowel or rectovaginal septum involvement, and a greater need for surgical management. Treatment of dysmenorrhea includes hormonal suppression of the menstrual cycle, and/or analgesics; more severe cases with strong pain and disability may require earlier surgical intervention to excise disease while preserving fertility desires.

Research progress of moxibustion in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea

Research progress of moxibustion in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea

Phytochemical and Biological Effects of Sesamum indicum L.- A Review

Sesamum indicum L. is from Family Pedaliaceae. It plays an important role in ancient culture and modern system of medicine. It is commonly known as sesame. It is cultivated throughout India, mainly for its seeds and oil. The plant traditionally used in the treatment of hemorrhoids, dysentery, constipation, cough, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and ulcers. It also has antifungal, anticancer, antitumor, antiatherosclerotic activity. The total alcoholic extracts of all residual aerial parts of this plant show antioxidant, anticancer, antiaging and anticoagulant activities.

The efficacy and safety of simple-needling for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea compared with ibuprofen: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:Needling and ibuprofen are often used clinically to treat primary dysmenorrhea (PD). However, the difference between the efficacy and safety of the treatment of PD is not clear. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of simple-needling for PD patients through a comparison with ibuprofen.Methods:A comprehensive search of 7 electronic databases and relevant medical journals, from the establishment of the publication to December 2020. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that met the inclusion criteria, and a meta-analysis was performed with the Review Manager version (RevMan version 5.3).Results:Twenty three RCTs were included. The meta-analysis reported that simple-needling groups had better than ibuprofen groups on cure rate (relative risk = 2.29, 95% CI [1.96, 2.68], P < .00001) and total effective rate (relative risk = 1.24, 95% CI [1.19, 1.29], P < .00001) and VAS score (MD = −1.24, 95% CI [−1.92, −0.55], P = .0004). Seven studies reported adverse events, of which 4 studies had mild adverse events.Conclusion:Simple-needling is superior to ibuprofen treatment in terms of clinical efficacy and improvement of pain symptoms. A small number of studies reported whether simple-needling produced adverse events, so there is not enough evidence to support the safety of simple-needling in the treatment of PD.PROSPERO registration number:CRD42021233403

Lippia origanoides essential oil induces tocolytic effect in virgin rat uterus and inhibits writhing in a dysmenorrhea mouse model

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe species Lippia origanoides Kunth, popularly known as “salva-de-marajó”, is used in Brazilian traditional “quilombola” communities to treat menstrual cramps and uterine inflammation. Aim of the studyEvaluate the spasmolytic activity of Lippia origanoides essential oil (LOO) on experimental models of uterine conditions related to menstrual cramps and investigate its mechanism of action. Materials and methodsVirgin rat-isolated uterus was mounted in the organ bath apparatus to evaluate the spasmolytic effect of LOO on basal tonus and contractions induced by carbachol, KCl, or oxytocin. We used pharmacological agents to verify the relaxation mechanism of LOO. The evaluation of uterine contractility in virgin rats, after treatment with LOO for three consecutive days, was carried out by the construction of a concentration-response curve with oxytocin or carbachol. The primary dysmenorrhea animal model was replicated with an injection of estradiol cypionate in female mice for three consecutive days, followed by intraperitoneal application of oxytocin. ResultsLOO relaxed the rat uterus precontracted with 10−2 IU/mL oxytocin (logEC50 = 1.98 ± 0.07), 1 μM carbachol (logEC50 = 1.42 ± 0.07) or 60 mM KCl (logEC50 = 1.53 ± 0.05). It was also able relax uterus on spontaneous contractions (logEC50 = 0.41 ± 0.05). Preincubation with glibenclamide, propranolol, phentolamine or L-NAME in contractions induced by carbachol did not alter significantly the relaxing effect of LOO. However, in the presence of 4-aminopyridine, CsCl or tetraethylammonium there was a reduction of LOO potency, whereas the blockers methylene blue, ODQ, aminophylline and heparin potentiated the LOO relaxing effect. Preincubation with LOO in a Ca2+ free medium at concentrations of 27 μg/mL or 81 μg/mL reduced the contraction induced by carbachol. The administration of LOO for 3 days did not alter uterus contractility. The treatment with LOO at 30 or 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally, or 100 mg/kg orally, inhibited writhing in female mice. The association of LOO at 10 mg/kg with nifedipine or mefenamic acid potentiated writhing inhibition in mice. ConclusionsThe essential oil of L. origanoides has tocolytic activity in rat isolated uterus pre-contracted with KCl, oxytocin, or carbachol. This effect is possibly related to the opening of potassium channels (Kir, KV, and KCa), cAMP increase, and diminution of intracellular Ca2+. This relaxant effect, probably, contributed to reduce the number of writhings in an animal model of dysmenorrhea being potentiated by nifedipine or mefenamic acid. Taken together, the results here presented indicate that this species has a pharmacological potential for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea, supporting its use in folk medicine.

Moxibustion for Primary Dysmenorrhea: An Adjuvant Therapy for Pain Relief.

The latest spectrum of moxibustion disease shows that primary dysmenorrhea is a high-frequency symptom of moxibustion and that it is the dominant clinical disease. In the specific treatment methods, all types of moxibustion methods have been widely used, such as thermal, thunder fire, partitioned, and spreading moxibustion. Moxibustion plays a therapeutic role through its four mechanisms of action: heat, light, moxa smoke, and drug effects. The mechanism of moxibustion treatment for primary dysmenorrhea focuses on adjusting endocrine hormones, regulating immune function and neuro-related factors, and improving uterine microcirculation. In this study, based on the clinical evidence of different moxibustion methods for treating primary dysmenorrhea, the design model, intervention characteristics, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Meanwhile, the brain effect mechanisms of different imaging methods were summarized from the perspective of neuroimaging. It was pointed out that the left anterior cingulate gyrus, left inferior parietal angular gyrus, and left superior gyrus may be the analgesic brain regions that regulate sensory, emotional, and cognitive aspects. Moreover, the neural circuits involved can be inferred: the frontal cortex-basal ganglia (the pea nucleus)-cerebral cortex, which mediates motivation and emotional drive, and the parietal lobe-basal ganglia-limbic lobe-frontal lobe, which is involved in neurotransmitter transport and emotional regulation and behavioral expression. There are still problems and deficiencies in studies on the mechanism of moxibustion treatment for primary dysmenorrhea. Studies should be strengthened on how moxibustion produces an effect. Attention should be paid to exploring how the spectrum range and peak in the light effect of moxibustion treat primary dysmenorrhea. Studies assessing the mechanisms of moxibustion treatment for primary dysmenorrhea should be conducted to provide an experimental basis and evidence-based medical evidence for clinical treatment.

The impact of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common complaints in women. To date, no definitive results have been reported on the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on primary dysmenorrhea. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of n-3 PUFAs on primary dysmenorrhea using a systematic review and meta-analysis. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis in which the electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and SID were searched. In this regard, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted to investigate the effect of n-3 PUFAs on primary dysmenorrhea were included. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias Tool. Meta-analysis was performed based on the random-effects model using CMA software version 2. The results of the meta-analysis showed that n-3 PUFAs reduce the severity of primary dysmenorrhea in women (SMD = -1.075, 95% CI: -1.871 to -0.279); meta-regression showed that the daily intake of n-3 PUFAs (β = 0.005, 95% CI 0.003 to 0.008, p < 0.001) and age of women (β = 0.256, 95% CI -0.157 to -0.354, p < 0.001) had a significant effect on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. The present study showed that n-3 PUFAs could have a mild effect on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea in women. Furthermore, the highest effectiveness of treatment was seen at low doses of n-3 PUFAs, and with increasing daily intake, the effectiveness of treatment with n-3 PUFAs decreased. Another finding indicated that with the increasing age of women, n-3 PUFAs showed lesser effectiveness in reducing the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. The results of the present study provide valuable evidence to primary healthcare providers and health policymakers in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

Effects of Modified Wenjing Decoction Combined with Online Publicity and Education on the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea of Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis.

Objective To explore the effects of modified Wenjing decoction combined with online publicity and education on the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea of cold coagulation and blood stasis. Methods The materials of 111 patients with primary dysmenorrhea of cold coagulation and blood stasis in the outpatient department (January 2019–June 2021) were collected to conduct the retrospective study. The 111 patients were randomized into treatment group (n = 59) and control group (n = 52). The control group received online publicity and education and conventional treatment, and the treatment group received online publicity and education and modified Wenjing decoction. The patients in the two groups were continuously treated for three menstrual cycles. The treatment effects, the dosage of analgesics, the scores of associated symptoms before and after treatment, and other indexes were compared between the two groups. Results The differences in the efficacy on abdominal pain were statistically significant between the two groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the treatment group had lower scores of associated symptoms after treatment (p < 0.5). After the treatment of three menstrual cycles, 54 patients in the treatment group stopped taking ibuprofen, and the average ibuprofen dosage of the other 5 patients was (0.24 ± 0.16)g. The 52 patients in the control group still needed to take ibuprofen, and the mean dosage was (0.51 ± 0.05)g. The differences in the ibuprofen dosage between the two groups had remarkable difference (P < 0.001). Conclusion Modified Wenjing decoction combined with online publicity and education can obviously improve the clinical symptoms of the patients with primary dysmenorrhea of cold coagulation and blood stasis and reduce the dosage of analgesics. It is worth promoting and applying in practice.

Biodiversity of ethnomedicinal plants from the B’laan Tribe in Mount Matutum Protected Landscape, Southern Mindanao, Philippines

Abstract. Alinsug MV, Estandarte MHG, Somodio EMN, Sabarita MJJ, Deocaris CC. 2021. Biodiversity of ethnomedicinal plants from the B’laan Tribe in Mount Matutum Protected Landscape, Southern Mindanao, Philippines. Biodiversitas 23: 554-563. Mount Matutum Protected Landscape (MMPL) is one of the key biodiversity areas in Mindanao Island, Philippines, and is part of the ancestral domains of 18 indigenous peoples. The present study aims to establish a comprehensive inventory of the medicinal flora at MMPL according to the traditional healing practices of the B'laan, a tribal community whose cultural heritage is anchored to their interactions with nature and with a rich and understudied ethnomedicinal system. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews of the tribal healers from five tribal communities revealed 101 medicinal plants belonging to 33 families were identified. The plant species have therapeutic uses for 19 disease categories. Roots and leaves are the most utilized parts which are made into a decoction, the most common preparation for oral intake. Tawal-ulad (Lunasia amara Blanco), which is used as a treatment for snake bites, dengue, dysmenorrhea, constipation, rabies, and hypertension has the highest use value (UV). Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) analysis revealed that cholera, scabies, viral infections, warts, beriberi, diabetes, gastric ulcer are the most common diseases treated with medicinal plants by the B'laan tribal healers. The biodiversity of medicinal plants, although some remain unidentified at the species level, reflects the centuries-old ethnomedicinal knowledge of the B'laan Tribe. Our study is the first comprehensive documentation of the ethnomedicinal knowledge of the B'laan Tribe residing at MMPL.

The correlation between primary dysmenorrhea and oxidative stress markers in adolescents

Objectives: Primary dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecological complaint in adolescent girls. Among many factors, oxidative stress (OS) is thought to be a potential factor in the etiology of primary dysmenorrhea. In this study, it is thought that the use of IMA, thiol, and disulfide levels as a diagnostic marker in primary dysmenorrhea and antioxidant interventions may play a role in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea and may benefit the pathophysiological and treatment process of the disease. Methods: Thirty adolescent girls (study group) with grade 2.3 primary dysmenorrhea who applied to outpatient clinic and 30 healthy young girls (control group) of similar age group were included in the study. Primary dysmenorrhea grade was analyzed with the help of the visual analog scale (VAS) and verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMS). Patient`s basal hormone levels in the early follicular phase, serum albumin, IMA, total thiol, native thiol, disulfide, C-reactive protein (CRP), and cancer antigen-125 (CA-125) were recorded as main parameters. Results: Oxidative stress markers were compared between the primary dysmenorrhea and control groups. Although albumin, IMA, and disulfide levels were higher on average in the group with dysmenorrhea, the difference was not statistically significant. Disulfide level was found to be significantly higher in the group with CA125 ≥ 35. Conclusions: In our study, we examined serum albumin, IMA, total thiol, native thiol and disulfide levels in two groups resuts were not statistically significant. In this study, we concluded that as the CA125 level increased, the disulfide level increased in parallel.

MANAGEMENT OF DYSMENORRHEA IN UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE-A REVIEW

Dysmenorrhea is pain related with menstruation in Unani medicine, and ancient texts are abundant with traditional knowledge for managing menstrual pain.It is the most frequent gynecologic condition among female teenagers, affecting more than half of women between the ages of 18 and 25 years. It is characterized by painful cramps in the lower abdomen that are accompanied by one or more symptoms such as perspiration, lower backache, exhaustion, diarrhea, headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and syncope in severe instances. Because conventional medicines often do not completely relieve pain and have their own side effects on the human body, it is necessary to understand the traditionally documented therapeutic options that have no adverse effects on the human body. The many causes and treatments for dysmenorrhea have been discussed in the unani literature under the category of waje rehm / dard rehm / usre tams. According to Unani manuscripts, the main management strategy is to induce analgesia and address the underlying cause of usr-i-tamth, which includes aberrant temperament, monthly irregularities/uterine disorders, as well as psychological and environmental variables. Unani drugs having emmenagogue, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic are helpful in the treatment of usr-i-tamth.Herbs including Apium graveolens, Cuminum cyminum, Foeniculum vulgare, Matricaria chamomilla, and Nigella sativa have the aforementioned qualities, and their usefulness in usr-i-tamth has been scientifically verified. Validation and preservation of traditional knowledge are thus necessary for future study and important for usage in the modern period. The focus of the review study is on the treatment of dysmenorrhea in the unani medical system. It also goes over some of the herbal medicines and unani compound formulations that are used to treat dysmenorrhea.

Herbal medicine in treatment of dysmenorrhea: a systematic review

Herbal medicine in treatment of dysmenorrhea: a systematic review

Needle knife in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Needle knife in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Effect of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy on Acupoints in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Effect of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy on Acupoints in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial