Treatment Of Dysmenorrhea Research Articles

Effect of acupuncture on brain functional connectivity strength in patients with primary dysmenorrhea

To investigate the effect of acupuncture on the brain functional activities of the patients with primary dysmenorrhea based on the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), and to provide visual evidence for the central mechanism of acupuncture in treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Forty-two patients of primary dysmenorrhea were enrolled and randomly divided into an observation group (21 cases, 1 case dropped off) and a control group (21 cases, 2 cases dropped off, 3 cases withdrawal). In the observation group, acupuncture was exerted at Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and Guanyuan (CV 4), started 5-7 days before menstrual flow, once a day till menstrual onset, for a total of 3 menstrual cycles. No intervention was applied in the control group. The scores of visual analogue scale (VAS) and Cox menstrual symptom scale (CMSS) were observed in both groups before and after treatment. Based on rs-fMRI, the data of resting-state functional magnetic resonance were collected from two groups before and after treatment. Combined with functional connectivity strength (FCS) and functional connectivity (FC) analysis, the differences of brain regions before and after treatment were compared between the two groups and the correlation was analyzed between their functional connectivity changes and the improvements in VAS and CMSS scores of the patients in the observation group. In the observation group, the scores of VAS and CMSS were all decreased after treatment (P<0.05), while the scores related to the symptom time in CMSS was reduced in comparison with that before treatment in the control group (P<0.05). The score reducing ranges of VAS and CMSS in the observation group were larger than the control group (P<0.05). Compared before treatment, FCS of the right middle cingulate cortex and the left cuneus was increased, while FCS of the left inferior parietal lobule was decreased after treatment in the observation group. In the control group, FCS of the left orbital frontal cortex was increased after treatment. Compared with the control group, FCS of the left anterior insula was increased in the observation group after treatment. FC analysis was performed using the left anterior insula as the seed point. In comparison with the control group, FC of the left anterior insula was increased either with the inferior temporal gyrus or with the right hippocampus; and was decreased either with the middle occipital lobe or with the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the observation group after treatment. In the observation group, FC between the left anterior insula and the right hippocampus was positively correlated with the improvements in symptom severity (r =0.385, P<0.05) and symptom time (r =0.510, P<0.05) of CMSS, and FC between the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the left anterior insula was negatively correlated with the improvement in symptom severity of CMSS after treatment (r =-0.373, P<0.05). The anterior insula may be the key brain region in treatment of primary dysmenorrhea with acupuncture. Acupuncture may relieve dysmenorrhea and the related symptoms through strengthening the functional connectivity of anterior insula-limbic system and anterior insula-control network.

The effects of Rosa foetida extract along with self-care education on primary dysmenorrhea: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundDysmenorrhea is one of the most common disorders among young women. Medicinal herbs are one of the alternative methods for the treatment of dysmenorrhea. This study will investigate the effect of Rosa foetida extract, along with self-care behavior education on primary dysmenorrhea among female students of Babol University of medical sciences.Methods/designA randomized clinical trial will be performed on single students, aged 18 to 24 years. The research samples will be divided into three groups. The students will receive self-care behavior education on dysmenorrhea. Following the education, two of the groups will receive Rosa foetida extract capsules and placebo capsules in two consecutive cycles every 8 h for two successive days, respectively. The capsules will have similar physical appearance. The third group will not receive any medication. Data will be collected through demographic characteristic questionnaire, visual analog scale, dysmenorrhea self-care behaviors scale questionnaire, pictorial chart, and menstrual distress scale questionnaire. In order to determine and compare the effect of pharmacological and educational interventions on the severity of dysmenorrhea in groups, an ANOVA analysis of variance test with repeated measures will be used by SPSS software version 22.DiscussionThe results will show the effects of Rosa foetida extract along with self-care behavior education on primary dysmenorrhea, and beneficial effects that may be found in the trial of this plant may be of use for women with the same problem.Ethics and disseminationThe study is approved by the Ethics Committee of Babol University of Medical Sciences (IR.MUBABOL.REC.1397.059).Trial registrationIRCT 20190318043086N1. Registered on 14 June 2019.

Effect of Low-Power Visible-Light-Activated Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

BackgroundPrimary dysmenorrhea (PD) is one of the most common complaints in women of childbearing age. Therefore, this trial aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of low-power visible-light-activated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea (PD), and to further investigate their possible mechanisms of action.MethodsThis study was conducted by using a multicenter, randomized, open, parallel control design. Qualified subjects are randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (low-power visible-light-activated PDT group), Group B (placebo group) and are treated with corresponding protocols for three consecutive menstrual cycles. Baseline data are collected during the trial period. Changes in the scores of VAS scales and the fluctuation of pain factors (PGE2, PGF2α) are recorded before and after the treatment for each group. A comparison of effectiveness in pain control and symptom control is made among the two groups.ResultsAfter treatment, for the PDT group, the scores of VAS scales decline compared with the scores before treatment. The level of pain factors including PGE2 and PGF2α also drops significantly (P < 0.05). There are no serious adverse events during the study.ConclusionLow-power visible-light-activated PDT is a new type of treatment for primary dysmenorrhea which is safe, effective and does not affect normal pregnancy preparation. It may exert its therapeutic effect by adjusting downward the level of PGE2, PGF2α in the body. These factors can be used not only to study the treatment mechanism for primary dysmenorrhea, but also to serve as quantitative indicators for objective assessment of whether dysmenorrhea is relieved.

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DENGAN PERILAKU REMAJA PUTRI TENTANG MENGATASI DISMENOREA

Menstrual pain or dysmenorrhea in Indonesia is experienced by 55% of the population. This dysmenorrhea can cause the body to become weak and interfere with school activities for young girls. The treatment for dysmenorrhea is that young women can consult a doctor, drink herbal concoctions or do light physical activities. The purpose of the study was to determine the knowledge and behavior of adolescent girls in overcoming dysmenorrhea at SMAN 13 Muara Fajar Pekanbaru. This research was conducted using a cross-sectional design. The number of samples obtained was 44 people with purposive sampling technique. The data collection tool uses a questionnaire. In this study, the data were analyzed univariately and bivariately with Chi Square Test. The results of the bivariate analysis obtained P value = 0.029 &lt;0.05. This can be interpreted that there is a relationship between the knowledge of adolescents about handling dysmenorrhea with the behavior of young women in overcoming dysmenorrhea. In the results of the analysis, the value of OR = 8.035, which means that young women who have good knowledge will be at risk of doing good behavior 8 times in overcoming dysmenorrhea.

Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf Extracts of Pimenta dioica(L.) and their in vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity

Pimenta dioica (L) is an economically important tropical tree and is used in perfumery industry, spices, natural pesticide and in traditional medicines. Medicinally it is helpful in the treatment of cold, dysmenorrhea, dyspepsia, joint pain, myalgia, diabetes, respiratory congestion, assorted odontalgia and severe neurologic pain. Thus this study was designed to study the phytochemicals present in the leaves of P.dioica extracted by different solvent extraction methods and their biological properties such as antioxidant/free radical scavenging and cytotoxic activities. Result showed the presence of secondary metabolites and proteins. Due to presence of high amount of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, quantitative estimation was done. The cytotoxic activity of the leaf extract was carried out in Allium cepa root tips and baby shrimps to study the changes in mitotic chromosomal aberrations. Among the different extraction methods, ethyl acetate extract of leaves showed the best maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and highest reducing power with the lowest (LC50) value. The obtained finding showed the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the metabolite extracts of P. dioica with potential applications in pharmaceutical industries.

Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf Extracts of Pimenta dioica(L.) and their in vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity

Pimenta dioica (L) is an economically important tropical tree and is used in perfumery industry, spices, natural pesticide and in traditional medicines. Medicinally it is helpful in the treatment of cold, dysmenorrhea, dyspepsia, joint pain, myalgia, diabetes, respiratory congestion, assorted odontalgia and severe neurologic pain. Thus this study was designed to study the phytochemicals present in the leaves of P.dioica extracted by different solvent extraction methods and their biological properties such as antioxidant/free radical scavenging and cytotoxic activities. Result showed the presence of secondary metabolites and proteins. Due to presence of high amount of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, quantitative estimation was done. The cytotoxic activity of the leaf extract was carried out in Allium cepa root tips and baby shrimps to study the changes in mitotic chromosomal aberrations. Among the different extraction methods, ethyl acetate extract of leaves showed the best maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and highest reducing power with the lowest (LC50) value. The obtained finding showed the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the metabolite extracts of P. dioica with potential applications in pharmaceutical industries.

Women's Health Care Committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology: Annual report-2022.

The Women's Health Care Committee was instituted in 2010 with the goal of improving women's health. In the current academic year, there are 6 subcommittees focusing on conducting the following surveys: (1) Current status of pregnancy-associated breast cancer in Japan; (2) Surgery for disorders of sex development; (3) Diagnosis and treatment of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder; (4) Obstetrics and gynecology-based treatment for patients with eating disorders in Japan; (5) Multi-drug-resistant bacterial infections in the field of obstetrics and gynecology; and (6) Changing methodology of treatment of dysmenorrhea and continuing medical education. The activities of each subcommittee are detailed below. This report is based on the Japanese version of the annual report (Acta Obst Gynaec Jpn 2022;74(6): XXX-XXX).

Development of an Infusion for Dysmenorrhea Based on Fig Leaves (Ficus Carica) and Mango

An infusion based on fig leaves and mango was developed. Its sensory acceptability was evaluated as a possible alternative for the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Fig leaves and mangoes were washed, cut, dehydrated and ground. The optimal time for fig leaf dehydration was determined by means of a weight loss curve, producing an outcome of 120 minutes at 45ºC. Two formulations were made, the first containing 1 g of dehydrated fig leaves and 0.6 g of dehydrated mango, and the second containing 1 g of dehydrated fig leaves and 6 g of dehydrated mango. Sensory analysis was performed according to taste, aroma, paired preference and purchase intention ranking tests. Tasters preferred the formulation with the least amount of dried mango. 93% of tasters indicated that they would buy this infusion due to its possible functional properties against dysmenorrhea.

Integrated Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics, and Network Pharmacology to Reveal the Material Basis and Mechanism of Danggui Shaoyao San in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea.

Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS), a well-known formula, has been successfully applied in treating primary dysmenorrhea (PD) in China. However, its material basis and mechanism are still unrevealed. This current research aims to reveal the material basis and mechanism of DSS in treating PD by an integrative approach of serum pharmacochemistry, metabolomics, and network pharmacology. The results showed that DSS markedly relieved the physiological and pathological symptoms of PD as confirmed by the improvement of writhing behavior, inhibition of uterine edema, callback of clinical biochemical indexes, and metabolic profiles. Furthermore, a metabolomic analysis demonstrated that the therapeutic effect of DSS was attributed to the modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and phenylalanine metabolism. Meanwhile, 23 blood ingredients were identified after the oral administration of DSS. By analyzing the correlation coefficient of the identified biomarkers and blood components, active compounds closely associated with core metabolic pathways were extracted. Taking these active compounds as a basis, network pharmacology prediction was executed. It was found that active components of DSS including alisol B,23-acetate, chlorogenic acid, levistilide A, cianidanol, senkyunolide A, atractylenolide II, and sedanolide, were germane to steroid hormone biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, sphingolipid signaling pathway, etc. Interestingly, PTGS2 and PTGS1 related to the arachidonic acid metabolism may be pivotal targets of DSS. The current study proved that the integration of serum pharmacochemistry, metabolomics, and network pharmacology, was a powerful approach to investigate the material basis and the molecular mechanisms of DSS, and provided a solid basis for DSS application.

EE246 Cost-Effectiveness of OC/Lep Intervention for Treatment of Dysmenorrhea and Endometriosis in Japan

Self-care with over-the-counter (OTC) by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Chinese Medicines and whatever, is widely used for pelvic pain relief in dysmenorrhea patients in Japan; however, guideline-recommended intervention consists based on Oral Contraceptives (OC) and low-dose estrogen and progestin hormonal combinations (LEP). This study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of OC/LEP for the prevention of disease progression and/or ovarian cancer, compared to no use, in Japan.

Period cramps: An annoying but treatable pain

Female health issues such as period cramps are great opportunities for pharmacists to improve the care and quality of life for those with self-treatable conditions. Primary dysmenorrhea, a very common menstrual problem for young people, is defined as cramping pain in the lower abdomen at the onset of menstruation in the absence of any identifiable pelvic disease. Pain usually develops within hours of the start of menstruation and peaks as the flow becomes heaviest during the first day or two of the cycle. It is distinguished from secondary dysmenorrhea, painful menses resulting from pelvic pathology such as endometriosis, and is one condition most people assigned female at birth can manage with a combination of self-care options including nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic options. The primary goal of treatment for primary dysmenorrhea is pain relief, though other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and diarrhea may also occur. Patients may complain not only of pain in the abdomen (severe at times) but also in the hips, lower back, or inner thighs and pressure in the abdomen. Menstrual cramps occur when prostaglandin causes the uterus to contract and press against nearby blood vessels, cutting off the supply of oxygen to the muscle tissue and causing pain. Pharmacotherapy has been shown to be the most reliable and effective treatment for relieving dysmenorrhea. Because the pain results from uterine vasoconstriction, anoxia, and contractions mediated by prostaglandins, symptoms can often be relieved using agents that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. NSAIDs provide the best relief for mild cramps because they reduce prostaglandin production. FDA has approved diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, and naproxen for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Research has shown that aspirin may not be as effective as other NSAIDs. For patients who can't take NSAIDs, other pain relievers such as acetaminophen may help relieve cramping pain. Oral hormonal contraceptives have also been shown to provide dysmenorrhea relief by inhibiting ovulation and preventing prostaglandin production. In some patients, oral contraceptives can prevent dysmenorrhea altogether, though these agents are not approved by FDA for this indication. Some states now allow dispensing of oral hormonal contraceptives by pharmacists without a prescription, so this may be an option for patients choosing voluntary childlessness. Other therapies for dysmenorrhea—including a low-fat vegetarian diet and supplements containing pyridoxine (vitamin B6), magnesium, and vitamin E—have been proposed, but most are not well studied. Acupuncture, acupressure, aromatherapy, various herbal medicines, and physiotherapy have also been suggested to relieve menstrual pain, as have yoga, massage, and relaxation or breathing exercises. Remind patients that most supplements are not regulated by FDA and should be taken with caution. More common ways to relieve abdominal pain include placing a heating pad or hot water bottle on the lower back or abdomen, avoiding foods that contain caffeine, avoiding smoking and drinking alcohol, and massaging the lower back and abdomen. Heat therapy is thought to relieve menstrual pain through vasodilation, which increases blood flow to the area and relaxes smooth muscles. Also, advise patients to exercise regularly as exercise can lessen symptoms through stress reduction and decreased prostaglandin levels. More serious pain may be due to secondary dysmenorrhea, which can be caused by endometriosis, adenomyosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical stenosis, or fibroids. Circumstances that may indicate secondary dysmenorrhea include dysmenorrhea occurring during the first one or two cycles after menarche (congenital outflow obstruction), dysmenorrhea beginning after age 25 years, dysmenorrhea in patients with no history of previous painful menstruation, heavy menstrual flow or irregular cycles, and little or no pain relief after NSAID therapy or beginning oral contraceptives. Because secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by conditions that should be treated by a physician, it's important to advise patients with these symptoms or with pain that begins earlier in the menstrual cycle and lasts longer than common menstrual cramps without nausea, vomiting, fatigue, or diarrhea to consult their physician rather than attempting self care. Also advise patients complaining of menstrual cramps about the signs of toxic shock syndrome—a fever of over 102 °F, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and a rash that looks like a sunburn. Toxic shock can be life-threatening and affected patients should get medical help right away. Primary dysmenorrhea is extremely common and treatable with NSAIDs and/or oral contraceptives, heat, massage, exercise, or diet. Patients with symptoms of secondary dysmenorrhea should be referred to their physician for diagnosis and treatment.

Effects Of Myofascial Release Versus Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises in Women with Primary Dysmenorrhea

Primary dysmenorrhea is also associated with significantly high economic burdens due to absenteeism, and 2-to-3-fold increased healthcare costs. Objective: To determine the effects of myofascial release versus pelvic floor muscle exercises in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: The study design was Randomized Clinical Trial. The study was conducted at Gynae Department of Hamza Hospital Lahore and completed ten months after the approval of synopsis. Sample size is 22, calculated by Epitool. Nonprobability convenient sampling technique was used. Females with 17-30 years of age and who fulfilled five criteria to be considered for primary dysmenorrhea were included in the study. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and working ability, location, intensity, days of pain, dysmenorrhea (WaLIDD) Score was used as a tool. Results: Twenty-four participants with mean age of the participants was 21 ± 2.75 years while Body Mass Index (BMI) of participants was 26.23 ± 1.631. Normality of data was checked by Shapiro wilk test that showed that data was normally distributed with p value ≤ 0.05. Parametric test, paired sample t test and an independent samples t-test was conducted to compare the effects of Myofascial release and Pelvic floor muscle exercises group in between and within group. Total score of VAS and WaLIDD was measured before and after 12 weeks of intervention in between two groups. The mean difference was 5.82 in Myofascial release group and 4.3 in Pelvic floor muscle exercises group. Although there was a significant reduction in WaLIDD score in both groups after treatment, but the myofascial release group was superior to pelvic floor exercise group. Conclusions: It was concluded that myofascial release and Pelvic floor muscle exercises are effective for treatment for primary dysmenorrhea, but Myofascial release has greater effects on relieving primary dysmenorrhea Symptoms than the pelvic floor muscle Exercises after the treatment sessions

Review on the Ethnobotany, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Senna occidentalis L. (Fabaceae): Potential Application as Remedy in the Treatment of Dysmenorrhea

Senna occidentalis L. has been used in several traditional medicines against various diseases and this is based on its botanical, ethnopharmacology, and phytochemistry profiles. This powerful herb is recognized for its antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimutagenic, protective, and inflammatory hepatic activity. Multiple chemical compounds, including achrosine, aloe-emodin, emodin, anthraquinones, etc., have been isolated from this plant. The results of this bibliographic research thus presented in this review have demonstrated the ability of certain extracts from S. occidentalis L. to lower the lipid peroxide content, the activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and phospholipase A2 in exudates of the granuloma of cotton pellets, thus resulting in a reduced availability of arachidonic acid, an important precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, which are the only likely source and/or cause of dysmenorrhea. Thus, based on its phytochemical profile and its pharmacological properties, it is therefore suggested that S. occidentalis would be a potential and effective remedy in the treatment of dysmenorrhea.

A Clinical Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Belladonna in Various Potencies in Primary Dysmenorrhoea of Adolescent Girls

Primary Dysmenorrhea is literally termed as Painful menstruation. Most of the women do suffer with painful menses which intervenes in their day to day activities. cause of pain due to excessive vasopressin, leukotrienes, prostaglandin, myometrial ischemia, uterine malformation. Dysmenorrhea may present with pain in abdomen before or during menses, associated with nausea, tachycardia, irritability, fatigue, and headache. In this study 30 cases presenting with complaints of primary dysmenorrhoea is selected with the symptoms of Belladonna is randomly selected. Potency is selected according to susceptibility and improved was accessed by intensity of symptoms before and after the treatment. Out of 30 cases 22 had shown marked improvement and 7 cases had moderate improvement &amp; 1case had no improvement. This study determines the effectiveness of Belladonna in the treatment of Primary dysmenorrhoea in adolescent girls.

Dysmenorrhea in adolescents

Studies show that between 41% and 91.5% of young women, school-aged and university-aged, are affected by dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea, which is caused by the production of prostaglandins, is defined as cramping pain in the lower abdomen and/or pelvis occurring just before or during menstruation, in the absence of other diseases such as endometriosis, and typically lasting 1-3 days and with a negative physical examination. Secondary dysmenorrhea presents with similar signs and symptoms but is a result of underlying pelvic pathology, for example endometriosis or uterine fibroids. Dysmenorrhea most typically presents as abdominal cramping; however, it can also present with headaches, nausea, vomiting or other generalized symptoms. The diagnosis is mainly clinical, but other tests such as a pelvic examination, a pregnancy test and STI screening may be helpful in ruling out other sources of pain. Although the mainstay of treatment for dysmenorrhea is NSAIDs and hormonal therapy, lifestyle changes and complementary/alternative medicine can also be helpful approaches. Lifestyle changes include aerobic exercise and stretching, while complementary alternative medicine include peppermint, cinnamon, ginger and other herbs and supplements. Finally, endometriosis must be considered as a potential cause for secondary dysmenorrhea and would warrant a prompt referral to gynecology.

Research Progress of Acupuncture and Massage in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea of Cold Congealing Type

Research Progress of Acupuncture and Massage in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea of Cold Congealing Type

Polyherbal Formulation for Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Review

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is defined as painful menstrual flow in teenagers who have no other gynaecological symptoms. High absenteeism to school and work have been reported in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and low dose oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are the conventional treatment for primary dysmenorrhea. Despite their effectiveness, various side effects hinder the patients away from long time management with conventional treatment. Various polyherbal formulation have been used for centuries in the management of primary dysmenorrhea. However, scientific evidence of its mechanism of action and clinical effectiveness are scarce. A summarised overview of the molecular pathogenesis of the primary dysmenorrhea has been provided to understand the mechanistic pathway involved in primary dysmenorrhea. A total of 8 polyherbal formulations have been included. Pre-clinical and clinical trials of polyherbal formulation commonly used in primary dysmenorrhea have been discussed in this review to provide a picture of the current practice of traditional medicines in the management of primary dysmenorrhea. Most of the preparations demonstrated their actions through regulation of inflammatory markers and hormones in vivo. Inconsistency in sample size, doses of herbal preparation and primary outcomes of clinical trials created controversial findings on the effectiveness of the polyherbal preparation in human.

TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN REMAJA PUTRI TENTANG DISMENORE DI SMA ADVENT TOMPASO

Adolescence is a period of transition or transition from childhood to adulthood. The changes experienced are both from the physical, psychological, social, intellectual aspects and including the growth of reproductive organs. Dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain which is the most common gynecological problem that women experience, both in adult women and women in adolescence. Young women's knowledge of dysmenorrhea is essential to the health of their reproductive systems. The purpose of this study was to look at the level of knowledge of young women about dysmenorrhea at Tompaso Adventist High School. The method used quantitatively with the design of pre experimental one group pretest research – posttest. The respondents in this study numbered 100 students. The research instrument uses a dismenorrhea test to measure the level of knowledge of students about dysmenorrhea at Adventist High School Tompaso. Paired T-test results showed significant 0.000 &lt; 0.05, meaning a significant increase in the level of knowledge of young women about dysmenorrhea at Tompaso Adventist High School. The advice in the study should be for young women to seek more appropriate information to take precautions and treatment of dysmenorrhea, and for schools to always be active in providing reproductive health education to their students, especially about dysmenorrhea as an effort to prevent or reduce the risk.

Computational systems pharmacology analysis of Tong-Jing-Yi formula in the treatment of dysmenorrhea

Background: Tong-Jing-Yi (TJY) formula consists of Leonurus, fried Toosendan and processed Cyperus, etc. The therapeutic effect of TJY on dysmenorrhea has been clinically validated, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the possible molecular targets of TJY and the potential mechanisms. Methods: The components of TJY formula were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time of flight/mass spectrometry. SwissTargetPrediction database was used to predict the targets of TJY formula, and targets associated with primary dysmenorrhea were also collected through other databases. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted. Results: A total of 91 compounds with identified structures were screened, including 3 groups of isomers. The results predicted 854 TJY formula-related targets and 363 disease-related targets. GO and KEGG analysis showed that the top 5 target genes were PIK3CA, AKT1, EGFR, AKT2 and CYP19A1. PI3K-Akt signaling, chemokine signaling, focal adhesion, and Rap1 signaling were ranked in the top 15 pathways. Conclusion: TJY formula might play roles in the treatment of dysmenorrhea underlying mechanisms relating to the involvement of TNF-α, interleukin and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Potential pathways have been identified that need mechanistic confirmation in a laboratory setting in the future.

АБДОМИНАЛЬНАЯ АТАКА В ДЕБЮТЕ НАСЛЕДСТВЕННОГО АНГИООТЕКА У ДЕВУШЕК С ПЕРВИЧНОЙ ДИСМЕНОРЕЕЙ НА ФОНЕ ТЕРАПИИ КОМБИНИРОВАННЫМИ ОРАЛЬНЫМИ КОНТРАЦЕПТИВАМИ

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is an orphan potentially life-threatening disease characterized by recurrent edema of the skin, mucous/submucosal membranes and is genetically determined. In most cases, there are peripheral edemas and manifestations of marginal erythema at the onset of the disease, much less often - abdominal syndrome. Among patients with HAE, there is a clear predominance of women. In this regard, girls in puberty with primary dysmenorrhea and various menstrual disorders are of particular interest. In the treatment of adolescent girls suffering from these nosologies, combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are often used. The debut of manifestations of HAE in the form of severe abdominal attacks in girls with dysmenorrhea during COC therapy has not yet been described. The article presents descriptions of cases of patients with the outset of HAE in the form of abdominal attacks that developed against the background of treatment of primary dysmenorrhea with COCs. The importance of awareness of pediatricians, pediatric surgeons, gynecologists and doctors of other profiles about this nosology is demonstrated using the examples of these clinical cases’ data.