Treatment Of Campylobacteriosis Research Articles

A Foodborne Disease “Campylobacteriosis”: Global Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis and Treatment

Abstract: Campylobacteriosis is a foodborne disease caused by Campylobacter, which is one of the leading causative agents of bacterial gastrointestinal diseases in developed and developing countries. According to WHO, Campylobacter species infects a hundred million people yearly. The bacterium is thermotolerant, cytochrome oxidase-positive, spiral-shaped, gram-negative, and microaerophilic, by exhibiting corkscrew motility it passes through the intestines of animals and birds. It is generally transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food associated with animal and their products. The main infectious species include C. coli, C. jejuni, C. fetus and C. upsaliensis. Infection symptoms can be mild to serious depending upon the patient's age and in some cases can lead to permanent neurological disorders. Detection of Campylobacter in food, clinical and environmental samples is accomplished with the help of combinatorial usage of selective enrichment and culture methods. Currently, there is no sole viable approach for infection management because of resistance emergence. In this review article, we discuss Campylobacter epidemiology, pathogenicity, various diagnostic methods and treatment of Campylobacteriosis.

A ten-year review of antimicrobial resistance among human Campylobacter jejuni isolates

Campylobacter jejuni is a major pathogen responsible for a significant number of reported campylobacteriosis cases in the European Union. Due to underdiagnosed and underreported cases, there are no existing studies on this pathogen. Fluoroquinolones have been the primary treatment for campylobacteriosis for many years. Fluoroquinolone resistance is causing an increase, which means that a new class of antibiotics must be introduced. The treatment of campylobacteriosis is currently based on macrolides, but with the increasing rates of resistance, active surveillance for antibiotic resistance is required. The aim of this study was to track the increasing prevalence of AMR in clinical isolates of C. jejuni across Bulgaria for a period of 10 years.

Akkermansia and its metabolites play key roles in the treatment of campylobacteriosis in mice.

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a common food-borne bacterial pathogen that can use the host's innate immune response to induce the development of colitis. There has been some research on the role of normal intestinal flora in C. jejuni-induced colitis, but the mechanisms that play a central role in resistance to C. jejuni infection have not been explored. We treated Campylobacter jejuni-infected mice with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), oral butyric acid and deoxycholic acid in a controlled trial and analyzed the possible mechanisms of treatment by a combination of chromatography, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, 16s rRNA gene, proteomics and western blot techniques. We first investigated the therapeutic effect of FMT on C. jejuni infection. The results showed that FMT significantly reduced the inflammatory response and blocked the invasion of C.jejuni into the colonic tissue. We observed a significant increase in the abundance of Akkermansia in the colon of mice after FMT, as well as a significant increase in the levels of butyric acid and deoxycholic acid. We next demonstrated that oral administration of sodium butyrate or deoxycholic acid had a similar therapeutic effect. Further proteomic analysis showed that C.jejuni induced colitis mainly through activation of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway, whereas Akkermansia, the core flora of FMT, and the gut microbial metabolites butyric acid and deoxycholic acid both inhibited these signaling pathways to counteract the infection of C. jejuni and alleviate colitis. Finally, we verified the above idea by in vitro cellular assays. In conclusion, FMT is highly effective in the treatment of colitis caused by C. jejuni, with which Akkermansia and butyric and deoxycholic acids are closely associated.The present study demonstrates that Akkermansia and butyric and deoxycholic acids are effective in the treatment of colitis caused by C. jejuni. This is the first time that Akkermansia has been found to be effective in fighting pathogens, which provides new ideas and insights into the use of FMT to alleviate colitis caused by C. jejuni and Akkermansia as a treatment for intestinal sexually transmitted diseases caused by various pathogens.

Prevalence, molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. isolates in northern Spain.

To analyse the prevalence, genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. in northern Spain. Campylobacter was isolated from 139 samples of broiler meat and faecal dropping of broiler and swine with a prevalence of 35·4, 62 and 42·8%, respectively. Campylobacter jejuni (n=55) and Campylobacter coli (n=31) were identified by multiplex-PCR in meat, faeces and human clinical samples while Campylobacter fetus (n=3) was exclusively detected in the latter. Fingerprinting by flaA-RFLP and PFGE revealed 68 different genotypes from the 89 isolates with a Biodiversity Simpson's index of 0·98. The 86·5% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 85·4% to tetracycline and 49·4% to erythromycin; only three genotypes were susceptible to the three antimicrobial drugs. Multidrug resistance was detected in the 40·7% of the isolates. Campylobacter remains prevalent in northern Spain with a high biodiversity degree. About 93·3% of the isolates were resistant to one or more drugs. Although different measures are taken to control Campylobacter, the detection of isolates resistant to the drugs used in the treatment of campylobacteriosis is still high, including different species and genotypes. This evidences the need of additional strategies against this pathogen.

Point Deletion or Insertion in CmeR-Box, A2075G Substitution in 23S rRNA, and Presence of erm(B) Are Key Factors of Erythromycin Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Isolated From Central China.

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are major food-borne pathogens that cause bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, and poultry is considered as their most important reservoir. Macrolides, such as erythromycin, are the first-line choice for treatment of campylobacteriosis. In this study, of the 143 Campylobacter isolates recovered from poultry in central China during 2015–2017, 25.2% were erythromycin resistant. A2075G substitution in 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal methylase encoded by erm(B) were found in 4.2 and 4.9% isolates, respectively, and correlated with erythromycin resistance. The polymorphisms of CmeR-Box were also analyzed in our isolates. Among them, 9.1% isolates harbored a point deletion or insertion within the CmeR-Box, and we first showed that point deletion or insertion, but not substitution, in CmeR-Box led to high expression of cmeABC, which was significantly associated with erythromycin resistance (p < 0.05). These results suggest that point deletion or insertion in CmeR-Box, A2075G substitution in 23S rRNA, and presence of erm(B) are three main factors to erythromycin resistance in C. jejuni and C. coli.

A One Health approach to prevention, treatment, and control of campylobacteriosis.

To review recent findings regarding the control and treatment of campylobacteriosis. The application of improved diagnostics has led to an upward shift in the attributable burden of Campylobacter infections, in both the United States and Europe as well as in resource-poor settings. Increased focus has brought a fundamental feature of campylobacteriosis -- the ability to cause relapsing disease back into focus, and expanding data on antimicrobial resistance has lead from a switch in first-line therapy for severe diarrhea from quinolones to azithromycin in most contexts, even as evidence of expanding macrolide resistance emerges. Campylobacter spp. infection is a common infection worldwide. Antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter spp. has become an emerging threat with the increase in industrial poultry production, as well as the broad use of antibiotics in both animals and humans.

Development and evaluation of a PCR assay for rapid detection of azithromycin resistant Campylobacter isolated from diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India

BackgroundCampylobacter is a well-known bacterial pathogen for triggering acute gastroenteritis in humans both in developed and developing countries. This organism is highly resistant to fluoroquinolones. Macrolides are very much useful for the treatment of campylobacteriosis when clinical therapy is necessary. However, increasing resistance to azithromycin, a potent macrolide has been reported in Campylobacter in recent years. Macrolide resistance in Campylobacter is found mainly due to point mutation in V region of 23S rRNA.ResultsWe have developed a PCR based assay, which can detect the azithromycin resistant and sensitive Campylobacter strains utilizing mutation responsible for the phenotype. This PCR was validated using 359 Campylobacter strains isolated from diarrhoeal patients at Kolkata, India. Antimicrobial resistance through disk diffusion method was also performed on these strains as a gold standard. Studies through sequencing analysis further confirmed the PCR result.ConclusionThis study describes a simple and rapid method for detection of mutation conferring macrolide resistance with additional feature of identification of sensitive strains.

Grape seed extract (GSE) modulates campylobacter pro-inflammatory response in human intestinal epithelial cell lines

ABSTRACTThe main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Grape seed extract (GSE) on Campylobacter induced-cytokine production by human intestinal cell lines. With this purpose, Caco-2 and HT-29 cells were challenged with culture supernatants from several strains of C. jejuni and levels of secreted IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 were measured. Cytokine production was higher in HT-29 than in Caco-2 cells, showing different levels of secretion depending of the epithelial cells origin. Also, infective isolates coming from campylobacteriosis patients rendered higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Co-treatment and pre-treatment of HT-29 cells with GSE and C. jejuni significantly reduced cytokines production in a dose-dependent manner. These results make this natural product a putative nutritional tool for use in the treatment of campylobacteriosis, which could contribute to improve disease prevention or reduce disease severity.

Effect of Momordica Charantia on the Cytotoxic and Virulence Responses of Campylobacter Jejuni Isolated from Poultry Fecal Samples

Consumption of untreated drinking water, raw milk, undercooked poultry meat and handling of raw poultry meat are the main sources of campylobacteriosis. Treatment of campylobacteriosis becomes very difficult due to the increasing pattern of antimicrobial resistance of these microbes. Thus, objectives of this study were to determine the cytotoxic potential of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) isolated from fecal samples of poultry on Chinese Hamster Ovary cell (CHO) and also to determine the effect of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) extract (BME) at 25%, 5%, 2.5% and 0.5% concentrations to reduce the cytotoxic effect of C. jejuni on CHO cells. Thirty-two C. jejuni strains isolated from poultry fecal samples were analyzed using Bolton broth as pre-enrichment broth and modified Charcoal–Cefoperazone Deoxycholate agar as a selective media, then characterized for the presence of 16S rRNA gene using polymerase chain reaction. Of the thirty-two strains isolated, twelve (37.5%) were positive for the presence of 16S rRNA gene. Minimum percent (0.17%) of cell adhesion of C. jejuni strain ATCC 29428 on CHO cells was observed at 25% BME and highest percent (8.3%) of cell adhesion was observed at 0.5% BME C. jejuni strain FCA 40 released minimum percent (44%) of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) from CHO cells in the presence of 25% concentration of BME, where as maximum percent (73%) of LDH release was observed with 0.5% concentration of BME on CHO cells. Results of this experiment also showed that percent alkaline phosphate (AP) release is ranged from 100% (ATCC 29428 with 0.5% BME) to 67% (ATCC 29428 with 25% BME). Thus, results of this study showed that BME significantly reduced the cytotoxic effects of C. jejuni on CHO cells, and it can be utilize as a natural therapeutic agent.

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. isolated from retail chicken in two health units in Ontario.

Campylobacter is an important enteric pathogen of humans and can cause diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. Campylobacter infections have frequently been associated with the handling and consumption of raw and undercooked poultry. Antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter strains is of concern in the treatment of campylobacteriosis in vulnerable populations. A 2-year multidisciplinary study was conducted in the Perth and Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph public health units in Ontario, Canada, to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. in retail chicken. Retail chicken samples were collected from randomly selected stores in these health units. Resulting Campylobacter isolates were tested for susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC), ampicillin (AMP), chloramphenicol (CHL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), clindamycin (CLI), erythromycin (ERY), gentamicin (GEN), nalidixic acid (NAL), tetracycline (TCY), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) using the E test. The prevalence of Campylobacter in 1,256 retail chicken samples was 59.6%. Of these positive samples, 9% contained Campylobacter coli, 1% contained Campylobacter lari, and 90% contained Campylobacter jejuni. Of the chicken isolates that were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents, 301 isolates (40%) were resistant to one agent, 374 (50%) were resistant to two, 39 (5%) were resistant to three, 20 (3%) were resistant to four, and 6 (1%) were resistant to five. Nine isolates (1%) were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. All isolates were susceptible to AMC, CHL, and GEN. Less than 10% of isolates were resistant to NAL, CIP, CLI, ERY, and AMP. Resistance to TCY was common (56%). No isolates had a resistance pattern that included all three antimicrobials important in the treatment of human campylobacteriosis (CIP, ERY, and TCY); however, 24 isolates (3.2%) were resistant to at least two of these antimicrobials.