Treasure Hunting Research Articles

People and the Sea: A Values Perspective in the Conservation Management of Maritime Heritage in the Philippines

As demonstrated in archaeology, underwater cultural heritage (UCH) has provided significant contributions towards the understanding of heritage connections across the globe. However, the development of the discipline in the Philippines has also been hampered by confusing legalities, treasure hunting activities, and financial constraints that diminish the influence of its impact and potential reach. More so, the effects of natural hazards, climate change, and other human activities on UCH have not yet been fully documented, making it more susceptible to potential threats and destruction. The COVID-19 pandemic makes archaeological campaigns and monitoring even more difficult. These considerations make Philippine UCH vulnerable and raise questions whether its contribution will still be relevant for the present and future generations. This article provides a status update of underwater archaeological activities and synthesises the challenges of managing UCH in the Philippines in the past 40 years. It outlines the practices, partnerships, and transitions made by various stakeholders in response to the growing discipline and community interest. This article problematises the value ascription of these stakeholders to UCH as seen in conventional arrangements, development of policies, and bureaucratic set-ups. The applicability of the values-led theory and the people-centred management model is examined given the traditional valuing of UCH that is material or fabric-based. The gaps pointed here are opportunities to build a shared stewardship view that connects UCH in the entirety of people and the sea wellbeing.

ABOUT ONE OF THE EPISODES OF THE BEGINNING OF STUDYING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS OF GROZNY AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

This article is devoted to the one of the most significant moments of the beginning of the history of discovery and study of the archaeological monuments and artifacts on the territory of Grozny and its suburbs in the end of the 1880-th, correlated with wide spread of illegal excavations on the territory of the Terek district (Terskaya) and visiting this site by the directors of the main archaeological structures of Russia - count A.A. Bobrinsky (Imperial Archaeological Commission, St. Petersburg) and countess P.S. Uvarova (Imperial Moscow Archaeological Society (Moscow). The immediate reason for such attention was the rumors that reached the center about a find of the golden "crown" by treasure hunters in one of the mound near the village of Kulary on the river Sunzha. The Terek regional and district administrations of Grozny actively participated in the search. One of the officials, Yu.K. Churakovsky, also took active part in the research of local archaeological sites carried out by the Imperial Archaeological Commission and the Imperial Moscow Archaeological Society, as well as in the collection of numerous artifacts recovered by robbers from the mounds on the Chechen Plain in 1887-1888. In the end, the «crown», having become the necklace of Early Sarmatian period (E.I. Krupnov, V.B. Vinogradov, M.P. Abramova) came to P.S. Uvarova and was later transferred to the State Historical Museum. Twists and turns of the story are preserved in the correspondence of P.S. Uvarova to Yu.K. Churakovsky, once again confirming the importance of the epistolary heritage in the study of the process of the formation of archeology in Russia.

Abundance and Species Composition of Cave Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in Selected Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) of Central Visayas, Philippines

This study assessed the abundance and species richness of bats (Order Chiroptera) inhabiting caves in three KBAs (Key Biodiversity Areas) of Central Visayas: Mt. Bandilaan in Siquijor (13 caves), Mabinay, Negros Oriental (11 caves), and Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape(RSPL) in Bohol (31 caves). The study was conducted between February 14 to September 20, 2019. Of the 55 caves surveyed, 35 caves were inhabited by bats. Field survey methods included mist-netting at the cave entrances and direct observations of roosting sites in each cave. This study captured 754 individuals of bats belonging to 16 species, majority of which are insectivorous species (13 species) and only three species are fruitbats (Pteropodidae). Mabinay caves had the highest number of species (11) and captured bats (271 individuals) while RSPL had 9 species (221 individuals) while Mt. Bandilaan only had five species but relatively high captured bats (262 individuals). Five species are Philippine endemics (Hipposideros obscurus, Hipposideros pygmaeus, Ptenochirus jagori, Rhinolophus inops, and R. rufus) and three Near-threatened species (H. lekaguli, M. schreibersii, and R. rufus). The rare bat species (Dobsonia chapmani) may be locally extirpated in Mabinay, where it last documented at Mambajo cave in the 1960s. The survey also noted the absence of fruit bats (observed in 2011 study) in all of the caves in Mt. Bandilaan, probably due to on-going anthropogenic activities (treasure hunting, bat hunting, guano extraction, land conversion, locals illegal entry, graffiti, etc) in caves surveyed. Large colonies of fruitbats and insect bats in RSPL may have been affected by anthropogenic activities inside the caves. Most of the caves surveyed have been promoted for ecotourism activities.Keywords: cave; chiropteran; extraction; karst; limestone

Underwater cultural heritage – problems and solutions (?)

The development of modern survey, navigation, diving and remotely operated vehicle technologies contributed to the development of the maritime archaeology and the exploration and protection of shipwrecks by the official authorities of the countries but also to the accessibility of the underwater world by private persons and enterprises. The regime of the 1982 UNCLOS III has been proved absolutely counterproductive for the protection of the underwater cultural objects. The 2001 UNESCO Convention is an improvement, being though a compromise – as every international instrument. It states, that “the protection of underwater cultural heritage through in situ preservation shall be considered as the first option”. Its opponents, though, argue that it does not give the speedy response that would be needed in order to put obstacles to “the international industry of treasure hunters”. Various countries have enacted laws on the protection of underwater cultural heritage. Obviously, the differences of legal mentalities are reflected in those national laws. Undoubtedly, the problems are much more difficult to resolve, in areas that are disputed between the various littoral States. Famous cases show that agreements between the States can play a crucial role to the resolving of complicated situations. In any case, protection of the underwater cultural heritage should always be the target.

Main Motives in Russian Folklore and Post-Folklore about Treasure Hunting Tradition and Seekers Activities

The article compares the most popular common motives of folklore texts about seekers and treasure hunters, whose activities are concentrated around artifacts from the times of the Great Patriotic War. The author addresses the folklore motives of (a) punishment for bringing the belongings of the deceased from the graveyard or excavation site; (b) the appearance of a treasure (ghost) in a material form; (c) the appearance of “wandering lights” as a reference point for the location of the treasure (the remains of a soldier); (d) interaction with the Forest Lord; (e) commemoration of the dead and attempts to appease the treasure keeper; (f) location of treasures close to trees. The article examines unique texts from the researcher's personal archive containing results of expeditions, reflecting popular plots related to both seekers and treasure hunting environment. Research methods mainly include surveys and interviewing and at some point – observation (on the Memory Watch). The author of the article created a questionnaire for seekers, which helped to record a significant number of texts. The materials are illustrative of characteristics for both individuals and specific groups, their traditions, beliefs, legends, signs. In addition, one of the practical results of this study is a corpus of short mystic stories (in Russian folklore terms – bylitchka).

Mining sciences in the branch of Earth sciences

Problem statement. What is mining science? Is it craft, art of “treasure hunters”, or science? What underlies the theory of mineral extraction? What is its place within the system of knowledge of the environment? Discussion. Today there is no precise, clear, and conventional definition of mining science, its matter and object. Certain attempts by numerous leading mining experts to become involved in the discussion 14 "Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal". No. 1. 2021 ISSN 0536-1028 extended significantly the range of applied problems, but generally the problem hasn’t been fully shaped. The ideology of the market is pragmatic (goods-money-goods), while the ideology of science is radiant as soon as it tries to cognize something unbounded. Obvious practical focus of mining historically convinces us of the fact that the mining effectiveness and wide knowledge of the interior, rock properties, law and forms of labor management are inextricably linked. Summary. Mining science should take rightful place among Earth sciences not only because mining is a stimulus to civilization, but also due to a range of life-support problems which mining knowledge deals with.

Mining sciences in the branch of Earth sciences

Problem statement. What is mining science? Is it craft, art of “treasure hunters”, or science? What underlies the theory of mineral extraction? What is its place within the system of knowledge of the environment? Discussion. Today there is no precise, clear, and conventional definition of mining science, its matter and object. Certain attempts by numerous leading mining experts to become involved in the discussion 14 "Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal". No. 1. 2021 ISSN 0536-1028 extended significantly the range of applied problems, but generally the problem hasn’t been fully shaped. The ideology of the market is pragmatic (goods-money-goods), while the ideology of science is radiant as soon as it tries to cognize something unbounded. Obvious practical focus of mining historically convinces us of the fact that the mining effectiveness and wide knowledge of the interior, rock properties, law and forms of labor management are inextricably linked. Summary. Mining science should take rightful place among Earth sciences not only because mining is a stimulus to civilization, but also due to a range of life-support problems which mining knowledge deals with.

Socjologiczne i psychologiczne aspekty funkcjonowania zespołów rockowych

To say that a music band is a group of performers playing music together is to say nothing. Just like treasure hunters, where one knows the place, the other knows how to put formwork, and the third knows how to evaluate and distinguish minerals from precious stones, everyone in a musical group is different and necessary at the same time. It depends on their mutual relations, feelings, thoughts, words, and possibilities whether the treasure will be found, what victims will be incurred along the way, and whether their own ego will not exceed them. If all goes well, the golden music will remain with them for many years, and maybe even for generations. The only question is how not to sever ties? How to stay yourself? How not to get lost and how to find …?

The underwater cultural heritage regime: some problems and possible solutions/ Patrimônio Cultural Subaquático - Problemas e Soluções

The development of modern survey, navigation, diving and remotely operated vehicle technologies contributed to the development of maritime archaeology and exploration and protection of shipwrecks by the official domestic authorities, but also to accessibility of the underwater world by private persons and enterprises. The regime of the 1982 UNCLOS III has been proved absolutely counterproductive for the protection of the underwater cultural objects. The 2001 UNESCO Convention is an improvement, being though a compromise – as is every international instrument. It states that “the protection of underwater cultural heritage through in situ preservation shall be considered as the first option”. Its opponents, though, argue that it does not give the speedy response that would be needed in order to repress “the international industry of treasure hunters”. Various countries have enacted laws on the protection of underwater cultural heritage. Obviously, differences in legal systems are reflected in said national laws. Undoubtedly, problems are much more difficult to resolve in areas that are disputed between the various littoral States. Famous cases show that agreements between the States can play a crucial role to the resolving of complicated situations. In any case, protection of the underwater cultural heritage should always be the target.

Stan badań nad uzbrojeniem wczesnośredniowiecznym w Polsce – w 65 lat po studiach Andrzeja Nadolskiego

Stan badań nad uzbrojeniem wczesnośredniowiecznym w Polsce – w 65 lat po studiach Andrzeja Nadolskiego

A turkálókban történő vásárlás székelyföldi gyakorlatai. Előzetes adatok (Second-Hand Consumption Practices in Szeklerland, Romania. Preliminary Results)

Hungarian abstract: Romania Szekelyfold tersegeben szamos turkalot talalunk: a tersseg varosait a koznyelv turkalovaros jelzővel illeti. A turkalok elterjedese termeszetesen osszefugg a terseg romaniai viszonylatban alacsonyabb eletszinvonalaval, de azt feltetelezzuk, hogy a turkalokhoz kapcsolodo motivaciok ennel valtozatosabbak: pl. fenntarthatosag, etikus fogyasztas, elerhetőseg (pl. plazak viszonylagos hianya). Kutatasunkban online kerdőivvel vizsgaltuk a second-hand vasarlashoz kapcsolodo fogyasztoi motivaciokat, valamint a turkalas szamos mas gyakorlatat. Eredmenyeink azt jelzik, hogy a szűkosseg fontos meghatarozoja a turkalos vasarlasoknak. Ugyannakkor mas dolgok is fontosak a fogyasztoknak: hedonizmus, kincsekerses, es kisebb mertekben a fenntarthatosag is motivalja a turkalos vasarlasokat. English abstract: In the Szeklerland region of Romania which is one of the poorest zone of the country, there are towns which are referred in the common slang as “thrift-towns”. The flourishing of second-hand retail can be linked, obviously, to the lower income of the citizens, however other motivations, e.g. sustainability, consumer ethics, issues of availability (e.g. other types of shops) can also be suspected to impact second-hand shopping. The purpose of the present survey was to investigate which are the major motivations of shopping for second-hand clothes and how such practice is structured among the respondents. An online survey strategy was employed and the data suggest that austerity is an important explanation of second-hand shopping: respondents usually spend little money in second-hand shops and are motivated by a good price-quality ratio. The lower price of the second-hand products allow them to acquire a lot of products, so that second-hand shopping helps to accumulate high amount of products. On the other hand, there are some rising motivations in accordance with the actual discourse of second-hand shopping: the possibility of recycling and hedonistic motivations like treasure hunting, searching for unique items are also involved in the structuring of this consumption practice.

ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ «ЧЕРНЫХ КОПАТЕЛЕЙ» В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ БАШКОРТОСТАН (ПО ДАННЫМ АНАЛИЗА ИНТЕРНЕТ-СООБЩЕСТВ В 2020 Г.)

The article describes the results of research on the activities of «treasure-hunters» in the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2020. The author of this article conducted an analysis of trial court decisions for 2017-2019, news publications, literature and reports of state authorities. As a result, it was found that the system of protection of archaeological sites in Russia is ineffective and cannot counteract «treasure-hunters». The information space almost does not contain analytical materials and scientific research works objectively reflecting treasure hunting activities. In most cases, archaeologists and state officials only record the consequences of unlawful search for «hidden treasures». In the author’s opinion, online communities are one of the most informative sources for studying the activities of treasure-hunters. The three most numerous regional groups of «treasure-hunters» with more than 1,000 subscribers were analyzed in the social network VK. The methods of netnography and the program products such as media-vk.ru and socstat.ru helped to reveal the statistically average portrait of community members, their cohesion and the quality of content. Content analysis made it possible to find out the most discussed topics, archaeological items and types of sites subject to regular looting and to assess the possibility of organizing either small or large groups of «treasure hunters» for joint search. According to the research carried out, the author concludes that there is an active propaganda for the treasure hunting activities in the social networks. The members of these groups discuss items obtained as a result of illegal search for «treasures», coordinate their efforts and hold conferences. The author thinks that effective counteractions against the treasure hunting activities necessitate the implementation of continuous monitoring and analysis of their online communities.

The Potential Educational Value of Mobile Augmented Reality Games: The Case of EduPARK App

New teaching methodologies are nowadays integrating mobile devices, augmented reality (AR), and game-based learning in educational contexts. The combination of these three elements is considered highly innovative, and it allows learning to move beyond traditional classroom environments to nature spaces that students can physically explore. The literature does not present many studies of this approach’s educational value. The purpose of the study is to present an illustrative case of a mobile AR game in order to analyse its educational value based on the users’ opinion, both teachers and students, and on logs of game results. Through a mixed method approach, the educational value scale was applied to 924 users after playing the EduPARK app in a Green City Park. Results revealed high educational value scores, especially among teachers and students of 2nd and 3rd Cycles of Basic Education (83.0 for both). Hence, this particular software seems to be more suitable for 10–15 years-old students who highlighted motivational features, such as treasure hunting, points gathering, the use of mobile devices in nature settings, and AR features to learn. This study empirically revealed that mobile AR games have educational value, so these specific game features might be useful for those who are interested in creating or using games supported by apps for educational purposes.

Review of Methods to Repair and Maintain Lithophilic Fish Spawning Habitat

Rocky reefs provide important spawning and refuge habitats for lithophilic spawning fishes. However, many reefs have been lost or severely degraded through anthropogenic effects like dredging, channelization, or sedimentation. Constructed reefs have been used to mitigate these effects in some systems, but these reefs are also subject to degradation which may warrant custodial maintenance. Monitoring and maintenance of natural or constructed spawning reefs are not common practices; therefore, few methodologies have been created to test the effectiveness of such tools. We conducted a literature review to assess available information on maintenance of rocky spawning habitats used by lithophilic fishes. We identified 54 rocky spawning habitat maintenance projects, most of which aimed to improve fish spawning habitats through the addition of spawning substrate (n = 33) or cleaning of substrate (n = 23). In comparison to shallow riverine studies focused on salmonids, we found little information on deep-water reefs, marine reefs, or other fish species. We discuss the possible application of potential spawning habitat cleaning methods from other disciplines (e.g., treasure hunting; archeology) that may provide effective means of reef maintenance that can be used by restoration practitioners.

Key Challenges to the Archaeological Heritage Preservation in Kuzbass. Part I: "Archaeological Treasure Hunting"

Preservation of archaeological heritage objects (AHO) in Kuzbass is one of the tasks on the formation of a fund of objects of historical and cultural heritage of the Russian Federation. The paper characterizes the key challenges to AHO preservation, one of which is the so-called amateur "archaeological treasure hunting", and offers possible solutions. The research was based on law and media analysis. The contemporary legal framework of the Russian Federation provides the necessary conditions for AHO preservation. For instance, it regulates the procedure for search and extraction of artifacts from archeological sites. Amateur "archaeological treasure hunting" is illegal but extremely popular. The situation in Kuzbass stays within the national trends. However, the authors managed to define some regional specifics. First, the local treasure hunters demonstrate a high level of social publicity in their attempt to legalize their activities. Second, they focus mostly on Modern Age artifacts. The authors claim the urgency of the problem and propose a number of solutions, e.g. media marginalization of the " black archaeology", a targeted public protection of Modern Age archaeological sites, prompt interception of illegal "treasure hunting", etc.

SO067VIRTUAL REALITY EXERCISE INTRADIALYSIS IMPACT ON PHYSICAL FUNCTION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL: RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL WITH FOLLOW-UP

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite the benefits reported by the implementation of exercise during dialysis, currently it is not a clinical routine. Non-immersive virtual reality (VR) is a feasible option to exercise and in a short pilot study of intadialysis VR exercise improved physical function (PF), Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and physical activity (PA). The objective of this research was to investigate if a 12-weeks non-immersive VR exercise program intradialysis improves PF and PA. METHODS This was a crossover randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized in a control-VR group (CVR) or VR-control group (VRC). There were two consecutive periods of 12 weeks, one control and one exercise period. The CVR started with a control period and followed by the exercise period, and the VRC did the opposite. PF and PA were assessed at four time points: baseline, 12, 24 and 36 weeks. The functional tests administered included the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), gait speed in 4 meters, Timed Up-and-Go (TUG), balance with the one-legged stance test (OLST), Sit-to-Stand 10 (STS10) and Sit-to-Stand 60 (STS-60), 6 minute walking test (6MWT). Human Activity Profile (HAP) was used to assess PA level. Intradialysis exercise consisted of a video game adapted to dialysis: Treasure hunting. It is a non-immersive VR game in which the patient must catch some objectives avoiding obstacles by moving the lower limbs. The exercise session lasted from 20 to 40 minutes. Intensity was checked through the rate of perceived exertion (RPE). A mixed model of repeated measures were used to assess the effect of the intervention. RESULTS 47 subjects were included in the study, 22 subjects (median age 73.5 years; 13 males) in the CVR and 25 subjects (median age 72 years, 15 males) in the VRC. At 24 weeks we tested 33 subjects and at 36 weeks 31 patients were tested. The results of all functional tests improved after the exercise program (Gait speed in 4 meters -0.16 seconds, 95% CI -0.1- -0.2 VRC and -0.12 seconds, 95% IC -0.06--0.17 CVR; TUG -1.8 seconds, 95% CI -1.2--2.5 VRC and -1.3 seconds, 95% CI 0.1--2.7 CVR; OLST 6.2 seconds, 95% CI 2.6-9.8 VRC and 8.1 seconds, 95% CI 4.2-12.0 CVR; STS-10 -5.6 seconds, 95% CI -3.5--7.8 VRC and -6.0 seconds, 95% CI -4.0--7.9 CVR; and 6MWT 105.4 meters, 95% CI 76.2-134.6 VRC and CVR 59.5 meters, 95% CI 34.5-84.5). The VRC showed a significant increase in HAP (9.2, 95% CI 6.4-12.0) after the 12 weeks of exercise program. The CVR did not change during the first 12 weeks of no exercise, but showed a significant increase at 24 weeks after the end of the exercise program in HAP (7.4, 95% CI 3.8-11.0). The follow-up of 12 weeks after the end of the program in the VRC showed a significant decrease in function in the following tests (Gait speed in 4 meters -0.13seconds, 95% CI 0.08--0.18; STS-10 -1.4 seconds, CI 95% 0.11-2.65; and 6MWT -66.4 meters, 95% CI 43.5-89.2). During the follow-up period, at 24 weeks, the VRC showed a significant decrease in HAP (-7.7, 95% CI -11.0--4.4), there was no further decrease at 36 weeks. At 36 weeks, after 12 weeks of follow-up, participants in the CVR presented a significant decrease in HAP (-7.2, 95% CI -10.5--4.0). CONCLUSIONS A non-immersive VR exercise program during intradialysis improves PF and PA and HRQoL. Exercise benefits are not maintained after 12 weeks of follow-up.

P0959EFFECT ON THE DIALYSIS DOSE OF THE EXERCISE WITH VIRTUAL REALITY DURING THE FIRST VERSUS SECOND PART OF THE DIALYSIS SESSION

Abstract Background and Aims Exercise using non-immersive virtual reality (VR) is a novel rehabilitation method for patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment. This method has shown in a pilot study improved physical function and health-related quality of life. There is controversy about the effect of intradialysis exercise on the dialysis dose. Furthermore, theoretical models also indicate that intradialytic exercise at the end of session may be beneficial in postdialysis rebound. Objective: to determine effect of exercise with virtual reality during the first two hours and the last two hours of dialysis session on postdialysis rebound and dialysis dose. Method The design was a randomized clinical trial. Patients were randomized to exercise in the first (Start group) or last two hours (End group) of dialysis session. Dialysis dose was measured through the monocompartimental Kt/V, and the potassium, urea, phosphorus and creatinine rebound was calculated after both baseline and exercise sessions at 17 weeks. Intradialysis exercise consisted of a video game adapted to dialysis: Treasure hunting. It is a non-immersive VR game in which the patient must catch some objectives avoiding obstacles by moving the lower limbs. The exercise session lasted from 20 to 40 minutes. Intensity was checked through the rate of perceived exertion. An mixed ANOVA of repeated measures was used to assess the effect of the intervention. Patients exercised for 17 weeks. Results 43 patients participated, 11 dropouts, 17 in Start group and 15 in End group. Mean age 73 years, males 28. There were no significant differences in rebound urea, creatinine, potassium and phosphorus 30 minutes after finishing dialysis. The mean baseline Kt/V was 1.65 (SD 0.21) and with exercise 1.75 (SD 0.25). The mixed ANOVA analysis showed a significant time effect with an increase in Kt/V (mean 0.10, 95% CI 0.02-0.19, p 0.018) from exercise session vs baseline. No group per time significant interaction was found, so that there was no difference in the dialysis dose between Start and End group. Conclusion Intra-dialysis exercise with virtual reality can improve the dose of dialysis, no matter the timing of the exercise is performed.

SO064HEMODYNAMIC TOLERANCE OF EXERCISE WITH VIRTUAL REALITY PERFORMED DURING THE FIRST VERSUS THE SECOND PART OF THE HEMODIALYSIS SESSION

Abstract Background and Aims It is recommended intradialysis exercise implementation in the first part of the HD session to avoid hemodynamic instability or cramping, but the time restriction to exercise worsens clinical feasibility of exercise as a routine. Exercise using non-immersive virtual reality is a novel rehabilitation method for patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment. This method has shown in a pilot study improved physical function and health-related quality of life. Objective: to determine effect of exercise with virtual reality during the first two hours and the last two hours of dialysis session on hemodynamic control. Method The design was a randomized clinical trial. Patients were randomized to exercise in the first (Start group) or last two hours (End group) of dialysis session. Intradialysis exercise consisted of a video game adapted to dialysis: Treasure hunting. It is a non-immersive virtual reality game in which the patient must catch some objectives avoiding obstacles by moving the lower limbs. The exercise session lasted from 20 to 40 minutes. Intensity was checked through the rate of perceived exertion. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), episodes of hypotension and episodes of clinical instability are monitored throughout the session. The intervention has already begun and will continue for twelve months. The control analysis is performed during the three months at rest prior to starting the intervention (Rest) and then the intervention begins, every three months. Now we present the results at thirth month with exercise (Exercise) . An mixed ANOVA of repeated measures is used to assess the effect of the intervention. Results 43 patients participated, 11 dropouts, 17 in Start group and 15 in End group. Mean age 73 years, males 28. The mean baseline (SD) was Body Mass Index 26.2 (5.5) kg/m2, Overhydration 2.1 (1.3) liters, Kt/V was 1.65 (SD 0.21), Serum Albumin 3.84 (0.29) mg/dl and Hemoglobin 11.81(1.27) g/dl . Analysis by time Rest versus Exercise showed as mean (SD): HR 64 (8) vs 64 (7) bpm, SBP 143 (18) vs 141 (18) mmHg and DBP 61 (10) vs 60 (11) mmHg, no significant differences. The change in measurements at the end of dialysis showed in Rest vs Exercise were HR – 1.34 (5.7) vs -0.9 (5.9) bpm, SBP 1.2 (12) vs 2.65 (16) mmHg and DBP 2.65 (5.8) vs 1.09 (7.1) mmHg, no significant differences. Analysis by groups Start versus End showed as means (CI95%): HR 66 (62,69) vs 63 (59,67) bpm, SBP 145 (136,154) vs 136 (126,146) mmHg and DBP 63 (58,68) vs 56 (50,62) mmHg, no significant differences. The change in measurements at the end of dialysis showed in Start group vs End group neither showed significant differences. There were no differences between the groups regarding episodes of hypotension or clinical instability. Conclusion Performing intradialysis with virtual reality is well tolerated at any time during the session. This result improves the opportunities to implement exercise in hemodialysis.

ARTICLE 16 UNESCO CONVENTION AND THE PROTECTION OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE

AbstractDeep-water technology and commercial interests have put the protection of underwater cultural heritage under considerable pressure in recent decades. Yet the 2001 UNESCO Convention has the potential to fend off the threat—if fully implemented. This article sets out the legislative duties States Parties have under one of the Convention's core provisions: Article 16. It requires States Parties to take a triad of legislative measures: they must enact prohibitions, impose criminal sanctions and establish corresponding jurisdiction over their nationals and vessels. In addition, the comprehensive protection of underwater cultural heritage also necessitates measures covering acts of corporate treasure hunters, even though this is not required by the Convention itself.

Treasure Hunt: Ethical Egoism vs Individual Anarchism

This creative project is a novel with an urban-fantasy as the setting and adventure fiction as the plot framework. This novel is depicting a team of a treasure hunters, Michael Harmanto and Lucius Ferdinan. The two of them are trying to find the lost treasures of Kahja, in which they will be asked and tested in their perseverance and ego. In this creative work, I use Egoism as my topic, and I chose on understanding how egoism if applied ethically, can be treated as a good thing as my theme. Through this, I can show the process and the struggle of people clashing and betraying each other in the name of the egoistic desire of reaching their own personal goal. This story, topic, and theme were inspired by how it would be contrasting to the Indonesian philosophy as a nation. The main viewpoints which are ethical egoism and egoistical anarchism will be depicted in the way the two main characters Michael and Lucius’ attitudes, methods, and results. Keywords: ethical egoism, egoistic anarchism, urban-fantasy, adventure