Treadmill Research Articles

Treadmill walking is not equivalent to overground walking for the study of walking smoothness and rhythmicity in older adults

Treadmills are appealing for gait studies, but some gait mechanics are disrupted during treadmill walking. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of speed and treadmill walking on walking smoothness and rhythmicity of 40 men and women between the ages of 70-96 years. Gait smoothness was examined during overground (OG) and treadmill (TM) walking by calculating the harmonic ratio from linear accelerations measured at the level of the lumbar spine. Rhythmicity was quantified as the stride time standard deviation. TM walking was performed at two speeds: a speed matching the natural OG walk speed (TM-OG), and a preferred TM speed (PTM). A dual-task OG condition (OG-DT) was evaluated to determine if TM walking posed a similar cognitive challenge. Statistical analysis included a one-way Analysis of Variance with Bonferroni corrected post hoc comparisons and the Wilcoxon signed rank test for non-normally distributed variables. Average PTM speed was slower than OG. Compared to OG, those who could reach the TM-OG speed (74.3% of sample) exhibited improved ML smoothness and rhythmicity, and the slower PTM caused worsened vertical and AP smoothness, but did not affect rhythmicity. PTM disrupted smoothness and rhythmicity differently than the OG-DT condition, likely due to reduced speed. The use of treadmills for gait smoothness and rhythmicity studies in older adults is problematic; some participants will not achieve OG speed during TM walking, walking at the TM-OG speed artificially improves rhythmicity and ML smoothness, and walking at the slower PTM speed worsens vertical and AP gait smoothness.

Study to Evaluate Current Trends in Appropriate Usage of Tread Mill Exercise Testing.

Non-invasive tests are used to diagnose and prognosticate Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) patients and also in pre-operative evaluation and rehabilitation. Millions of these tests are performed worldwide in these situations. However, previous studies have shown inappropriate use of these tests. The study was to evaluate the appropriate use of treadmill exercise test. The present retrospective study was done in Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital, Raichur and Institute of Medical sciences and RKB Super Speciality Clinic, Raichur, Karnataka, India. Tread Mill Tests (TMT) which were done between November 2013 and February 2016 were included in the study. A total of 600 tests were evaluated for appropriateness. Demographic, clinical and risk factors, indications were studied. Overall 298 (49.66%) tests were found to be inappro-priate. Younger age, female sex, pre-operative evaluation, evaluation in master health check up and insurance were predictors of inappropriate use (p<0.05) in this study. The treadmill exercise testing appears to be particularly vulnerable to overuse in clinical setting due to its wide availability, affordability and awareness. The inappropriate use of the method, however, may result in additional unnecessary cost to health care system.

Role of treadmill stress testing in patients with coronary risk factors

Background: Stress testing is a simple, reliable and excellent non-invasive method for diagnosing coronary artery disease in asymptomatic patient and predicting future coronary events, particularly in patient with coronary risk factors. A risk factor is a feature of individual or population that is present early in life and is associated with increased risk of developing disease in future. Risk factor of interest for coronary artery disease may be hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hyperlipidaemia, obesity and physical inactivity. Methods: A clinical survey of 50 cases of patient with coronary risk factor was carried out at Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad. These patients were subjected to tread mill stress testing after proper preparation. Results: In the present study modifiable risk factors like hypertension have 81% positive test; diabetics with hypertension have 91% positive test; smokers have 80% positive test; obese patients have 67% positive test and those with physical inactivity have 78.12% positive test. Conclusions: Most patients with modifiable risk factors are unaware of their condition and Coronary Artery Disease can be reduced efficiently if these patients are made aware of the risk and proper action is taken to control the risk factors.

Effects of a virtual reality and treadmill training on gait of subjects with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study

Gait and cognitive deficits are common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and are negatively affected during dual-task walking. Treadmill (TM) training has been previously used to preserve locomotor activity in MS. Virtual reality (VR) engages the user in cognitive and motor activities simultaneously. A training combining TM and VR has been successfully adopted in several neurological diseases, but not in MS. This study aims at investigating the feasibility of a VR-based TM training program on gait of subjects with MS.Eight persons with relapsing–remitting MS were recruited to participate in a six-week VR-based TM training program. Gait analysis was performed both in single and dual task conditions. Clinical tests were used to assess walking endurance and obstacle negotiation. All the evaluations were performed before, immediately and one month after the training.Gait speed and stride length improved in dual task post-intervention and were retained at follow-up. An improved ability in negotiating obstacles was found across the evaluations. VR-based TM training program is feasible and safe for MS subjects with moderate disabilities and may positively affect gait under complex conditions, such as dual tasking and obstacle negotiation.

The effect of self-paced speed and virtual reality on treadmill gait in children with cerebral palsy

Kinetic outcomes are an essential part of clinical gait analysis, and can be collected for many consecutive strides using instrumented treadmills. However, the validity of treadmill kinetic outcomes has not been demonstrated for children with cerebral palsy (CP). In this study we compared ground reaction forces (GRF), center of pressure, and hip, knee and ankle moments, powers and work, between overground (OG) and self-paced treadmill (TM) walking for 11 typically developing (TD) children and 9 children with spastic CP. Considerable differences were found in several outcome parameters. In TM, subjects demonstrated lower ankle power generation and more absorption, and increased hip moments and work. This shift from ankle to hip strategy was likely due to a more backward positioning of the hip and a slightly more forward trunk lean. In mediolateral direction, GRF and hip and knee joint moments were increased in TM due to wider step width. These findings indicate that kinetic data collected on a TM cannot be readily compared with OG data in TD children and children with CP, and that treadmill-specific normative data sets should be used when performing kinetic gait analysis on a treadmill.

Kinetic comparison of walking on a treadmill versus over ground in children with cerebral palsy

Kinetic outcomes are an essential part of clinical gait analysis, and can be collected for many consecutive strides using instrumented treadmills. However, the validity of treadmill kinetic outcomes has not been demonstrated for children with cerebral palsy (CP). In this study we compared ground reaction forces (GRF), center of pressure, and hip, knee and ankle moments, powers and work, between overground (OG) and self-paced treadmill (TM) walking for 11 typically developing (TD) children and 9 children with spastic CP. Considerable differences were found in several outcome parameters. In TM, subjects demonstrated lower ankle power generation and more absorption, and increased hip moments and work. This shift from ankle to hip strategy was likely due to a more backward positioning of the hip and a slightly more forward trunk lean. In mediolateral direction, GRF and hip and knee joint moments were increased in TM due to wider step width. These findings indicate that kinetic data collected on a TM cannot be readily compared with OG data in TD children and children with CP, and that treadmill-specific normative data sets should be used when performing kinetic gait analysis on a treadmill.

Crossover and maximal fat oxidation points during running and cycling in sedentary subjects

Summary Objective The purpose of this study was to compare crossover and maximal fat oxidation points during cycling and running in healthy participants. Methods Maximal oxygen uptake V ˙ O 2 max , maximal aerobic power (MAP) and maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) were assessed in 12 sedentary participants (aged 20.5 ± 1.0 years), using a maximal progressive tests on a cycle ergometer and on a treadmill. Participants performed in random sequence, two submaximal graded exercise tests on a cycle ergometer (CE) and on a treadmill (TM), based on the measured MAP and MAV respectively. Respiratory parameters, the crossover (COP) and the maximal fat oxidation points (LIPOXmax) were measured during these submaximal protocols. Results There were no significant mean (±SD) differences in COP (CE: 46.4 ± 4.9%, TM: 47.4 ± 3.7%; P = 0.36) and in LIPOXmax (CE: 40.0 ± 7.4%, TM: 40.2 ± 2.1%; P = 0.92) expressed in percentage of V ˙ O 2 max between the two modes of exercise. The metabolic indices obtained on the CE and TM were significantly correlated (COP: r = 0.85; P Conclusion Our data show that COP and LIPOXmax measured during submaximal exercise (based on measured MAP or MAV) were not affected by the choice of ergometer. Both CE and TM yielded accurate and quiet similar metabolic indices that could be used to individualize training in healthy sedentary adults.

The Effects of Exercise on Antioxidants in Doxorubicin Treated Type 2 Muscle

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective chemotherapy treatment that is associated with a number of deleterious side effects such as myotoxicity. Exercise has been shown previously to minimize this side effect and preserve skeletal muscle function. The protective effects of exercise on DOX-induced muscle dysfunction has been primarily studied in type I muscle, and as such, there is a lack of understanding of this exercise-induced protection in type II muscle. Exercise has been shown to preserve maximal twitch force in type 2 muscle from animals treated with DOX. In type 1 muscle, it is believed that exercise increases key antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) which help to attenuate the DOX-induced dysfunction. Understanding how exercise affects antioxidants in type 2 muscle treated with DOX could lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind Dox and exercise-induced myoprotection. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of chronic treadmill (TM) and resistance training (RT) on antioxidant expression in type 2 skeletal muscle from rats receiving DOX. METHODS: Male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a TM, RT, or sedentary (SED) group for 10 weeks. At the end of the 10 week period, animals received a bolus DOX dose of 10 mg/kg, 12.5 mg/kg, or 15 mg/kg. Three days after injection, extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were excised and analyzed for SOD1, GPX, and CAT expression using Western immunoblotting. RESULTS: No significant differences were found among groups regardless of DOX dose or exercise condition. GPX was on average 54.4% higher in TM+DOX groups and 71.9% higher in the RT+DOX groups when compared to those in the SED+DOX groups. SOD1 was on average 54.5% to 70.2% more prolific among the TM+DOX and RT+DOX groups. CAT content was on average 72.7.9%-73.3% more common among the TM+DOX and RT+DOX groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that exercise-induced protection against DOX dysfunction in type 2 muscles is not necessarily due to alterations in SOD1, GPX, or CAT. There are likely other mechanisms that contribute to this myoprotection in type 2 skeletal muscle that warrant further investigation.

Exercise Attenuates Age‐Associated Reductions in Muscle Strength and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Mice

Aging is associated with losses in muscle strength and cardiovascular fitness that may be offset with regular exercise. While exercise adaptations may diminish with age, robust adaptations still occur. We tested the hypothesis that aging reduces muscle function and cardiorespiratory endurance, however voluntary (running wheel, RW) or prescribed (treadmill (TM) training) exercise will attenuate these aging‐associated decreases in strength and fitness. In vivo plantarflexor maximal force and fatigue (% of max force after 10 contractions) were measured in young (4 mo. old) and aged (24 mo. old) sedentary (SED) mice and following 2 wks of RW (24h wheel access) or TM training (45 min/day, 5 day/wk). Cardiorespiratory adaptations were assessed with pre‐ and post‐maximal treadmill tests. Maximal muscle force was lower in aged than young SED mice (1.1±0.04 vs. 1.6±0.07 g/kg BW, respectively, p&lt;0.05). In young groups, neither RW nor TM increased force over SED. In aged groups, RW and TM were associated with respective 22 and 26% higher maximal forces than aged SED mice (p&lt;0.05), but still were lower than young groups. Plantarflexor fatigue resistance was higher in aged than young SED mice (50±3 vs. 35±3% of max, respectively, p&lt;0.05) with no age differences in RW and TM groups. In treadmill pre‐tests, young groups ran longer than aged groups (9:23±0:52 vs. 5:09± 0:51, respectively p&lt;0.05). Increases in treadmill time after training occurred only in young and aged TM with respective 25:34±8:24 and 16:42±2:39 increases from pre to post test (p&lt;0.05). These findings suggest voluntary and prescribed exercise attenuate some age‐associated reductions in muscle force, but prescribed exercise is most effective in improving cardiorespiratory fitness in young and older mice.

Quantifying Children's Self‐Paced Physical Activity: Rethinking Accelerometer Calibration

The purpose was to examine the ability of accelerometry (ACC) to estimate oxygen consumption (VO2) for self‐paced physical activity (PA). Children's (n=15; 9.3±1.2 yrs.) VO2 responses to paced treadmill (TM) activity and self‐paced PA using six games were determined using FITMATE. The vertical axis (V) and vector magnitude (VM) were used to quantify both paced and self‐paced PA with ACC (ActiGraph GT3X+ and expressed in counts/10sec). Linear regression and Bland‐Altman plots were used to compare VO2 for continuous paced (TM) and intermittent self‐paced (games) PA by assessing ACC vertical axis (ACC‐V), ACC vector magnitude (ACC‐VM) and the relative contribution of each axes (using ANOVA; p=0.05). Paced (TM) PA showed positive relationships (r) for VO2 plus ACC‐V and for VO2 plus ACC‐VM of 0.90±0.03 and 0.89±0.05, respectively (p&gt;0.05). Results for measured VO2 showed higher VO2 for self‐paced vs. paced (TM) PA between 100‐1000 cnts/10sec (ACC‐VM) (i.e., VO2 at 300 cnts/10sec were 22 vs. 12 mLO2•kg‐1•min‐1, respectively (p&lt;0.05). Thus, VO2 estimates from TM‐derived equations (both ACC‐VM and ACC‐V) for self‐paced PA were under‐estimated compared to measured VO2 for self‐paced PA (p&lt;0.05); with low agreement (a dynamic bias especially as the intensity (&gt;6METs) increased) as observed on Bland‐Altman plots. Comparing paced vs. self‐paced PA it was observed that the contribution of axis dominance to ACC‐VM for the two types of PA existed ‐ larger differences for paced (41±14%) and smaller differences for self‐paced (7±5%) (p&lt;0.05). This study reveals that the poor estimates of VO2 for intermittent self‐paced PA using equations from continuous paced TM PA is attributed to the presence of a dominant axis.

Self-selected gait speed--over ground versus self-paced treadmill walking, a solution for a paradox.

BackgroundThe study of gait at self-selected speed is important. Traditional gait laboratories being relatively limited in space provide insufficient path length, while treadmill (TM) walking compromises natural gait by imposing speed variables. Self-paced (SP) walking can be realized on TM using feedback-controlled belt speed. We compared over ground walking vs. SP TM in two self-selected gait speed experiments: without visual flow, and while subjects were immersed in a virtual reality (VR) environment inducing natural visual flow.MethodsYoung healthy subjects walked 96 meters at self-selected comfortable speed, first over ground and then on the SP TM without (n=15), and with VR visual flow (n=11). Gait speed was compared across conditions for four 10 m long segments (7.5 – 17.5, 30.5 – 40.5, 55.5 – 65.5 and 78.5-88.5 m).ResultsDuring over ground walking mean (± SD) gait speed was equal for both experimental groups (1.50 ± 0.13 m/s). Without visual flow, gait speed over SP TM was smaller in the first and second epochs as compared to over ground (first: 1.15 ±0.18 vs. second: 1.53 ± 0.13 m/s; p<0.05), and was comparable in the third and fourth (1.45 ± 0.19 vs. 1.49 ± 0.15 m/s; p>0.3). With visual flow, gait speed became comparable to that of over ground performance already in the first epoch (1.43 ± 0.22 m/s; p>0.17). Curve fitting analyses estimated that steady state velocity in SP TM walking is reached after shorter distanced passed with visual flow (24.6 ± 14.7 m) versus without (36.5 ± 18.7 m, not statistically significant; p=0.097). Steady state velocity was estimated to be higher in the presence of visual flow (1.61 ± 0.17 m/s) versus its absence (1.42 ± 1.19 m/s; p<0.05).ConclusionsThe SP TM walking is a reliable method for recording typical self-selected gait speed, provided that sufficient distance is first passed for reaching steady state. Seemingly, in the presence of VR visual flow, steady state of gait speed is reached faster. We propose that the gait research community joins forces to standardize the use of SP TMs, e.g., by unifying protocols or gathering normative data.

A Near Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Test of Calf Muscle Function in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

Background The study aims to test a new, simple, and reliable apparatus and procedure for the diagnostics and treatment evaluation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The test apparatus involves near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of a main part of the lower leg muscles during isometric flexion and extension of the ankle joint performed with the foot strapped in a specially designed pedal ergometer. Design To evaluate the reproducibility of the new test compared with an existing testing method of treadmill walking. Methods Eleven patients participated in the study: nine patients with claudication and two age-matched patients without claudication. Each patient was tested with an isometric ergometer pedal test and a treadmill test applying NIRS measurements of the anterior tibial and the gastrocnemius muscles (GAS). Tests were repeated three times with randomly selected intervals between individual test runs. Intraclass correlation constant (ICC) was used to describe reproducibility. The ICC was calculated using the area under the NIRS oxygenated hemoglobin (Hbox) curve, the initial velocity of the Hbox recovery curve, force measurements, and walking time. Results The ICC of the GAS was between 0.92-0.95 (foot-pedal) and 0.70-0.98 (tread mill) and of the anterior tibial muscle was between 0.87-0.96 (foot-pedal) and 0.67-0.79 (tread mill). Conclusion In this study, we contribute a new apparatus and test protocol for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) applying NIRS technique and controlled physical activity to evaluate the degree of muscle oxygenation under specific functionally relevant conditions. Thus, we have developed a clinically applicable "easy-to-do" exercise test of patients with chronic PAD which show high reproducibility.

Abstract W MP58: High Intensity Interval Training May Be Superior to Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise in Chronic Stroke

Introduction: Aerobic deconditioning is a major barrier to stroke recovery. Post stroke guidelines recommend moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) to improve aerobic fitness and mobility. High-intensity interval training (HIT) has been shown to be more effective than MICE for improving aerobic fitness among healthy adults and persons with heart disease. However, no previous study has compared HIT and MICE among persons with stroke. We hypothesized that HIT would elicit significantly greater improvement in both aerobic fitness and gait function relative to MICE in this population. Methods: Fourteen subjects (mean ± SD age, 58 ± 10 years; years post stroke, 4.3 ± 2.9) were randomized to HIT (n=11) or MICE (n=5); each 25 min, 3x/week for 4 weeks. HIT involved repeated 30 sec bursts of treadmill (TM) gait at maximum tolerated speed (based on gait stability), alternated with 30-60 sec rest periods. MICE involved continuous TM gait at 45-50% heart rate reserve. Outcomes were measured by a blinded rater before and after intervention, including peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory threshold during graded exercise testing, energy cost of gait, 10m walk test (comfortable and fastest speeds) and TM speed (comfortable and fastest). Mixed effects models tested for significant (p&lt;0.05) differences over time within groups and between the groups. Standardized effect sizes were also calculated. Results: In the HIT group, significant improvement was found for all outcomes save peak oxygen uptake. No significant differences were found in the MICE group. Ventilatory threshold and fastest TM speed improved significantly more in HIT compared to MICE and moderate to large effect sizes were found for all outcomes. Conclusion: HIT is a potent intervention for improving aerobic fitness and gait function in chronic stroke that appears to be more effective than MICE. Further study with a larger sample is warranted.

Suryanamaskar: An equivalent approach towards management of physical fitness in obese females.

Background:In India, obesity is highly prevalent in women as compared to men. As the obesity epidemic spreads, there are growing concerns about efficient obesity management.Aims:To compare between circuit training (CT), treadmill (TM) walking and suryanamaskar (SN) training in weight management and physical fitness enhancement in obese females.Settings and Designs:Comparative controlled study conducted in a community setting.Materials and Methods:119 females of age between 20 and 40 years of body mass index (BMI) between 25.1 and 34.9 kg/m2. 87 participants completed the study. Group 1: CT; group 2: TM walking; group 3: Modified SN; group 4: Control. Outcome Measures: Body composition, cardio-respiratory and muscle endurance, flexibility.Statistical Analysis:Within-group data was analyzed with the paired t-test. P =0.05. Analysis between the groups was done using one way ANOVA test. Analysis between the groups was done using ANCOVA test controlling for baseline differences only for those variables that have significant differences at baseline. For those which do not have significant difference at baseline, RMANOVA was done at end of 8 weeks.Results:Reducation in mean body weight in CT group (2.2%), TM (1.7%) and SN (1.6%), (P < 0.05), BMI in all the three groups (P < 0.01), total body fat % in the CT (5%) and SN (3.7%), (P < 0.01), metabolic age with CT (2%) and TM (2%), (P = 0.001). Improvement in muscle mass in CT (4%, P = 0.009), VO2max in CT group by 17.2%, SN (14%), TM group (8%) (P < 0.05). Upper limb Muscle endurance in CT (51.3%), SN group (51.24%) and in TM group (40%), (P = 0.05), in lower limb TM (21.2%) and SN (24.5%) (P = 0.05), flexibility in SN (12.4%, P = 0.0001).Conclusions:All three methods were effective in weight and physical fitness management. CT and SN were more effective in improving cardio-respiratory fitness and upper limb muscle endurance while only SN was effective in improving body flexibility.

Comparison of Tread Mill and Ergometer Cycle and its Effects on Lipid Profile

The aim of this study is to compare the tread mill and ergometer cycle and to identify the better instrument which favours the lipid profile. This study includes 40 subjects, and divided into two groups Group A consists of 20 subjects who underwent treadmill training and Group B consists of 20 subjects who underwent cycling. All subjects underwent aerobic training of moderate intensity for 12 weeks, five days in a week, one hour per day on tread mill for Group A individuals and five days in a week, fifteen minutes per day on the cycle for Group B individuals. The mean difference between pre and post tests of treadmill, cycle groups respectively were compared to know which one is the best instrument and gives favourable results for lipid profile. Treadmill group showed higher energy expenditure and more favourable results compared to cycle group

Sprinting performance on the Woodway Curve 3.0TM is related to muscle architecture

To determine if unilateral measures of muscle architecture in the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) were related to (and predictive of) sprinting speed and unilateral (and bilateral) force (FRC) and power (POW) during a 30 s maximal sprint on the Woodway Curve 3.0TM non-motorized treadmill (TM). Twenty-eight healthy, physically active men (n = 14) and women (n = 14) (age = 22.9 ± 2.4 years; body mass = 77.1 ± 16.2 kg; height = 171.6 ± 11.2 cm; body-fa t = 19.4 ± 8.1%) completed one familiarization and one 30-s maximal sprint on the TM to obtain maximal sprinting speed, POW and FRC. Muscle thickness (MT), cross-sectional area (CSA) and echo intensity (ECHO) of the RF and VL in the dominant (DOM; determined by unilateral sprinting power) and non-dominant (ND) legs were measured via ultrasound. Pearson correlations indicated several significant (p < 0.05) relationships between sprinting performance [POW (peak, DOM and ND), FRC (peak, DOM, ND) and sprinting time] and muscle architecture. Stepwise regression indicated that POWDOM was predictive of ipsilateral RF (MT and CSA) and VL (CSA and ECHO), while POWND was predictive of ipsilateral RF (MT and CSA) and VL (CSA); sprinting power/force asymmetry was not predictive of architecture asymmetry. Sprinting time was best predicted by peak power and peak force, though muscle quality (ECHO) and the bilateral percent difference in VL (CSA) were strong architectural predictors. Muscle architecture is related to (and predictive of) TM sprinting performance, while unilateral POW is predictive of ipsilateral architecture. However, the extent to which architecture and other factors (i.e. neuromuscular control and sprinting technique) affect TM performance remains unknown.

Non-invasive neurosensory testing used to diagnose and confirm successful surgical management of lower extremity deep distal posterior compartment syndrome

BackgroundChronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is characterized by elevated pressures within a closed space of an extremity muscular compartment, causing pain and/or disability by impairing the neuromuscular function of the involved compartment. The diagnosis of CECS is primarily made on careful history and physical exam. The gold standard test to confirm the diagnosis of CECS is invasive intra-compartmental pressure measurements. Sensory nerve function is often diminished during symptomatic periods of CECS. Sensory nerve function can be documented with the use of non-painful, non-invasive neurosensory testing.MethodsNon-painful neurosensory testing of the myelinated large sensory nerve fibers of the lower extremity were obtained with the Pressure Specified Sensory Device™ in a 25 year old male with history and invasive compartment pressures consistent with CECS both before and after running on a tread mill. After the patient's first operation to release the deep distal posterior compartment, the patient failed to improve. Repeat sensory testing revealed continued change in his function with exercise. He was returned to the operating room where a repeat procedure revealed that the deep posterior compartment was not completely released due to an unusual anatomic variant, and therefore complete release was accomplished.ResultsThe patient's symptoms numbness in the plantar foot and pain in the distal calf improved after this procedure and his repeat sensory testing performed before and after running on the treadmill documented this improvement.ConclusionThis case report illustrates the principal that non-invasive neurosensory testing can detect reversible changes in sensory nerve function after a provocative test and may be a helpful non-invasive technique to managing difficult cases of persistent lower extremity symptoms after failed decompressive fasciotomies for CECS. It can easily be performed before and after exercise and be repeated at multiple intervals without patient dissatisfaction. It is especially helpful when other traditional testing has failed.

Speed, force, and power values produced from nonmotorized treadmill test are related to sprinting performance.

The relationships between 30-m sprint time and performance on a nonmotorized treadmill (TM) test and a vertical jump test were determined in this investigation. Seventy-eight physically active men and women (22.9 ± 2.7 years; 73.0 ± 14.7 kg; 170.7 ± 10.4 cm) performed a 30-second maximal sprint on the curve nonmotorized TM after 1 familiarization trial. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients produced significant (p ≤ 0.05) moderate to very strong relationships between 30-m sprint time and body mass (r = -0.37), %fat (r = 0.79), peak power (PP) (r = -0.59), relative PP (r = -0.42), time to peak velocity (r = -0.23) and TM sprint times at 10 m (r = 0.48), 20 m (r = 0.59), 30 m (r = 0.67), 40 m (r = 0.71), and 50 m (r = 0.75). Strong relationships between 30-m sprint time and peak (r = -0.479) and mean vertical jump power (r = -0.559) were also observed. Subsequently, stepwise regression was used to produce two 30-m sprint time prediction models from TM performance (TM1: body mass + TM data and TM2: body composition + TM data) in a validation group (n = 39), and then crossvalidated against another group (n = 39). As no significant differences were observed between these groups, data were combined (n = 72) and used to create the final prediction models (TM1: r = 0.75, standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 0.27 seconds; TM2: r = 0.84, SEE = 0.22 seconds). These final movement-specific models seem to be more accurate in predicting 30-m sprint time than derived peak (r = 0.23, SEE = 0.48 seconds) and mean vertical jump power (r = 0.31, SEE = 0.45 seconds) equations. Consequently, sprinting performance on the TM can significantly predict short-distance sprint time. It, therefore, may be used to obtain movement-specific measures of sprinting force, velocity, and power in a controlled environment from a single 30-second maximal sprinting test.

공학교육에서 귀납법 추론을 위한 변수 통제

이 연구는 귀납법적 확증(confirmation)을 위해서 실행하는 실험이 확률론적 추론임을 밝히고 이의 단점을 보완하기 위해서 적용된 확률적 확인론에 따라서 수행하는 실험에서 통제하는 절차와 방법을 다루었다. 이 통제란 알려진 조건과 상황들을 인위적으로 조작하되 가설에서 명시된 특정조건(즉 독립변수) 이외의 조건(기타 변수)이 작용하여 현상이 발생(종속변수)될 가능성을 막는 것이다. 특정조건에 의하여 현상이 발생할 가능성을 극대화 시키고 기타 조건에 의하여 현상이 발생할 가능성을 최소화시키는 것이다. 그렇게 함으로써 특정 선행사건(독립변수)과 후행사건(종속변수) 사이의 진정한 인과관계성(the causal relationship)을 객관적으로 정확하게 추론하도록 보장하는 방법이 통제인 것이다. 이 연구에서는 변수통제에 대해 좀 더 구체적으로 다루기 위해 대표적인 헬스기구인 Elliptical Trainer (ET)와 Tread Mill (TM)를 이용한 실험에서 변수통제를 가하여 운동속도(독립변수)에 따른 에너지 소비량 변화(종속변수)와 운동속도(독립변수)에 따른 호흡교환율(RER)과 심장 박동율(HR)의 변화(종속변수)를 얻었다. 마지막으로 이 통제를 통해 얻어진 실험결과들을 그래프로 그려 그 결과에 따라 연구의 결론이 다루어졌다. The variable control in the inductive inference for the confirmation and verification when the experimental data are collected is studied by applying the principle of probability inference. The control in engineering experiments is to protect any effect by of intervening variable except primary independent variable on the dependent variable. By the special condition the possibility for developing a phenomenon will be maximized; otherwise, by the extraneous condition the possibility for developing a phenomenon will be minimized. By doing so, the control may provide insurance for the causal relationship between the certain prior event (independent variable) and the post-event (the dependent variable). Some experiments by using both elliptical trainer and tread mill under the variable control are performed in order to find the relations between the energy expenditure, the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and the heart rate (HR) against the exercise speed.

Arrhythmias in Thoroughbreds During and after Treadmill and Racetrack Exercise

IntroductionHealthy and poorly performing horses can display arrhythmias during exercise and immediately afterwards. The relationship of arrhythmias to exercise intensity or type, and their frequency of recurrence, are poorly understood. Clarification of these issues was the objective of this investigation.MethodsElectrocardiograms were recorded on 9 Thoroughbreds during maximal and submaximal exercise on a racetrack (RA) and treadmill (TM). The frequency of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias for RA and TM were compared using Fisher's Exact Test.Results65 workouts (TM = 46, RA = 19; median[range]: 4/horse[2–14]) were performed. Exercising arrhythmias were detected in 4/9 horses (12/65 workouts) and there were post‐exercise arrhythmias in 7/9 horses (20/65 workouts). A single exercising electrocardiogram per horse often did not display all arrhythmias detected over several workouts. 3/9 horses exhibited arrhythmias during the first and second runs while the other 6 had none. 4/9 had 1 post‐exercise arrhythmia. Of 6 horses with &gt;3 runs, 1 displayed arrhythmias each time, 3 never had arrhythmias and 2 sometimes showed arrhythmias during exercise (1/9 and 4/8 workouts, respectively). All 6 intermittently had post‐exercise arrhythmias (median[range]: 50% [9–75%] of workouts). Presence of arrhythmias was positively related to intensity and all occurred at ≥94%HRmax. The frequency of arrhythmias following RA (29%) and TM (12.5%) was not statistically different.ConclusionsGallops on TM or RA were equally effective for detecting arrhythmias. The presence/absence of exercising arrhythmias was more repeatable than post‐exercise arrhythmias. Arrhythmias are more likely to be detected at maximal or near‐maximal intensities. A larger population needs to be studied before firm conclusions are drawn.Ethical Animal ResearchThe study was approved by an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol. Sources of funding: Department of VCS, Washington State University. Competing interests: none.