Travel Sex Research Articles

Determining Tourist Visits and Economic Valuation of Natural Attraction of Tretes Waterfall of Wonosalam

The aims of the research to analyse the determinant of visits frequency and economic valuation of natural attractions of the Tretes waterfall. Two analysis methods are used by combining the negative-binomial and travel cost method (TCM) with an individual approach. The result showed that independent variables such as total travel expense, age, income, motivation, sex, and duration of enjoying tour partially do not significantly affect visits frequency. The only one independent variable which significantly toward visits frequency is distance. It means closer more often to visit. The amount of willingness to pay is IDR 50,000 with individual consumer-surplus is IDR 27,397.26, and economic value IDR 328,767,120 per year.

Socio-demographic determinants of travel motivation and behaviour of visitors in nature-based destinations in northern Nigeria

This study aimed to assess socio-demographic determinants of travel motivation and behavior of visitors in nature-based destinations in Northern Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was administered to 575 respondents at Chad Basin National Park; CBNP (69), Gashaka Gumti National Park; GGNP (165) and Yankari Game Reserve; YGR (341). Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Results revealed that majority of the respondents at CBNP were males (72.5%), majority of the respondents at GGNP were females (77.6%) and majority of the respondents at YGR were males (53.1%). Visitors were majorly motivated to come to CBNP for enjoyment of nature (27.5%) while source of information about the parks revealed previous trip as the highest in CBNP (29%) and YGR (36.1%) while GGNP recorded friends and relatives as the highest (45.5%). They were majorly motivated to visit GGNP because they wanted to be away from hustle and bustle of cities (33.3%) and they were motivated to visit YGR for game viewing (33.4%). Furthermore, there is significant relationship between travel motivations and sex, marital status, education, occupation, nationality (P<0.01). The determinants of travel motivations were monthly income, occupation and nationality while the determinants of travel behaviours were the socio-demographic factors except age. Game viewing and nature attributes of nature-based destinations should be developed more as these attributes motivate people to visit the sites.

Contextual and behavioural risk factors for sexually transmissible infections in young Aboriginal people in central Australia: a qualitative study

Rates of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) in remote central Australian Aboriginal communities have been persistently high for over two decades, yet risk factors for STIs in these communities are not well understood. This qualitative study explored behavioural and contextual risk factors for STIs in young Aboriginal people in central Australia. The study identified that casual relationships between young people are common and that there is a strong association between travel, alcohol and casual sex, highlighting the ongoing need for comprehensive sexual health programs that are tailored to the specific social, cultural and interpersonal circumstances of young people in this setting.

Sexually transmitted infections and travel.

The present review considers recent evidence on travel-associated sexual intercourse and sexually transmitted infection (STI) risks and travel with regards to risk behavior and implications of travel on communities. It highlights the lack of research in this area and topics for consideration. A population-based study, and others, shows significant levels of sex abroad and risk behavior with inconsistent condom use despite increasing travel advice about risks. There is an increasing association of STIs in military personnel from local rather than deployment-associated sex contacts shown in United States and French studies, probably related to deployment of women. Innovative studies are showing the effect of female sex-tourism on the communities involved, and the sexual interaction and risk for tourism employees from tourists. New social networking apps require evaluation as to both their potential to increase and decrease risks. Travel sex continues to be a vector for the global spread of multidrug resistant gonorrhoeae. New research challenges previous perspectives with changes to risk behavior in the military, female sex tourism, the change in social networks and ongoing risk behavior research and evidence of increased cross-country partnerships. The lack of high-quality studies evaluating travel advice to reduce risk is a key area for future work.

A meta-analysis and systematic literature review of factors associated with sexual risk-taking during international travel

International travel facilitates global spread of sexually transmitted infections (STI). Travellers could contribute to onward transmission of pathogens rarely encountered at home and export new strains to the destination. The aim was to systematically examine evidence regarding determinants of travel-related sexual risk-taking and identify knowledge gaps and areas for targeted interventions. Articles published in peer-reviewed journals from 2000 to 2017 were screened in 6 databases and assessed for relevance against criteria. Data was extracted for factors associated with travel-related STI or proxies. Meta-analyses estimated pooled prevalence of casual sex and non-condom use. Adjusted odds ratios of predictors were pooled to generate a combined estimate. Forty-nine articles qualified for inclusion. A heterogeneity test indicated variation across studies. The pooled prevalence of casual travel sex was 35% and prevalence of non-condom use 17%. Expectations of casual sex strongly predicted sex with a new partner when travelling abroad. Planning to have sex indicated condom use. The studies largely represented sub-groups of risk-taking populations from a European context, indicating substantial knowledge gaps. Studies investigating migrants travelling to visit friends and relatives, older travellers, and female travelers are needed. Post-travel harm reduction activities may serve as a focus for future interventions.

The Recreational Value of Rohtas Fort, Pakistan

This study evaluates the use value of Rohtas Fort, in province Punjab (Pakistan). Employing the Individual Travel Cost Method, the study estimated the total annual consumer surplus as US$ 8.71 million and the total recreational value as US$ 11.70 million (which is 0.05% of total GDP of Pakistan in the year 2013). The major influencing factors of visitation frequency were observed as travel cost, household income, age, household size, education and sex. Visitors were highly satisfied from the museum as against the waste disposal services. Cleanliness is a major problem faced by visitors with the highest priority index value of 0.88. Based on high willingness to pay for the entrance fee, the authority can increase the entrance fee which will add to the revenue generation for the Fort and ultimately the authority would have resources for renovation/maintenance projects. The authority should arrange the appropriate waste disposal system for the Fort.

The Effect of Pre‐Travel Advice on Sexual Risk Behavior Abroad: A Systematic Review

Travelers often have casual sex abroad and the risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted infection (STI) associated with casual travel sex is considered to be threefold higher compared to the risk of casual sex in the home country. Consequently, international guidelines recommend including STI advice in the pre-travel consultation. We performed a systematic review on the effect of a pre-travel STI intervention on sexual risk behavior abroad. In September 2012, a systematic analysis and meta-analysis of peer reviewed literature were performed on the relation between pre-travel STI advice for travelers and sexual risk behavior abroad. Primary outcome measure consisted of the number of travelers with a new sexual partner abroad; secondary outcome measure entailed the proportion of consistent condom use. Six studies were identified for inclusion in the review, of which three clinical trials on the effect of a motivational intervention compared to standard pre-travel STI advice qualified for the meta-analysis. Two of these trials were performed in US marines deployed abroad and one in visitors of a travel clinic. The extensive motivational training program of the marines led to a reduction in sexual risk behavior, while the brief motivational intervention in the travel clinic was not superior to standard advice. The meta-analysis established no overall effect on risk behavior abroad. No clinical trials on the effect of a standard pre-travel STI discussion were found, but a cohort study reported that no relation was found between the recall of a nonstructured pre-travel STI discussion and sexual risk behavior, while the recall of reading the STI information appeared to be related to more consistent condom use. Motivational pre-travel STI intervention was not found to be superior to standard STI advice, while no clinical trials on the effect of standard pre-travel STI advice were found.

P2-S4.07 Unsafe casual travel sex with discordant and concordant partners is common among visitors of a large STI outpatient clinic in Amsterdam; risk for international spread of STI

BackgroundTravelling has always been an important factor in the spread of STI. In the last decades international travelling has become very popular and therefore the risk for spreading STI internationally...

Foreign travel associated with increased sexual risk: A cohort study

Background: An increasing number of people travel abroad for their holidays each year. New sexual relations while abroad may result in the acquisition and introduction of novel strains of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study to assess the impact of alcohol and drug use, and foreign travel on casual travel sex in students from a British university during the summer break in 2006. Results: Two thirds of students traveled abroad. They were more likely to consume alcohol (RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.17-2.16) and use drugs (RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.88-1.94), particularly Cannabis, and to have new sexual partnerships during holidays. They were also more likely to report sexual relations after holidays (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.09-1.53). New partnerships were associated with being single, traveling abroad, drinking large amounts of alcohol, having previously had large number of sexual partners. The adjusted relative risk of developing new sexual partnerships with foreign travel was 2.70 (95% CI 1.11-6.61). Testing for a STI after the summer break was associated with both foreign travel (aRR 2.80, 95% CI 1.16-6.74) and younger age. Conclusion: People who travel abroad are more likely to engage in risk taking behavior and to develop new sexual partnerships during their holidays. They are also more sexually active on their return to the UK, increasing the chance of introducing new and resistant strains of STIs in the UK. These individuals are, however, also more likely to be tested for STIs.

Sexual Risk Behavior of Travelers who Consulted a Pretravel Clinic

The objective of this study was to determine to which degree travelers who received pretravel advice at a travel clinic have protected or unprotected sexual contact with a new partner and what factors influence this behavior. An anonymous questionnaire was sent to travelers who came to a pretravel clinic between June 1 and August 31, 2005. Risk factors for casual travel sex and predictors of protected sex were studied in a multivariate model. A total of 1,907 travelers were included (response rate 55%) in the study. Only 4.7% of the respondents had sexual contact with a new partner, and 63.1% of these new partners were from the country of destination. Of those who had casual travel sex, 52.4% did not expect this (women 75%), 30.9% did not always use condoms, and 41% were not protected against hepatitis B. Independent risk factors for casual travel sex were traveling without steady partner (OR 14.4), expecting casual travel sex (OR 9.2), having casual sexual contacts in the home country (OR 2.4), non-tourist journeys (OR 2.2), being male (OR 2.1), the fact that the information on sexually transmitted infections (STI) had been read (OR 2.0), and traveling to South and Central America (OR 2.0). Taking condoms along (OR 5.4) and reading the information on STI (OR 3.3) were identified as independent predictors of protected sex. Travelers have substantial sexual risk behavior. Casual sex is usually not expected, and the most important predictor is traveling without a steady partner. We would advice every client of a travel clinic who will travel without a steady partner to read the STI information, to take condoms along, and to be vaccinated against hepatitis B.

Solitary Travellers in the Norwegian Lofoten Islands: Why Do People Travel On Their Own?

This study examines why people travel on their own. Based on a preliminary study of 7 solo travellers in the Norwegian Lofoten Islands, 13 socio-psychological justifications are empirically identified: ease, experience, flexibility, freedom, exploration, absence of a travel companion, prestige, sex, spontaneity, temporal considerations, guilt avoidance, solitude and selective contact. From these responses, a taxonomy of noninstitutionalized solitary travellers is inductively constructed. This taxonomy consists of two basic types: First, those who have to travel alone because they simply have no travel companion, referred to as "solitary travellers by default", and, second, those individuals who deliberately travel on their own, regarded as "solitary travellers by choice". The data further suggest that justifications for travel also relate to the specific travel style chosen. The articulation of these justifications provides insights for demand-based tourism research and has implications for the supply-driven tourism industry.

Risky behavior in women with history of casual travel sex.

To define epidemiologic and psychosocial characteristics in women with a history of casual travel sex abroad. The participants consisted of 996 women attending for contraceptive advice, of whom 276 admitted that they had experience of casual travel sex. The remaining women served as a comparison group. In structured interviews, questions were asked about educational level, partnerships, reproductive history, contraceptive and drug use, smoking, and psychosocial factors such as wariness, success, and attractiveness. The women with experience of casual travel sex were more often single, had more often experienced broken relationships, were more often smokers, and used alcohol or cannabis at a higher-frequency. Their educational level was higher and a history of induced abortions was more common. The results of this study indicate that women with experience of casual travel sex not only take sexual risks, but take other risks that might impose danger to their health.

Sexual risk behaviour in women carriers of Mycoplasma hominis.

To study the sexual behaviour of women harbouring Mycoplasma hominis in the vagina. Two family planning clinics and a youth clinic for contraceptive advice. The vaginal flora of 996 women were investigated microbiologically, including culturing for M. hominis from the posterior vaginal fornix. Cultures and tests were also made to diagnose genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections, gonorrhoea, genital herpes, cervical human papillomavirus infection, trichomoniasis, genital warts and human immunodeficiency virus. The sexual behaviour of these women was investigated by structured in-depth personal interviews. Of the 996 women, 123 (12.3%) harboured M. hominis in the vagina. The remainder (87.7%), who had a negative M. hominis culture, served as a reference group. Those with M. hominis were significantly more likely to have had more than 10 partners during their lifetime, had a greater frequency of more than one sexual partner during the preceding month and the last six months, and reported more frequent experience of "casual sex', including casual "travel sex'. More of them also had experience of group sex and were more likely to have been sexually abused than the women in the reference group. Fewer women with M. hominis had a current steady partner and were less often cohabitors, but more had had sexual intercourse during the previous week than those in the reference group. There was an association between the occurrence of M. hominis and bacterial vaginosis and genital chlamydial infection. Adjustment in multifactorial regression analyses therefore changed the results only marginally. Women with M. hominis have almost the same sexual risk behaviour as women with classic sexually transmitted diseases.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Reproductive History in Women with Experience of Casual Travel Sex Abroad.

Background: The objective of this study was to determine whether the frequency of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and some reproductive events in women with experience of casual travel sex (CTS) abroad with previously unknown male partners differed when compared to women lacking such experience. Methods: Nine hundred and ninety-six women seeking contraceptive advice from two family planning clinics and a youth clinic were studied. Two hundred and seventy-six of these women (27.7%) admitted experience of CTS. Results: Among current STDs, only the prevalence of cervical human papilloma virus infection was significantly higher in women with a history of CTS when compared to the comparison (COMP) group (11.2% vs. 0.7%). A history of gonorrhea, genital chlamydial infection, and genital warts was reported significantly more often in women with, rather than without, CTS (p=0-.005). Women who had experienced CTS had a lower rate of childbirth, but higher rates of legal abortion and pelvic inflammatory disease than did females in the COMP group. Conclusion: The study shows that women with experience of CTS belong to a group at high risk for acquisition of STDs. This increased risk, with the exception of genital warts, was attributed to sexual risk taking in general, not merely to traveling abroad.

Sexual risk behavior and history of sexually transmitted diseases in relation to casual travel sex during different types of journeys.

The study investigated if women with experience of casual travel sex, with a previously unknown man abroad, on different types of journeys (charter, vagabond, business and education trips), differ with regard to sexual risk behavior and history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The study population consisted of 996 women. Of these, 27.7% admitted that they had had casual sex during journeys. The remaining women were used as a comparison group. History of STDs and sexual risk behaviors were investigated. The frequency of women who had more than ten lifetime sexual partners were greatly increased in all groups, as compared to the controls. A history of gonorrhea was most frequent among the charter travellers. A history of genital chlamydial infection was most common among the vagabond travellers. The lowest frequencies of a history of STDs was observed in women engaging in casual sex on 'business' journeys and they had significantly less often a history of STDs as compared to the charter travellers. A high frequency of STDs were seen in women who had experience of casual sex on different types of journeys. Women on business trips, although they had a similar sexual risk behaviour as the other groups of travellers, had less often a history of STDs.

Sex tourism, migratory prostitution and travel sex

(1994). Sex tourism, migratory prostitution and travel sex. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Vol. 14, No. sup2, pp. s76-s77.