Travel Management Research Articles

Genuineness Matters in Tourism: A Phenomenology of Filipino Travel Management Students’ Emotional Experiences of Tour Guides’ Verbalized Hospitality during Destination Immersion

ABSTRACT As the popularity of guided tours has become evident in the aspect of tourism activities, the expanding yet ambiguous role of tour guides in the tourism industry gained the attention of scholars globally. While studies have been conducted on tour guides and tourists’ immersion in other countries, few scholars have delved into these topics in the Philippine context. Hence, this phenomenological study aims to describe the emotional experiences of travel management students relative to tour guides’ verbalized hospitality during destination immersion. A robotfoto and semi-structured interviews were utilized to gather data from 15 purposively selected participants at the capital of the Philippines. This naturalist-driven inquiry afforded the development of an interesting conceptualization called the Dimensions of Tourist Guide’s Communication and the Resulting Emotional Experiences for the Tourists Findings from this study may serve as foundations in rapport building with tourists contributing to the improvement of their destination experience as well as basis in initiating efforts to recognize and uplift the status of the tour guides in the country.

Provision of dental services at a single institution in the UK's epicentre during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a significant impact on dentistry in the UK due to the perceived risks associated with infection control. These concerns have led to a complete paralysis of routine dental care with provisions for emergency dental care only, which have been scarce. Considering the latter, this article presents a service evaluation of a hospital-based acute dental care service, which was rapidly adapted and enhanced to continue managing dental emergencies during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis is based upon the dental diagnoses, management and geography of travel of over 1,500 attending patients in a five-week period during the rise and peak of COVID-19 in the UK. In addition, we assess our dental workforce's COVID-19 sickness reporting for those providing urgent dental care within this enhanced service. The article aims to provide additional and valuable frontline clinical information, experience and outcomes, including our categorisation of personal protective equipment used for varying face-to-face dental management during COVID-19.

Learning Difficulties in German as a Third Language Experienced by Turkish Undergraduate Students

The current study aims to investigate learning difficulties in L3 German experienced by the Turkish undergraduate students. The target group involved 29 students from three academic programs at a state university in Turkey: Travel Management and Tourist Guiding, Tourism and Hotel Management and Aviation Management. In the study, semi-structured interview form was designed by the researcher as data collection tool. In the analysis process of the data, the thematic analysis procedure was conducted. The results of the study indicated that the Turkish undergraduate students had learning difficulties in L3 German due to three main factors such as linguistic facts, effective factors and external factors. The linguistic facts involve the learning difficulties related to the linguistic characteristics of German language, linguistic habitus (effect of L2 English) and the effect of L1. In the context of effective factors, it was discussed that the lack of motivation, negative attitudes towards German language, the level of readiness for learning L3 German and the lack of self-confidence lead the students to experience negative learning process in L3 German. Finally, socio-cultural developments and the financial matters emerging in the learning environment were considered as external factors that lead the students to have difficulties in learning L3 German.

Travel management optimization based on air pollution condition using Markov decision process and genetic algorithm (case study: Shiraz city)

Currently, air pollution and energy consumption are the main issues in the transportation area in large urban cities. In these cities, most people choose their transportation mode according to corresponding utility including traveller's and trip’s characteristics. Also, there is no effective solution in terms of population growth, urban space, and transportation demands, so it is essential to optimize systematically travel demands in the real network of roads in urban areas, especially in congested areas. Travel Demand Management (TDM) is one of the well-known ways to solve these problems. TDM defined as a strategy that aims to maximize the efficiency of the urban transport system by granting certain privileges for public transportation modes, Enforcement on the private car traffic prohibition in specific places or times, increase in the cost of using certain facilities like parking in congested areas. Network pricing is one of the most effective methods of managing transportation demands for reducing traffic and controlling air pollution especially in the crowded parts of downtown. A little paper may exist that optimize urban transportations in busy parts of cities with combined Markov decision making processes with reward and evolutionary-based algorithms and simultaneously considering customers’ and trip’s characteristics. Therefore, we present a new network traffic management for urban cities that optimizes a multi-objective function that related to the expected value of the Markov decision system’s reward using the Genetic Algorithm. The planned Shiraz city is taken as a benchmark for evaluating the performance of the proposed approach. At first, an analysis is also performed on the impact of the toll levels on the variation of the user and operator cost components, respectively. After choosing suitable values for the network parameters, simulation of the Markov decision process and GA is dynamically performed, then the optimal decision for the Markov decision process in terms of total reward is obtained. The results illustrate that the proposed cordon pricing has significant improvement in performance for all seasons including spring, autumn, and winter.

Sosyal Bilimlerde Paradigma İkilemi: Turizm Alanında Yazılmış Lisansüstü Tezler Üzerine Bir İnceleme

In this study, the paradigmatic transformation of postgraduate dissertations written in the field of from the quantitative methods to the qualitative methods in the scientific research methods has been examined. Depending on the purpose of the study, a research has been conducted in the National Thesis Center Database of Council of Higher Education (YOK) through the keywords of tourism and business, gastronomy, and and agency, tourism and guidance” and 107 dissertations reached have been evaluated. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used together within the scope of the research, and document analysis in the qualitative scope and multiple compliance analysis were used within the scope of the quantitative research. At the end of the research, it has been observed that the positivist paradigm is dominant in postgraduate dissertations written in the field of tourism. In addition, it has been determined that the use of qualitative methods have increased in the dissertations written since 2010; while qualitative methods have mostly been used in the dissertations written in the field of recreation management, quantitative and mixed methods have been used in the fields of management, travel management and guidance, and gastronomy.

If You Travel, I Travel: Testing a Model of When and How Travel-Related Content Exposure on Facebook Triggers the Intention to Visit a Tourist Destination

This study aims to examine the role of exposure to travel-related content posted by friends on Facebook in triggering the intention to visit a tourist destination (IVTD). The study further examines how travel-related content exposure is linked with IVTD, and why some travel consumers, unlike others, tend to trigger more IVTD in response to travel-related content exposure. The sample of the present study included 295 travel consumers who are users of Facebook in Pakistan. The hypothesized model is tested using PROCESS macros in SPSS 24.0. The findings of the study reveal that travel-related content exposure is positively associated with IVTD. The benign envy mediates the relationship between exposure to travel-related content posted by friends on Facebook and IVTD, but the online social identity moderated the relationship between exposure to travel-related content posted by friends on Facebook and IVTD such that high online social identity strengthened the impact of travel-related content exposure on IVTD, thus highlighting the pivotal role of online social identity in the comparison process. The study contributes to the tourism literature on social media and has practical implications for social media travel managers and advertisers. The travel managers and advertisers should develop marketing and communication strategies considering friends’ communications on Facebook as a factor that can influence travel consumers’ behavior and decision making.

DEVELOPMENT OF OFFICIAL TRAVEL WARRANT INFORMATION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY: BATUCEPER SUB-DISTRICT)

The development of Information Technology is currently felt in various fields, especially those related to computers. Technological developments also made several new innovations in the current era of globalization. Along with the development of technology, computers that were previously data processing tools systems have increase the capabilities. The usage of computers can increase efficiency and effectiveness in some jobs, so it is not surprising that many organizations or companies use official travel warrant. At Batuceper sub-district, in its office activities, official travel warrant is required when the employee will travel to a certain place. The existing system still using Word or spreadsheet application where the employee should edit the file where the employee want to travel and then input the file to Microsoft Excel, and it requires a lot of time. By making Information Systems of Official Travel warrant can facilitate users in making travel warrant, official travel receipts, official travel reports, recapitulation of official travel expenses, and better management of official travel.

Design of Smart Travel Management System Based on Cloud Service

The design and implementation of the database is an important task in system development. Many information in the management of smart tourism needs to be saved and managed so that these data can be analyzed later. Therefore, in the process of designing the system, the original number of system requirements is analyzed, and the relationship between business entities is established. Combined with the relational database used by the system, E-R diagram drawing and data table implementation were performed.

Inside London’s Railway Termini, c.1870–1939

This article explores the transformation of London’s railway termini from relatively simple, often provisional structures, designed to meet the essential practical requirements of travel, to extensive multi-functioning passenger environments in which commercial, civic, and leisure activities intersected and overlapped. Focusing on developments after 1870, it examines the ways in which expanding rail services, growing passenger numbers, new opportunities for leisure and competition from other forms of public and private transport shaped their development. Against that background it considers some of the tensions that arose as the railway companies sought to regulate their sites and exploit their commercial potential, balancing the efficient management and circulation of travellers and their belongings with the commercial opportunities afforded by a vast passenger traffic. With reference to often overlooked aspects of their visual, material and spatial culture — barriers, signage, kiosks, showcases and penny-in-the-slot machines, among others — it points to the practices and processes that influenced the growth of London’s terminal stations as socially and spatially complex commercial environments whose legacy is evident in the capital’s transport hubs of today.

DATA MINING AND PERSONALIZATION FOR SMART TRAVEL MANAGEMENT

The technological advancement demands the tourism experience to be acquainted with the new concept entitled Smart Tourism. Consequently, the improvement of travel management is essential by introducing smarter technologies. In this paper, application of data mining and integration of personalization are proposed to enhance online travel management. The study investigates the problems existing in the current travel E-commerce websites and how these could be resolved through personalization. This research further enlightens the details of data mining which is applied to achieve personalization. Interviews and questionnaires are conducted for this research and their results are displayed and analyzed in this study. The results are discussed in detail and relating their responses to the idea of personalization in travel e-commerce website. Finally, a conclusion containing all the research findings gathered throughout the entire research including the authors’ opinions and the limitation of the current study are presented to consolidate the research.

The Effects of Using Games on EFL Students’ Speaking Performances

This study investigated the effects of employing games on students’ speaking performances in the classroom. 74 non-English major students, 36 students from the Tourism and Travel Management and 38 from the Office Management major from Tra Vinh University, participated in the study. The control group was trained with the methods of P-P-P (presentation, practice, and production) while the experimental group was trained with the same process but using selective games in the learning processes. Data collection was from the pre- vs. post-tests, questionnaire and interviews for analysis. The findings revealed that using games in the speaking classrooms, the students were motivated in the learning process and their speaking skills improve remarkably. The current study suggested teachers in the research context to apply gaming activities as an effective method to improve students’ participation in the learning processes.

Tourists' Thermal Experience and Health in a Commercial Pedestrianized Block: A Case Study in a Hot and Humid Region of Southern China.

With the development of the economy in China, the tourism industry has become a form of daily entertainment for citizens. Commercial pedestrianized blocks have been designed as recreational centers for tourists, serving as outdoor public space and scenic spots. The use of these regions is directly determined by the outdoor thermal environment. So far, few studies have been conducted on tourists’ thermal experience in commercial pedestrianized blocks, especially in the hot and humid region of southern China. Using field measurement and numerical simulation of a commercial pedestrianized block in Fo Shan, China, to research tourists’ thermal experience under different conditions, the final results of this study could help to select the most suitable time for tourist travel and help local managers to improve the thermal environment.

Vaccination apps: a missing opportunity from various perspectives?

Abstract Introduction Apps for vaccination are rarely a topic in scientific literature, despite the growth of interest in mobile applications about physical exercise, food intake and even chronic diseases management. Since 2014 WHO is wishing and technically supporting the development of a pan-European vaccination app to overcome the trending vaccine hesitancy, and instituted this year a Department of Digital Health. This research aims to evaluate apps for general population, and parents in particular. Methods We looked for apps from Google Play Store, the official Android store, searching single words related to vaccination with an Italian IP address, then exporting results. The research provided 1086 univocal apps that underwent a selection based on title, marketplace description and website if available, and further classified by category and other variables. Results The 117 selected apps were downloaded 15 million times in total. The most common category is vaccination reminder and recorder (41% of apps with 2.4 mln downloads - DL), alone or as a part of a broad health manager, mostly designed for parents. The second one is medical education apps (35%, 343k DL) most of which in English and designed for healthcare professionals, then games (10.3% of apps but the most downloaded with 12 mln DL), appointment makers (7.7%, 122k DL) powered by Regional Healthcare Service, and vaccination travel managers (6%, 13k DL). Only 26.5% provided both description and app content in Italian. Conclusions While literature states reminding apps may be a helpful resource to ease the completion of vaccinal duty, the n° of downloads shows a lack of interest or expose flaws in their features (e.g. absence of translation). This study also displays offer fragmentation regarding these new technological opportunities to raise vaccination awareness among peoples: neither a single Italian app is provided by the Ministry, nor a pan-European app by E.U., making WHO’s wishes even more actual today. Key messages Vaccination reminder apps are a helpful but under-utilized tool for parents, maybe due to offer fragmentation, lack of translation and need of country adaptations. The creation of a centralized information service for mobile users is a challenge for European Digital Health in times of trending vaccine hesitancy.

Travel Management Research of the AeonLife Insurance Company

With the collectivization of insurance companies, the development of scale, and the expansion of production and operation areas, travel costs are rising year by year, becoming a relatively large expenditure item for enterprises. The effectiveness of travel cost control directly affects the profitability of enterprises and reflects the cost control ability of enterprises. The author uses his actual work experience in the company's travel management and approval and the company's daily travel activities. Based on theoretical research, the author effectively combines and analyzes it through in-depth communication with Centennial Life Insurance. This paper analyzes the problems existing in the travel management of centenary life insurance company, the systematization of travel management of insurance company and the related problems of the combination of travel management and self-service reimbursement, and the optimization measures. From the perspective of enterprises, the article mainly establishes a business travel management system through the relevant technologies of the Internet data. On the one hand, it optimizes the travel process and effectively reduces the cost of corporate travel. On the other hand, it simplifies the process through the self-service reimbursement system and improves the satisfaction of enterprise employees. To create more value for the enterprise, but also for the industry insurance company travel management to provide a certain reference.

A Review of Guidelines/Guidance from Various Countries Around the World for the Prevention and Management of Travellers' Diarrhoea: A Pharmacist's Perspective.

International travel is growing and pharmacists are well placed to provide travel health services for the prevention and management of travellers’ diarrhoea (TD). Legislation changes in many countries has enabled pharmacists to access prescription only medicines and vaccinations to provide advice and over the counter medicines for the prevention and management for travel health services; this makes sense since pharmacies are easily accessible to the public and are the patient’s first port of call in the event of any illness. Currently, whilst many guidelines/guidance exist worldwide for the prevention and management of TD, there is no review that focuses on similarities and differences between these and between guidelines on TD and travel related and non-travel related acute diarrhoea. There is also a lack of publication on legislation and the need for evidence based training for all prescribers to provide travel health services. The aims of this work were to review guidelines/guidance for the prevention and management of TD from across the world which were compared with each other as were the TD guidelines compared to that for travel related and non-travel related acute diarrhoea for similarities and differences, with a focus on any relevant pharmacy legislation, needs assessments and training that may impact upon provision of travel health services by pharmacists focusing mainly on TD in adults. The PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane database were used to carry out an online search for publications on TD, acute diarrhoea and the guidance pharmacists have in the prevention and management of diarrhoea. The literature reviewed in this article indicates that where no specific guidelines/guidance existed, some pharmacists used the WHO guidelines (WHO), highlighting a need for local, regional and national evidence based guidelines in these countries.

Staff and organizational requirements for pain services in hospitals : Arecommendation from the German Society for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine.

Although pain services have been established in many hospitals, there is considerable heterogeneity among them with respect to organization of service, staff and qualifications of staff, and treatment approaches.With this recommendation, the German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine defines requirements for pain services in hospitals with respect to organizational standards and staff qualifications. The therapy offered by pain services supplements the treatment provided by the other departments involved, ensuring the high quality of specialized pain management in all areas of the hospital. Pain services shall oversee treatment with specialized analgesia techniques as well as the involvement of consultants, bringing together in-hospital pain medicine expertise in one service with availability 24 h and 7days per week via asingle contact. The medical head of the pain service shall be aqualified provider of pain medicine as defined by the German Medical Association and as aminimum should also have undergone additional training in basic psychosomatic medicine. Further members of the medical staff should possess the credentials of amedical specialist: non-medical staff should have completed continuing education in the treatment of pain. Minimal guidelines for personnel resources were defined: these included aspecific time frame for first contacts (20 min) and follow-up (10 min) for specific analgesic techniques and for the involvement of consultants (first contact 45 min, follow-up 20 min), with additional time for travel, set-up, training and quality management. In addition to definition of the space and equipment needed, each service should draft its own budget, and this should be adequate and plannable. Written agreements between the disciplines and transparent documentation, including patient-reported outcomes, are recommended to ensure quality. The provision of specialized pain therapy should have high priority over all disciplines or departments.

Mobile business travel application usage

论商务旅游移动app的使用：难道南非男人真的来自火星, 而女人真的来自水星?摘要研究目的本论文主要研究男人和女人在旅游中的行为区别。特别是在商务旅游中, 男女差别确实存在, 这也验证了供应商和营销商在开发营销产品中的针对性和区别性。本论文旨在验证是否男女商务旅游者对使用移动APP存在区别。研究设计/方法/途径本论文采用混合采样方法。采样方式通过网络问卷和深度访谈, 采样群体为南非商务游客。本论文采取Mann–Whitney U检验来测试男女在移动APP使用上的区别。本论文还采取文本分析法来分析访问数据。研究结果研究结果表明女性游客在各个旅游阶段都比男性游客对移动APP更看重, 而这些区别在统计计算上并没有获得显著效果。研究理论限制/意义由于线上采样和自助问卷的采样限制, 研究结果不能推广到全球商务旅客对于使用移动APP的态度。研究实践意义研究结果可以警示企业机构、旅游管理公司、以及APP开发商不要花费不必要的科技和财力资源来迎合男女受众的需求。因为这个区别可能不存在。公司应该花费财力在开发APP上, 使得商旅客人的使用体验更加便捷。研究原创性/价值本论文最重要的贡献就是研究了商旅APP市场。商旅APP区分于普通旅游APP。我们的研究检验了商旅客人APP以及扩展其度量和研究视野到旅游者的角度。关键词移动设备， 性别， 商务旅行， 商务旅行周期， 商务旅客， 移动商务旅行应用

Fever in returning travellers and migrants: disease severity markers to improve triage and management.

Pathogen-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) can identify the presence or absence of infection, but do not indicate who will have a self-limited infection versus a life-threatening one. An RDT that incorporates disease severity markers could facilitate the triage and management of travellers and migrants presenting with fever.

Travelers' Diarrhea: A Clinical Review.

Background: Travelers’ diarrhea is the most common travel-related malady. It affects millions of international travelers to developing countries annually and can significantly disrupt travel plans.Objective: To provide an update on the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of traveler’s diar-rhea.Methods: A PubMed search was completed in Clinical Queries using the key term “traveler’s diarrhea”. The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. The search was restricted to English literature. Patents were searched using the key term “traveler’s diarrhea” from www.freepatentsonline.com.Results: Between 10% and 40% of travelers develop diarrhea. The attack rate is highest for travelers from a developed country who visit a developing country. Children are at particular risk. Travelers’ diarrhea is usually acquired through ingestion of food and water contaminated by feces. Most cases are due to a bac-terial pathogen, commonly, Escherichia coli, and occur within the first few days after arrival in a foreign country. Dehydration is the most common complication. Pretravel education on hygiene and on the safe selection of food items is important in minimizing episodes. For mild travelers’ diarrhea, the use of antibi-otic is not recommended. The use of bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide may be considered. For moder-ate travelers’ diarrhea, antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, and rifaximin may be used. Loperamide may be considered as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy. For severe travelers’ diarrhea, antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, and rifaximin should be used. Azithromycin can be used even for the treatment of dysentery whereas fluoroquinolones and rifaximin cannot be used for such purpose. Recent patents related to the management of travelers’ diarrhea are discussed.Conclusion: Although travelers’ diarrhea is usually self-limited, many travelers prefer expedient relief of diarrhea, especially when they are traveling for extended periods by air or ground. Judicious use of an antimotility agent and antimicrobial therapy reduces the duration and severity of diarrhea.

Exploring the Factors Affecting Mode Choice Intention of Autonomous Vehicle Based on an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior—A Case Study in China

Autonomous vehicle (AV) is an innovative transport option that has the potential to disrupt all industries tied to transportation systems. The advent of AV technology will bring a novel on-demand mobility pattern such as shared autonomous vehicle (SAV). To promote AV technology, it is important to understand which factors influence travelers’ intention to use AVs and SAVs. This paper collected literature from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect, and made a systematic review. The study aims to explore the determinants that influence travelers’ behavioral intentions towards use AVs and SAVs based on an extended version of the theory of planned behavior, which incorporates knowledge and perceived risk. This study was tested empirically using a valid survey sample collected from 906 respondents in China. Structural equation model was conducted to investigate the predictors of intentions to use AVs and SAVs. Results showed that knowledge about AV technology and perceived risk are the two main potential obstacles for travelers to use AVs and SAVs. Attitude significantly affects AVs and SAV choice intentions. Subjective norm is the most critical factor affecting the travelers’ intention to use AVs. Perceived behavioral control potentially stymie the travelers’ intention to use SAVs. The findings will enhance the understanding of travelers’ choice motivation from psychological and service perspectives, and provide data support for governments and companies in improving travel management strategies and product services.