Travel Cost Method Research Articles

Economic valuation of sportfishing in the surroundings of Cerralvo Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico using the travel cost method

Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, Mexico, is a reference for sportfishing (SF). In this vein, a significant number of artisanal fishers from the communities surrounding Cerralvo Island-located 215 km from Los Cabos-have opted to offer SF as a tourist service in recent years. The SF has generated unevaluated economic activity in the area. Thus, stakeholders need to know this value to improve their management decision making. Therefore, this research aimed to make a valuation of the recreation service and factors that influence the demand of SF in Cerralvo Island and surrounding areas using the indirect travel cost method (TCM). For this purpose, 275 surveys were performed at the boat ramps in nearby towns. The estimated consumer surplus (EC) was USD 1,886 per visitor. Approximately 28,864 annual recreational sportfishing trips were recorded, so the total annual surplus was USD 54,437,504. The EC outperformed other national sites and was ≈140% higher than the highest valuation made for Los Cabos, which presumably derived from the differences in costs (v. gr., fishing charter, lodging). These values suggest the opportunity for the development of this activity in the study area.

Estimating the value of beach recreation in Benin

ABSTRACT The economic valuation of recreation services provided by ecosystems is attracting increased research attention. This is also the case in developing countries and in Benin in particular. This study focuses on beach recreation and intends to inform public policies regarding the government’s seaside tourism development strategy and coastal regeneration programme. Based on a sample of 213 local, national and international visitors of Fidjrossè beach, the study provides the first estimation of consumer surplus for beach recreation services. It applies the Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM), tests several count models, and adopts a negative binomial regression which best fits the data. The results highlight that beach recreation is preferred over other leisure activities by a majority of respondents, reflecting its worth as a recreational setting. The number of visits to the beach per year is determined by a variety of variables, including travel costs, visitors’ education level and sex. The estimated visitor surplus (XOF 512.69; USD 0.87 USD for the total expenses per visitor per visit) is fairly low and is discussed with regard to the methodological limitations of the study, methodological issues that still need further investigation and the structural specificities of tourism in Benin.

Valuation of Business and Factors Impacting The Demand for Istano Basa Pagaruyung Cultural Tourism

Istano Basa Pagaruyung is a famous cultural attraction in West Sumatra. The attractiveness potentials of Istano Basa Pagaruyung that is unique, beautiful, and visited by many tourists, is a supporting factor for optimizing the management of Istano Basa Pagaruyung's attraction. The addition of buildings and supporting facilities to support tourism objects and the increase of entrance tickets for Istano Basa Pagaruyung made it necessary to identify the valuation of the tourist attraction business. This study aimed to analyze the perception of visitors on Istana Baso Pagaruyung cultural tourism and its economic value estimation. The economic value of Istano Basa Pagaruyung in terms of tourist demand was estimated using the Travel Cost Method (TCM) approach. Data were obtained using questionnaires disseminated to the visitors. The results showed that the cost of travel, level of education, and length of knowing the location significantly affected the level of visits to Istano Basa Pagaruyung. Based on the calculation, the consumer surplus based on the individual travel cost method was Rp29,395.00 per individual per visit and the economic value of the location was Rp11,622,500,583.00. The large economic benefits of tourism activities in Istano Basa Pagaruyung had a positive influence on the socioeconomic improvement of the local people Keywords: travel cost method, economic valuation, cultural tourism

Valuation of Ecosystem Services from an Important Wetland of Nepal: A Study from Begnas Watershed System

Determining the economic value of wetlands is essential while creating sustainable wetland development plans and market-based ecological protection strategies. This paper studies the value of Begnas Watershed System by assessing the economic values of its selective ecosystem servicees. We conducted household surveys, multiple focus group discussions, stakeholder consultation, indepth interviews and used a combination of market and non-market based valuation methods like market price method, travel cost method, revealved price method, contingent valuation method, and benefit transfer method to determine the value of ecosystem services of the Begnas Watershed System. This study discovered that the economic benefit generated from the wetland was worth US 3.91 million per year, equivalent to US 650.67 per household and US$ 799.79 per hectare. The direct non-consumptive (recreational) service was the most beneficial service holding about 85% of the total value. This research study concludes that the Begnas Watershed System is economically beneficial for the local communities living in or close to the watershed and is worth the investment in lake restoration projects. This results from this study will serve as an important tool for policymakers and stakeholders during the formulation of management plans for the wetland's sustainability.

Public perception and preferences of small urban green infrastructures: A case study in Guangzhou, China

With the growing demand for small urban green infrastructures (UGIs), knowing the public perception of small UGIs is important for future urban planning and decision-making. This study focusing on three small UGIs (a green roof, green wall, and small green lane in Guangzhou) explored residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the maintenance of small UGIs and estimated their nonmarket value via travel cost method (TCM). Among 409 respondents from different neighborhoods, 80% were willing to pay for using and maintaining these UGIs. The aggregated annual WTP for investigated UGIs was approximately RMB 72.3 million per household, and the annual nonmarket value that the UGIs provided to human well-being was about RMB 74.5 million per household. Young respondents who might have lower incomes would like to pay more compared to elderly respondents. Among the five environmental issues investigated, people took air pollution as the most severe issue, and they preferred to pay more for air quality regulation services. To improve public understanding of small UGIs and their urban ecosystem services, education and publicity programs should be launched for various groups of people in the future. These findings will help city planners identify more effective designs for small UGIs, thus meeting societal preferences and demands.

The Valuation of Recreational Use of Wetlands and the Impact of the Economic Crisis.

The economic valuation of environmental resources is of great interest to society in general and to public managers in particular. It can promote more sustainable environmental policies, as it clearly shows the high economic value of natural resources. Thus, these valuation tools can provide useful evidence to support such policies by quantifying the economic value associated with the protection of such resources. However, there is an inherent difficulty in the implementation of methods to assess the economic valuation of environmental resources, mainly as a result of the absence of a market and hence a price that explains its social demand. However, both the travel cost method and the contingent valuation method used in this paper offer an approach to the economic values of the recreational services for wetlands. The aim is to analyze whether these values have been influenced by the economic crisis, so two time periods are compared separated for a decade. Results do not show an unequivocal influence between values in both periods, with different behaviors among natural areas, although with a certain tendency to increase in the decade being analyzed.

From farm to fork: Is food tourism a sustainable form of economic development?

Food tourism events have become a large focus for economic development in rural and regional areas. Tourism has been a key driver of food festivals, where they play a role in attracting visitors and generating expenditure in the local economy. While these types of events are generally badged as enhancing sustainability, the criteria and tests for these claims are rarely specified. In this paper we explore how the sustainability of food tourism festivals can be considered and evaluated in economic terms, using a case study of the Truffle Festival — Canberra Region in Australia. A zonal travel cost analysis was conducted to measure consumer surplus, providing potential inputs into individual economic welfare and public good evaluation tests. The results estimate that the event generated consumer surpluses of $754/person and more than $8 million overall in 2016, highlighting the importance of artisan food experiences for tourism events. To further implement food experiences as an economic development strategy further consideration and linkages with agriculture, environment and community are required to ensure they are sustainable.

Recreational Value of Coastal and Marine Ecosystems in India: A Macro Approach

Coastal and marine ecosystems offer a large number of services for human well-being, including recreation, which is evidenced by people's willingness to spend on leisure. Traditional categories of national income accounting such as income from service sectors like "Hotels and Restaurants" do not capture the net welfare (consumers' surplus) from recreation that can be attributed to the existence of the ecosystem. This article presents the first estimates of a country-wide recreational value regarding the consumers' surplus generated by coastal and marine ecosystems in India using the Zonal Travel Cost Method. We found that the recreational value from nine coastal states in India generated consumers' surplus to the extent of 0.9% of India's gross domestic product at market prices [Rs93,888.76 billion or US$5,863 billion purchasing power parities (PPP)] in 2012–2013 for domestic and foreign tourist (at 2012–2013 current prices). The consumers' surplus generated for visitors of domestic origin is estimated at Rs295 billion (US$18.4 billion) and for visitors from the rest of the world is Rs562 billion (US$35 billion). This highlights the importance of ecosystems and provides a framework to estimate recreational demand functions. It also provides a mechanism to create suitable state-specific tariffs on recreational services for financing coastal and marine conservation.

Dampak Ekonomi dan Strategi Pengembangan Wisata Danau Sentani di Kabupaten Jayapura

Economic Impacts and Development Strategies for Lake Sentani Tourism in Jayapura Regency
 Lake Sentani tourism is a type of natural tourism. Management of the natural tourism is in the form of collaboration between the local government and local communities by relying on the beauty and panorama of the nature. Aims of this study are (1) to estimate the economic value of Lake Sentani tourism which is expected to have an impact to the local economy and benefit the surrounding communities, and (2) to formulate effective strategies for managing the natural tourism. Data collection was conducted through field survey and interview. Data used were on tourist expenditure, labor, business income, number of tourists, and perceptions and preferences of stakeholders towards the development of Lake Sentani tourism. The sampling method used was the purposive sampling technique with a total sample of 133 persons. The method of analysis used were Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM), multiplier effect, and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Analysis results show that Lake Sentani tourism had a low economic impact on the local economy development and communities around the area with a value of Keynesian income multiplier of 0.93. In order to develop Lake Sentani tourism, the proposed strategy is ecologically based, supported by the role of local government stakeholder as regulator who are responsible for advancing the welfare of business people involved in all activities related to Lake Sentani tourism.

Travel cost analysis of an urban protected area and parks in Singapore: a mobile phone data application

Big data have the potential to improve nonmarket valuation, but their application has been scarce. To test this potential, we apply mobile phone data to the zonal travel cost method and measure recreational ecosystem services from Bukit Timah (representing an urban protected area) and Jurong Lake Gardens (an urban recreational park) in Singapore. The study results show that the annual recreational benefits of the recreational park (S$54,698,761 to S$66,805,454) outweighed the benefits of the protected area (S$6,947,974 to S$9,068,027). The count data structure reduced the flexibility of the mobile phone data application. Compared to survey data, however, mobile phone data could prevent random errors and visitor memory biases; monitor impacts of site quality changes over time; count visitors from multiple entrances; and be cost-efficient. Overall, these results highlight the potential of mobile phone data application to improve travel cost analysis.

The Role of Ecotourism in the Prespa National Park in Greece. Evidence from a Travel Cost Method and Hoteliers’ Perceptions

The Prespa National Park, is situated in a cross-border region in Greece, constitutes a protected ecosystem that provides very significant ecosystem services. In this region, ecotourism may constitute a powerful driving force for both environmental protection and local economic development. Therefore, future planning and management of this area should take under consideration its potential (eco)tourism benefits. However, as most of the recreation and leisure benefits cannot be directly captured by market valuation models, non-market valuation techniques should be applied to identify them. One of the most frequently used non-market valuation techniques to assess outdoor recreational services of specific sites (e.g. forests, protected areas, cultural heritage sites etc.) is the travel cost method (TCM). This methodology aims to relate the observed behavior of visitors to the total cost of their visit. In this paper, a hybrid travel cost model is developed and then applied to determine the individual recreational values and then to measure the total benefits of ecotourism in Prespa region. Then, in order to get a more comprehensive picture about the current and future role of ecotourism in this area, two surveys were implemented on local hotel owners by using both structured and semi-structured approaches.

여행비용법을 이용한 지역축제의 가치추정 : 제21회 단양 온달문화축제를 중심으로

여행비용법을 이용한 지역축제의 가치추정 : 제21회 단양 온달문화축제를 중심으로

Permintaan Ekowisata Bahari (Snorkeling dan Diving) dan Valuasi Sumber Daya Terumbu Karang di Taman Nasional Karimunjawa

Karimunjawa National Park was designated as a Marine National Park area since the enactment of Kepdirjen PHKA No. SK. 28/IV-SET/2012. The marine tourism utilization zone covers 2.45% of the total area of TNKJ. One of the great potential resources that is utilized in tourism utilization zone is coral reefs. Economic valuations of coral reefs are considered necessary as an approach to show the benefits of coral reef ecosystem management policy making and provide useful information for marine tourism development. Marine ecotourism activities in TNKJ are snorkeling and diving. To know the factors influencing marine ecotourism activity of TNKJ, the Travel Cost Method was used to presume the consumer surplus. This information is used as an input or consideration to manage the coral reef resources for marine ecotourism activity of TNKJ. Based on correlation and regression analysis, marine ecotourism demand is influenced by travel cost, age, education, income, gender, long trip, and distance. Marine snorkeling tourism are significantly (α=0,05) influenced by gender and duration of travel with coefficient values of -1,2325 and -0,1942. The demand model of snorkeling tours to travel cost is y = 11.831.242,4107x-7,8684 with consumer surplus of IDR94549/person. Diving marine tourism is significantly (α=0.05) influenced by travel cost, trip length, and distance with coefficient value of -1.23E-06, -0.0947, and 0.0033. The demand model to travel cost is y = 2.363.272,7634x-0,9236 with consumer surplus of IDR29254/person. Based on these results, marine ecotourism of snorkeling and diving of TNKJ has the potential to be developed in economic terms through the determination of entrance fee. Keywords: coral reefs, economic value, Karimunjawa National Park, marine ecotourism

VALUASI EKONOMI JASA LINGKUNGAN EKOSISTEM HUTAN TAMAN EDEN 100, DESA LUMBAN JULU, PARAPAT, SUMATERA UTARA

Eden 100 Forest Park is an ecotourism area that has the potential of natural resources that can be used as tourist attractions. Forest Park Eden 100 also provides environmental services such as hydrological forest services, forest services as carbon sinks, and forest services in producing timber and non-timber goods. This study aims to find out what environmental services are provided by the Eden 100 forest and to analyze the economic value of environmental services and the obstacles and challenges faced by managers in efforts to preserve forest ecosystems.
 The results showed that the Eden 100 Forest Park provides environmental services in the form of direct use environmental services, namely wood production with economic value of the economic value of wood production of Rp 7,822,633,800 and non-wood (fruits) of Rp 25,500,000, non-use value directly in the form of natural landscapes (ecotourism) whose value is calculated using the travel cost method (TCM) and a yield of Rp 1,164,181,800 is obtained, non-use value in the form of existence services whose economic value is calculated using the contingent valuation method (CVM) of Rp.60,158,120 , as a carbon sink value which is calculated using the allometric method, and a yield of Rp. 18,161,220,000 is obtained. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the total economic value of the Eden 100 Forest is Rp. 27,233,693,720. This proves that the existence of the Eden 100 forest is a very big economic benefit if its sustainability is maintained because it can absorb carbon which gives a great economic value. Efforts to manage and preserve Eden Forest Park 100 as a tourist attraction have been carried out in an integrated manner with the government, private sector and local communities, but need to be increased so that forests can provide environmental services in a sustainable manner.

Non-market Valuation of Tiya Megalithic World Cultural Heritage of Ethiopia, Application of Travel Cost and Contingent Valuation Methods

The main purpose of this study is to estimate the total economic value of Tiya megalithic world cultural heritage site using non-market valuation methods of Travel Cost Method (TCM) and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The study uses Individual Travel Cost Method to estimate the use value and the Double Bounded Contingent Valuation Method to investigate the mean Willingness to Pay for the nonuse value of the Tiya MWCH site. The truncated Poisson regression method (TPRM) was employed to derive the demand function for the use value of Tiya MWCH site and the bivariate probit model were used to estimate the nonuse value of Tiya MWCH site. The regression result showed that travel cost, monthly income, total travel time, sex, family size, household head, purpose of visit, membership in any environmental group and knowledge are important determinants of the recreational demand of the site. The result of the study also showed that the potential annual use value of the Tiya MWCH site was estimated to be 9,615,508.00 ETB per year and the nonuse value (one time contribution of community residents of Tiya town) of the site is 64,494.20 ETB. Finally, we recommend that to maintenances and maximize the benefits that can be derived from the Tiya MWCH site.

Economic potentials of the aesthetic world heritage sites in the south-west region of Bangladesh

Tourism is increasing at the same pace as the economic development of Bangladesh. The Sixty Dome Mosque and the Sundarbans are the two world heritage sites that have been the major sources of sightseeing for the last few decades. To identify the economic potentials of these two heritage sites, the study uses travel cost method (TCM) and contingent valuation method (CVM). Along with socio-economic elements, travelling habit and site-specific facilities also positively determine the extent of travel demand. Meanwhile, consumer surplus retrieved from TCM shows that the two sites can gain annual aggregate benefit worth US$ 193.51 million. In addition, the use-value estimation suggests that the two sites can elicit aggregate tourism benefit worth US$ 0.29 million annually based on the entry fee. Moreover, each of the tourists is willing to pay US$ 5.78 on an average if the site-centric facilities are upgraded in both sites. US$ 3803.44 million of national conservation value prioritises the preservation of the two sites. Therefore, a long-term preservation funding plan should be initiated beforehand.

Economic Valuation of Tourism Pasumpahan Island West Sumatera with Travel Cost Method

The research was conducted on Pasumpahan Island in Bungus Teluk Kabung Sub-district, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. The aim of this research was to: (1) Identify the visitor characteristics of Pasumpahan Island; (2) Measuring the amount of economic value obtained by Pasumpahan Island seen from the consumer surplus with the Individual Travel Cost Method. Respondents determined by accidental sampling method whit 40 respondents. The data were analyzed using multiple regression models. The research was conducted on Pasumpahan Island in Bungus Teluk Kabung Sub-district, Padang, West Sumatera. The demand based of Travel Cost Method was Y=8,258-1,103(X1)+1,479(X3)-0,598(X5)+0,241(X6) with r2=0,98; Y is the frekuensi of visits, X1 is travel cost, X2 education, X5 is miliage and X6 is gender. The accumulated of the consumer surplus can generate economic value of Pasumpahan Island. The value of consumer surplus Pasumpahan Island is equal to IDR.23.434.881,61 per year or IDR.3.691.532,58 per visit and economic value seen from the Travel Cost Mehod of IDR.103.946.582.269,63 per year.

Economic valuation of Blue Lagoon Tourism Village Widodomartani Sleman

Blue Lagoon Tourism Village is one of the developing tourism villages in Sleman Regency. Blue Lagoon Tourism Village has great potential to become an advanced tourism village when viewed from the aspect of attraction, accessibility, facilities, and ancillary services (4A). Research objectives are to calculate the economic valuation using the travel cost method and calculate bequest value of the Blue Lagoon Tourism Village. This research conducted by sequential explanatory technique that uses quantitative and qualitative methods in sequence. Assessment of the economic value of tourism activities in the Blue Lagoon analyzed using the Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM). Multiple linear regression tests were also conducted to obtain the value of regression function. Otherwise calculation of bequest value is carried out using the contingency valuation method (CVM) in the form of willingness to pay (WTP). Potential economic value of Blue Lagoon Tourism Village is IDR 6 019 052 924 yr–1, while actual economic income is IDR 1 802 827 450 or 23.05 % of economic potential. Bequest value of Blue Lagoon is IDR 610 521 783 yr–1 with 6.45 ha of area, so bequest value based on area is IDR 94 650 758.

Application of travel cost method to estimate tourism recreational value of Assam State Zoo cum Botanical Garden, Guwahati, Assam, India

Assam State Zoo cum Botanical Garden spreads across 175 hectares and attracts more than 0.50 million domestic tourists every year. Travel cost data for quantification of economic value of recreational services of the zoo was collected through direct interview of 324 visitors. Different socio-economic characteristics of tourists that influence individual consumer surplus were also recorded. Results show that average consumer surplus per tourist per visit accruing to domestic tourists was ₹672 and total annual recreational value of the zoo was ₹364.69 million (US$5.21 million) which is almost 20 times to the total revenue (₹18.49 million) earned by the zoo in a year. This clearly shows that revenue collected through entry fee is not reflecting the true economic value of recreational services of the zoo. The results of the study provide enough explanation for enhanced investment from government in the zoo to ensure continued flow of essential ecosystem service.

Appreciation of Economic Value of Natural Resources for Recreatıonal Purposes

Bu çalışmada Pamukkale Örenyeri’nin rekreasyonel amaçlı kullanılması durumunda ortaya çıkacak ekonomik değeri belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Pamukkale Örenyeri’ni Haziran 2016-Haziran 2017 tarihleri arasında ziyaret eden 584 ziyaretçiye anket uygulanmıştır. Bireysel seyahat maliyet yönteminde poisson regresyon ile negatif binomial regresyon analizleri kullanılmış, toplam tüketici rantı değerleri sırasıyla 33 milyar ₺ ve 37 milyar ₺ olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bölgesel seyahat maliyet yönteminde çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılmış, toplam tüketici rantı değeri 71 milyar ₺ olarak belirlenmiştir. Koşullu değerleme yönteminde ise lojistik regresyon analizi kullanılmış, toplam ödeme isteği 30 milyar ₺ olarak hesaplanmıştır. UNESCO Dünya Mirası Listesi’nde bulunan Pamukkale Örenyeri’nin rekreasyonel amaçlı kullanım değeri her iki yöntemle elde edilen sonuçlara göre yaklaşık olarak 30 milyar ₺ ile 71 milyar ₺ arasında değişmektedir.