Travel Companion Research Articles

Consuming Hart: Sublimity and Gay Poetics in "Suddenly Last Summer"

Of all Tennessee Williams's plays, few appear more straightforward in performance than Suddenly Last Summer.' This illusion of dramaturgical forthrightness stems, in large part, from the fact that the play is easily identified as an example of Gothic melodrama. Its very setting-an exotic, tropical garden within a Victorian Gothic mansion (9), looking like a well-groomed jungle (11)-establishes the familiar Gothic dialectics of overrefinement and wildness, fastidious artifice and dangerous nature that are common to the genre. The garden serves as the setting for a Gothic tale, as we are led to ask what did happen to Sebastian Venable in Cabeza de Lobo? and are rewarded with an exotic and sensational answer. The story is revealed to us through a familiar Gothic opposition-the rich, ruthless Violet Venable and her poor, victimized niece, Catharine Holly. Yet Suddenly Last Summer may well be Williams's most deceptive play, for underneath its neat surface oppositions and familiar Gothic conventions, it is as dense and difficult to interpret as any of his more overtly experimental works of the late 1960s and 1970s. For Suddenly Last Summer is not only this dramatist's most extensive exploration of the aesthetics of the Sublime, but also his recasting of Edmund Burke's concept of the Sublime, with all its heterosexual male assumptions, within a gay subjectivity. To accomplish this recasting, Williams superimposes two plot triangles, each manifesting a different treatment of the Sublime. In the first triangle, the play dramatizes the struggle of Violet and Catharine over Sebastian's posthumous reputation. This struggle comes to focus on Dr. Cucrowicz, who is put in the position to judge Catharine's account of Sebastian's last summer and death. In the second triangle, the play narrates as exposition the rivalry of Violet Venable and Catharine Holly for the role of travel companion to Sebastian Venable.

The Shelley-Byron conversation

While critics traditionally have seen Shelley and Byron as two irreconcilable opposites, separated by both temperament and philosophy, this study - informed by scholarship of the past 18 years, since Charles Robinson's landmark study - explores their six-year relationship and argues that it was more collaborative than contentious. Shelley and Byron first met at Lake Geneva, Switzerland, in 1816, brought together by Claire Clairmont (Mary Shelley's step-sister and the Shelley's travelling companion). two poets soon discovered that they shared radical political sympathies and a determination to abandon moral platitudes and religious cant. From the beginning it appears that they inspired each other and those around them. After this encounter Byron began a new phase in his development, Shelley embarked on a major work, and Mary Shelley completed Frankenstein. In 1818, the men came together again in Venice for their most important interaction. In the period of intense creativity that followed, both wrote their masterworks: Shelley composed Julian and Maddalo (a poem inspired by their discussions) and began writing Prometheus Unbound and Byron completed the first canto of Don Juan and all of Mazeppa. By analysing the echoes and allusions found in their writing, Brewer suggests that Shelley and Byron transformed each other's work. His discussion of Julian and Maddalo considers the conversational style each poet came to employ; his analysis of Cain shows how it reflects their mutual interest in Prometheanism and their fascination with the Devil; his examination of The Triumph of Life includes an appraisal of the influence of Goethe's Faust on both. In general, Brewer says, Shelley and Byron have not been given credit for their willingness to learn from each other. Their personal and literary dialogues ranged from discussions of their social-activist goals to their perceptions of the benighted and tragic state of humanity, shaping some of important achievements of the Romantic era.

Musculus comitans nervi mediani (M. palmaris profundus)

Palmaris profundus muscles were found in two cadavers during routine dissection of the upper limb. This rare muscle was found in two forms. In the first case, the muscle resembled a diminutive palmaris longus with the belly arising from the common flexor tendon. In the second case however, a reversed muscle with the belly emerging from beneath the transverse carpal ligament and its long thin tendon extended to and inserted in the common flexor tendon. The similarity therefore of these muscles to variable forms of palmaris longus is remarkable but they differed in one very important aspect from palmaris longus. The muscles are of special interest because, in both cases, the muscles were found enclosed in a common fascial sheath with the median nerve. These unusual muscles, in spite of mimicking palmaris longus, may perhaps, be better named "musculus comitans nervi mediani" to denote their very important relationship to the median nerve, that of being the intimate traveling companion of the median nerve through the forearm and into the hand by way of the carpal canal beneath the transverse carpal ligament. In one case, a well developed median artery was also found which also entered the carpal canal along with the median nerve and its muscular companion.

Sappho and the Making of Tennysonian Lyric

In 1830, on summer tour in southern France and Pyrenees, Alfred Tennyson wrote poem now known as in South. When Arthur Henry Hallam, Tennyson's travelling companion on that tour, sent copy of poem to their mutual friend W B. Donne, he included paragraph of critical commentary that has since become part of Tennyson studies-although, as I shall argue, in strangely halfacknowledged way. Hallam noted that poem was pendant to his [Tennyson's] former poem of Mariana, idea of both being expression of desolate loneliness; that southern Mariana required a greater lingering on outward circumstances, and less palpable transition of poet into Mariana's feelings; that this lingering on external was appropriate, for when object of poetic power happens to be an object of sensuous perception it is business of poetic language to paint; and that Tennyson's technique was sanctioned by the mighty models of art, left for worship of ages by Greeks, & those too rare specimens of Roman production which breathe Greek spirit. Hallam's commentary ends with comparison of Tennyson's poetry to the fragments of Sappho, in which I see much congeniality to Alfred's peculiar power.' What has come down in critical studies-as, for example, in great Ricks edition of Tennyson's poetry-is association of in South with Sappho's fragment 1:

キュルテペ文書中の結婚契約から見た女性の地位と結婚形態

This article deals with marriage contracts of Old Assyrian merchants and focusses on form analysis. Its contents can be summarized as follows:1. In his recent discussion of the Old Babylonian marriage, R. Westbrook has suggested that a marriage contract was in fact of “bethrothal contract”. The study of some Old Assyrian marriage contracts in combination with data in some letters and records shows that a similar interpretation is also helpful for the Old Assyrian period. Marriage procedures under the contract by which Old Assyrian traders took a woman as aššatum, “(first and main) wife”, can be distinguished in three stages: betrothal in childhood, engagement, and marriage. The woman in question was called aššatum as each stage.2. It is a well established fact that the community of Old Assyrian merchants also knew a “polygamous” marriage institution. It knew a formal marriage, sealed by a contract, with a woman designated as amtum who, however, was not a slave-girl owned by her husband or somebody else, as was the case in some Old Babylonian “polygamous” marriage contracts (cf. CH §146). Such amtum wives had a spacial legal status.3. The recently published marriage contract kt t/k 55=AKT 1 no. 77 which was indeed a contract of engagement since the final payment of šimu “prices” has not been done and “the face (of the bride) is (still) unveiled”, acquaints us with still another type of marriage. The bride most probably was a qadištum, whose contractual status seems to have belonged to some different category from that of an aššatum and an amtum. This contract reveals that the custom of “veiling” a woman in order to fix her status, known from the Middle Assyrian Laws, was already known in the old Assyrian period. The text also acquaints us with the possibility of a marriage with a woman designated as ša'itum, “(travel) companion”, who seems to have enjoyed a status of ‘lover’ different from that of the aššatum, the amtum and the qadištum.

The End of the “Final Solution”?: Nazi Plans to Ransom Jews in 1944

It first seemed to be a simple, if fantastic, deal: Blut gegen Waren, Jewish blood in exchange for goods. On 18 May 1944 two emissaries flew into Intanbul on special missions for high Nazi authorities. The first, Joel Brand of the Jewish Rescue Committee in Budapest, explained that he came with a proposal from Adolf Eichmann. If the Allies provided Nazi Germany with ten thousand trucks for use exclusively on the eastern front, as well as large quantities of tea, coffee, cocoa, soap, and assorted war materiel, Eichmann and Germany would spare the lives of approximately eight hundred thousand Jews then in German-occupied Hungary. But Brand's travel companion, Andrea Gyorgy (alias Bandi Grosz), a Jewish convert to Catholicism and a smuggler as well as agent for several intelligence services, claimed that he had a separate and more complicated mission: to contact Allied authorities and initiate peace negotiations between Nazi Germany and the West at the expense of the Soviet Union. After brief discussions with Jewish officials in Istanbul, Brand and Gyorgy separately crossed the border into British-held Syria, trying to reach Palestine. Suspicious of both men and both offers, British officials arrested them and sent them to intelligence headquarters in Cairo for extensive interrogation, which kept them out of action.

A guide to the archaeological sites of Israel, Egypt and North Africa

Designed as a supplementary travel companion and historical reference work, the guide provides an historical overview of this area, with an alphabetical listing of all major archaeological sites. Essays provide additional information about archaeologists, excavations and discoveries.

Emporiatrics The Study of Diseases in Travelers

This issue of the journal marks the introduction of a new column “Emporiatrics”: the study of diseases in travelers. The editorial board considers this an important aspect of the expanding role of the physician epidemiologist and the infection control practitioner. We plan to put the common issues into a perspective that will be useful for those who are frequently asked questions about the prevention and control of illness in travelers. We hope this will fill the current void and we invite your response in letters to the editor.How do you envision your ideal vacation? Relaxing on a sunny beach to watch the sun sparkle on the water? Treading ancient streets of living history? Hiking peacefully over hill and dale? Or are you more adventurous; the kind of person who would consider Indiana Jones an ideal traveling companion? The siren call of travel draws us and our patients to exotic places filled with excitement-and disease. Indeed, many of the epidemics that first gave birth to epidemiology are still in full swing in developing countries. To protect the traveler from illness and to minimize the importation of serious diseases, emporiatrics (from the Greek: emporos [one who goes on shipboard as a passenger] and iatrke [medicine]) has been developed.

Bernard of Besse: Praises of Blessed Francis (Liber de laudibus Beati Francisci)

BERNARD OF BESSE: PRAISES OF BLESSED FRANCIS (LIBER DE LAUDIBUS BEATI FRANCISCI) INTRODUCTION I Bernard's Life.1 The Chronica XXIV Generalium Ordinis Minorum (Chronicle of the XXIV Generals) completed in 1378, is the earliest source to mention Bernard, calling him "Bernard of Besse of the Province of Aquitaine."2 In the seventeenth century, Luke Wadding notes that Bernard was a member of the Franciscan Custody of Cahors of the Province of Aquitaine, and also was a travelling companion and secretary to the Minister General, St. Bonaventure (1257-1274).» It is difficult to determine exactly Bernard's place of origin. Sbaralea in his Castigatio lists several places in France as possibili1 This study and translation was made possible by a grant from the Younger Scholars Program of the National Endowment for the Humanities. The following abbreviations have been employed throughout: AF, Analecta Franciscana; AFH, Archivum Franciscanum Historicum; AP, Anonymous of Perugia, ed. Lorenzo di Fonzo, O.F.M. Conv., L'anonimo perugino tra Ie fonti francescane del sec. XIII (Roma: Ed. Miscellanea Francescana, 1972) 435-65, trans. Anonymous of Perugia by Eric Kahn in Damien Isabell, Workbook for Franciscan Studies (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1979); LM, St. Bonaventure, Legenda maior AF 10: 555-652, trans. Ewert Cousins, Bonaventure (New York: Paulist Press, 1978) 117-327; MF, Miscellanea Francescana; 1 CeI, Thomas of Celano, Vita prima s. Francisci, AF 10: 1-117, trans. Placid Hermann in Marion A. Habig (ed.) St. Francis of Assisi: Writings and Early Biographies: English Omnibus..., 4th rev. ed. (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1983) 225-356; 2 CeI, Thomas of Celano, Vita secunda s. Francisci, AF 10: 127-160, trans. Hermann in Habig, Omnibus, 357-543; 3 CeI, Thomas of Celano, Tractatus de miraculis beati Francisci, AF 10: 269-331, excerpts trans. Hermann in Omnibus, 545-54. 2 AF 3: 262. The Province of Aquitaine refers to the Franciscan Province. 3 Luke Wadding, Annales Minorum (Ad Claras Aquas [Quaracchi], 1931) 5:55 (references to Wadding indicate marginal numbers). A Franciscan custody is a subdivision of a province. 214DAVID AMICO ties.4 The most likely of these is "a town called Besse in the Province of Aquitaine," that probably corresponds to a present-day town called Besse in the Department of Puy de Dôme, part of the Aquitaine of earlier days. This town is very near Cahors, to which custody Bernard belonged, and it seems logical that he would have entered the Order near his place of origin. We know little of Bernard's early days in the Order. Jacques Cambell in his article on Bernard in the New Catholic Encyclopedia says that he was probably residing in the convent of Limoges in January, 1250, but he does not cite his source for this.8 We do know, however, that Bernard held a significant office in the Order as a secretary to the Minister General, St. Bonaventure, one of the most briUiant theologians of his day. That he had the confidence of St. Bonaventure speaks well both for Bernard's competence and his access to information concerning the history he narrates. Indeed, as SaUmbene remarks in his Chronicle, secretaries to the Minister General were known to be "intelligent, well-read, good speakers, excellent writers, good walkers to accompany the General on his visitations, and men of great authority.6 Bernard, therefore, must have possessed many of these characteristics. As secretary, he probably carried out the normal duties of the office, and in fact he himself says that he "travelled through parts of Germany and Flanders with the distinguished Minister General." Beyond this, though, we are not sure of any specific activities. The early sources do not give a date for Bernard's death, but modern scholars place it sometime between 1300 and 1304.7 II Bernard's Works. The Chronicle of the XXIV Generals lists all but one of the six works ascribed to Bernard of Besse.8 It notes, first of all, that Bernard "wrote a Chronicle"—sometimes called a 4 Joannes H. Sbaralea, Supplementum et castigatio ad scriptores trium Ordinum ed. Attilio Nardecchia (Rome, 1908) 2: 141-42. 8 Jacques Cambell, "Bernard of Besse," New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967). • Salimbene de Adam, Crónica ed. Giuseppe...

Pivotal Places and Books as Travel Companions from Lapland to Cádiz and Cork, A.D. 1982

Pivotal Places and Books as Travel Companions from Lapland to Cádiz and Cork, A.D. 1982

Palmerston's Letters to Laurence and Elizabeth Sulivan

Many thanks for your very kind letter of the 24th which I received on my return from the music meeting. I am very glad to find that our tour has answered to you as well as it has to me, and I am almost tempted to pay you the same compliment I did to Cholmely to whom I observed on our return from the Highlands, how glad I was that he went, as had he not been able to have gone, I could not have got any other companion. But however a real travelling companion is by no means easily found, and many are the pieces of live lumber who will fill one side of a chaise or curricle without the least pretensions to that appellation.

The Genesis of a Painting

The processes that enter into the making of a painting between the time of its initial conception and its completion are very complex, but little understood. I shall outline briefly my present approach to the making of a picture. Travel to distant places stimulates me and, particularly since 1967, I consider my camera not only a travel companion but a very useful artistic tool. Recently I took color photographs during a visit to the crypt in which are found the tombs of members of the Saadien dynasty (Fig. 1) in Marrakesh, Morocco. The architecture, the red ochre stucco walls with their inscribed Arabic script, the mosaics and the form of

Moses Montefiore on Thomas Hodgkin

To the Editor:— Dr. William Bean pays due homage to the memory of Dr. Thomas Hodgkin on the centenary of his death ( JAMA 196 :299, 1966; Arch Intern Med 177 :145, 1966). I recently discovered an equally deserved tribute by his devoted friend and grateful patient, Sir Moses Montefiore, who was his travel companion to the Orient when Dr. Hodgkin died. This appears in Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore edited by Dr. L. Loewe and published in Chicago in 1890. In volume 2, page 173, Sir Moses writes as follows: While at Jaffa I had frequently expressed my strong desire either to remain there with my lamented friend, to take him with me to Jerusalem, or to relinquish my journey thither, and return with him to Europe; but all my friends assured me that it would be most imprudent for Dr. Hodgkin to travel at that time, and

Current Practice in Orthopaedic Surgery 1963

The first thing which comes to mind on picking up a book of this sort is whether there is a need for such a publication. Does it really augment the current periodical literature in its field? In this present case, the answer is definitely, yes. Dr. Adams has assembled a group of ten papers, all of which are more satisfying than the usual journal article. The discussion by Allan of spina bifida cystica is especially interesting and timely. The publishers have produced an attractive small book, a good traveling companion, fitting easily into bag or briefcase. This volume deserves a wide distribution among orthopedic surgeons.

Franklin and Brownrigg

IN THE SPRING of 1772 Benjamin Franklin decided that he needed a change of scene after the arduous winter of negotiating with the proprietors of Pennsylvania and with the English government itself. Twice since his arrival fifteen years earlier, he had taken similar month-long trips through the British Isles, the first to Scotland in 1759 and the second to Ireland and Scotland in 1771;' and each time he had come back to London refreshed and ready to undertake again the onerous duties which he directed. from his rooms with Mrs. Stevenson in Craven Street. Accordingly, in this year 1772, he planned another journey of three weeks or a month; and, as on those other travels, he intended to go in the company of some fellow philosopher. The learned Sir John Pringle, a fellow member of the Royal Society, readily accepted an invitation to be Franklin's traveling companion and apparently suggested to Franklin that the two friends might well make a point of stopping at Ormathwaite, the seat of Dr. William Brownrigg near Keswick in Westmoreland County. At any rate, Sir John arranged certain preliminaries by writing to Dr. Brownrigg, who on June 12 sent to Franklin the following gracious and urgent invitation: