Trap Types Research Articles

A Partially Rated LC Trap Type AC Filter for Grid-Tied Voltage Source Converters

A Partially Rated LC Trap Type AC Filter for Grid-Tied Voltage Source Converters

Шлях зоолога Срібної доби: практики польової роботи, добування і колекціонування матеріалу

The article is an essay on the formation and development of professional zoological research in Ukraine, with a focus on the study of terrestrial vertebrates, especially mammals, in particular during long-distance and long-term expeditionary trips and under conditions of stationary field research at biological stations. The heyday of such research is equated to the well-known renaissance of cultural processes of the late 19th and first third of the 20th century, but in field zoology such processes continued throughout the second third of the 20th century. The key features of the zoologists and field zoology of the Silver Age were constant (in fact, year-round) route excursions around the vicinity of large cities or various types of biological stations, as well as long-distance wagon-type collective expeditions, constant presence in nature with a gun more than with any type of trap, high specialisation on objects that could be obtained by shooting and were not small-sized and generally traditional hunting targets, linking the objectives of expeditions to material collection more than to observations (and, in fact, feedback, i.e. justification of expedition goals by the needs of collections accumulation). Special attention is paid to the traditional methods and volumes of material collecting. The changes in the practices of large expeditions and the factors of their extinction are considered. In particular, the latter is associated not so much with the disappearance of the need for material as with changes in the tasks of its analysis and the emergence of alternative, primarily live methods of studying certain species, as well as a departure from paradigmatic guidelines for describing and analysing the biotic diversity of regions and revising the taxonomy of groups and studying species variability using traditional systems of features, criteria, and approaches. The article analyses the value of the samples collected during the Silver Age and the tasks, motives and sources of enriching modern collections after the loss of the classical system of mass collection of morphological material.

Evaluation of pheromone traps for bark beetles and their predators in pine forests in the Kharkiv region

Introduction
 Pine stands of many regions have been affected by outbreaks of bark beetles with the dominance of Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal, 1827) and Ips sexdentatus (B?rner, 1776). In many countries, pheromone traps are produced and used to monitor and suppress native and alien bark beetles. In Ukraine, pheromone traps for catching bark beetles are not produced. The effectiveness of various trap designs and the number of lures for pine bark beetles have not been previously studied in Ukraine. In 2023, within the framework of the FAO project TCP/RER/3801, State Specialized Forest Protection Enterprise ‘Kharkivlisozahyst’ received three types of pheromone traps produced by the Spanish company Sanidad agricola econex s.l. and pheromones intended for the capture of I. acuminatus and I. sexdentatus.
 The study aimed to compare the species composition and abundance of bark beetles and their predators by captures in the different pheromone trap-lure combinations.
 Materials and Methods
 The research was carried out in June – August 2023 in pure mature pine stands in the Vasishcheve subunit (State Specialized Forest Enterprise “Forests of Ukraine”, Branch “Zhovtneve Forestry”). Three types of pheromone traps were placed randomly in six locations of a homogeneous stand, the distance between which was about 50 meters. Type A traps (Funnel) contain 8 funnels, Type B traps are Theyson, and Type C traps are Crosstrap® mini. Depending on the experimental design, the traps contained blades with pheromones of Ips acuminatus or Ips sexdentatus. Blades for I. acuminatus contained 2 and 3 dispensers (commercial names 4C and 5C, respectively), and blades for I. sexdentatus contained 3 and 4 dispensers (commercial names 4C and 5C, respectively). In control treatments, respective traps (A, B, and C) were left empty (without blades). Trapping experiments were carried out from 20 June through 8 August 2023. Trapped insects were collected every 7 days, dried, and sorted. Bark beetles, longhorn beetles, and predators were identified at the species level, and some other insect groups at the family level at least.
 Results and Conclusions
 Five bark beetle species (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), five longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), five predator species from Histeridae, Cleridae, Nitidulidae, Monotomidae, and Tenebrionidae, as well as several species of Staphylinidae, Carabidae, and Elateridae were captured in traps of three types (A – Funnel; B – Theyson; C – Crosstrap® mini) with pheromones of Ips acuminatus and I. sexdentatus. Target species – Ips acuminatus and I. sexdentatus – accounted for 51% and 31% of all captured beetles, respectively. Their numbers, seasonal dynamics, and proportions depended on the trap type, pheromone, and blade. The highest number of I. acuminatus beetles was captured in Crosstrap® mini traps (C type), and that of I. sexdentatus was found in Theyson traps (type B). An increase in dispenser number provides more captures of I. acuminatus and has no significant influence on captures of I. sexdentatus. The number of Th. formicarius was the lowest in trap B (Theyson) and the highest in trap С (Crosstrap® mini). The number of Th. formicarius captured in traps A and C with the pheromone of I. acuminatus was higher than in the traps with the pheromone of I. sexdentatus. Differences in the captured Th. formicarius beetles in the traps with more dispensers with the pheromone of I. acuminatus are significant, whereas in the traps with the pheromone of I. sexdentatus they are nonsignificant.
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The accumulation characteristics and exploration potential of oil and gas in the back-arc basin of Japan under the background of high heat flow

The Sea of Japan is located in the southeast margin of Eurasia, in the triangle area of the western Pacific Ocean. Due to the interaction of the Pacific plate, Eurasian plate and Philippine plate, its tectonic environment is complex, forming a typical trench-arc-basin system. At present, 148 oil and gas fields have been discovered in Japan, with an oil and gas resource of 255.78×106 t, showing a good prospect for oil and gas exploration. Based on the previous research and the recently collected geological and geophysical data, the characteristics of tectonic-sedimentary evolution and geothermal field in the basins around the Sea of Japan are analyzed. The results show that the tectonic evolution of the basin is mainly controlled by plate subduction and back-arc oceanic crust expansion, and it mainly undergone four tectonic-sedimentary evolution stages: Subduction period, basin development period, subsidence period and compression deformation period. The overall heat flow value of Japan Sea is high, and it is distributed annularly along Yamato Ridge. The geothermal heat flow value is about 50–130 MW/m2, and the average heat flow is 75.9±19.8 MW/m2, which has a typical “hot basin”. The high heat flow background provides unique thermal evolution conditions for hydrocarbon generation, which leads to the high temperature and rapid evolution. The authors summarized as “early hydrocarbon generation, rapid maturity and shallow and narrow hydrocarbon generation window”. The type of oil and gas is mainly natural gas, and it mainly distributed in Neogene oil and gas reservoirs. The trap types are mainly structural traps, lithologic traps and composite traps. In addition, the pre-Neogene bedrock oil and gas reservoirs also show a good exploration prospect. The resource prospecting indicates that Niigata Basin, Ulleung Basin and kitakami Basin are the main target areas for future exploration and development.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.

A comparison of live versus kill pitfall traps to assess the diet of carabids through a metabarcoding approach

AbstractMetabarcoding approaches are powerful tools to unravel trophic relationships between predators and prey. To apply metabarcoding analyses on invertebrate gut contents, specimens must be well preserved from DNA degradation, thus the trapping method should be selected accordingly. Dry pitfall traps are commonly assumed to provide a better DNA preservation than traps that use a killing agent. However, this assumption has never been specifically tested for gut content analyses. In our study, we compared how two types of pitfall trapping, dry vs. with brine, affect the conservation of prey DNA contained in the digestive tract of predators and subsequent metabarcoding analyses. We placed dry and ‘classic’ pitfall traps in oilseed rape fields within an intensive agricultural area in the French Nouvelle‐Aquitaine region. Traps were set up in autumn and compared for carabid trapping efficiency as well as our capacity to retrieve dietary information from the digestive tract of the main carabid species, Nebria salina (Fairmaire & Laboulbène) and Calathus fuscipes (Goeze) (both Coleoptera: Carabidae). The PCR success rate was higher in dry pitfall traps compared to classic ones for N. salina. We hypothesise that this was due to the presence of PCR inhibitors in the gut of this species. The ability to sequence prey DNA did not differ between specimens caught in both trap types. The list of preyed species was similar between both trap types. However, sequencing yielded more prey operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from specimens caught in dry pitfall traps, leading to differences in prey community composition and a greater ability to reconstruct prey community. Our analyses also shed light on the prey spectrum of C. fuscipes and N. salina in oilseed rape in autumn.

Evaluation of pheromone lures, trap designs and placement heights for monitoring the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize fields of Kenya

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a damaging crop pest that has recently invaded and established across Africa from its native tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. To develop an improved monitoring system for the FAW, we evaluated five commercial sex pheromone lures (Shenzhen Bioglobal, FALLTRACK, Enlure, P061-Lure and PH-869-1PR), three trap types (delta, bucket, and water-pan) and six placement heights (ground level, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 m above the ground and 0.2 m above the crop canopy) in replicated field trials at representative maize growing agroecologies of Kenya. Water-pan traps baited with the lures PH-869-1PR and P061-Lure captured the highest number of moths, whereas delta traps captured the least number of moths regardless of the pheromone lure used. Water-pan traps baited with Enlure and FALLTRACK lures captured more non-target insects than traps baited with the other lures. Traps placed at 1.5 m and 2 m above the ground captured more FAW moths than traps at the other placement heights. Genetic studies revealed no discernible differences between lures in the proportions of FAW strains captured. We recommend PH-869-1PR baited water-pan and bucket traps at a placement height of 1.5 m above ground for monitoring the FAW in Kenya. Moreover, we discussed the merits and drawbacks of different pheromone lure and trap combinations, and placement heights.

The Diversity of Scarabaeid Beetles (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera) in The Lowland Rainforest Ecosystem of Sorong Nature Tourism Park, West Papua, Indonesia

Scarabaeid beetles have an essential role in forest ecosystems, such as nutrient recycling, seed dispersal, forest regeneration, controlling parasite, and reducing carbon emissions. Until now, there has been no publication on scarabaeid beetle diversity in the lowland rainforest ecosystem of Papua, Indonesia. This study aims to measure the diversity of scarabaeid beetles in the lowland rainforest ecosystem of Sorong Nature Tourisme Park (SNTP), West Papua, Indonesia. Determination of study sites used in this study was using the purposive sampling method in three habitat types i.e., rehabilitation zone, conservation zone, and protection zone using baited dung traps (type A, B, and C dung traps), light trap, and active sampling. The fresh cow and human feces baits were used for dung traps that was replaced every 24 hours (68 repetitions for 68 days) in each habitat. Results showed a total of 30 individuals belonging to 13 species of scarabaeid beetles were collected. Onthophagus has the highest species richness (5 species) and the low species richness were Aphodius sp., Anomala sp., and Adoretus sp. (1 species). The protection zone has the highest diversity index (H’=2.09), followed by the conservation zone (H’=2), and rehabilitation zone (H’=0.5). Based on trap type, dung trap collected the most beetle species (9 species), followed by light trap (6 species), and active sampling (2 species). Based on Pearson correlation, soil pH significantly correlated with beetle abundance. This study was the first report of scarabaeid beetles in the West Papua, Indonesia.

Contributions to the knowledge of Turkish saproxylic beetle fauna of Anatolian sweetgum forests

The aim of this study was to determine the saproxylic beetle species (Coleoptera) present in Anatolian sweetgum, Liquidambar orientalis Miller (Saxifragales: Altingiaceae) forests, to reveal the contribution of this endemic tree species to insect biodiversity. Beetles were sampled in two areas in Muğla province of Türkiye, where L. orientalis is the most widely distributed tree species. Five old trees (diameter at breast height 36.0-51.9 cm) were selected in each area and two trap types were used on each tree. Traps were set on March 13, 2021, and checked once a month for six months. At the end of the study, 1,302 individuals belonging to 108 species from 33 families were obtained. Fifteen beetle species were new records for the fauna of Türkiye. The families with most individuals were Curculionidae (555), Anobiidae (325) and Tenebrionidae (104). Families with the highest number of represented species were Anobiidae (15), Elateridae (13), Curculionidae (8) and Tenebrionidae (8). According to the IUCN Mediterranean Red List, Ectamenogonus montandoni (Buysson, 1889) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) is classified as endangered (EN) and Propomacrus bimucronatus (Pallas, 1781) (Coleoptera: Euchiridae) as vulnerable (VU).

Rancang Bangun Perangkap Tikus Jenis Falling Floor Trap Menggunakan Dengan Notifikasi Android Berbasis Mikrokontroler


 
 
 
 This Study aims to create a Falling Floor type of Rats Trap that can automatically catches and kills rats that enter the trap and then, it will send a notification to the user’s phone via telegram chat app also automatically set it back to steady state again once the times given to kill the rat is over by using a sensor while system is controlled by a microcontroller. The system consists several main components that construct the system, first Wemos D1 “a wifi connections ready microcontroller” that controls whole system, an ultrasonic sensor as the main input, it detects the range of the sensor from the rat that enter the trap, the exact range will be determined as the the right condition so that system says a rat is detected, servo motors that used as rat traps mechanic that move each exact part of rat traps, like moves the rat enter‘s door, moves the trap floor, and moves the fences insde the rat cage, and especially systems should be connected to an internet connection by the wemos D1, so that system can sends a notification to user’s phone if a rat caught by the system with overall success rate is 67%.
 
 
 

NiO:Cu+2 mesoporous nanoparticles with enhanced oxidative sonophotocatalytic performance for visible-light driven organic pollutants remediation

Mesoporous nickel oxide nanostructures were synthesized using a solvothermal method. and then doped with Cu2+ via high energy planetary ball milling technique. crystallinity, morphology, porosity, size, and composition of the nanoparticles were evaluated using XRD, BET, TEM, and EDX techniques. The as-prepared doped nanoparticles were used for the first time in the oxidative sonophotocatalytic removing of organic pollutants in low-frequency and low-energy ultrasound waves at room temperature in the presence of visible light. After 60 min of double irradiation (ultrasound + Visible light) in the presence of doped nanoparticles, more than 86 % of the pollutants were removed; reaching a constant rate of 0.0363 min−1. integration ultrasonic and visible light in the oxidative sonophotocatalytic remediation process resulted in a synergistic effect of about 72 %. Above all, the results showed the high reusability and stability of the doped nanoparticles in consecutive runs with minor fading in their sonophotocatalytic performance. To investigate the mechanism, the performance of the oxidative sonophotocatalytic removing process was examined by the addition of different types of trapping and enhancer agents. Finally, the generality of the process was evaluated by the remediation of commercially available antibiotics from water.

Evaluating trap and lure combinations using Biotraps and Lynfield traps for the surveillance of Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and other tephritids in southern New South Wales, Australia

Fruit fly surveillance remains essential for international and domestic trade. The dry cuelure baited Lynfield trap has been the Australian standard since the early 1990s. Here, we tested the two versions of Biotraps against the Lynfield traps in the Riverina area of New South Wales. The Biotraps using a protein gel performed significantly better in trapping Island fly and female Queensland fruit fly. Also, Biotraps were assessed as at least equal to or superior to Lynfield traps for trapping male Queensland fruit fly. However, the number of Newman fly trapped exhibited no significant difference between the two trap types in both time periods A and B. We discuss differences in trap architecture, toxicants and lures between the two traps, along with benefits for storage and transport.

Phytochemical screening and identification of metabolites by LC-ESI-IT-MS/MS and FIA-ESI- IT-MS of the hydroalcoholic extract of Annona exsucca DC leaves

This work studies the chemical composition of the leaves of the plant species Annona exsucca DC. Through phytochemical tests and analysis by high efficiency liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization source (LC-ESI-IT-MS/MS) and ion trap type analyzer in addition to direct infusion experiments (FIA-ESI- IT-MS) it was possible to determine the classes of secondary metabolites present in the leaves of this species and to characterize some of these substances, respectively. The results obtained with the phytochemical tests confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins and saponins. While the results obtained by mass spectrometry allowed the characterization of some alkaloids.

Below-ground pitfall traps for standardised monitoring of soil mesofauna: Design and comparison to Berlese/Tullgren funnels

Sampling of soil mesofauna has been traditionally carried out with Berlese/Tullgren extractions, a century old technique. However, sampling methods involving the extractions of soil are becoming increasingly difficult to implement and standardise due to the lack of commercially available equipment. Moreover, they are poorly suited to repeated sampling in the same locations and underestimate more mobile taxa.Below-ground (hypogean) pitfall trapping is a promising new technique that up to now was only attempted with bulky custom-manufactured tools. In the present work we test a cheap and easily deployable setup made using standard pipe fittings.The new design was compared across different environments with Berlese/Tullgren extractions in order to ascertain whether they produce similar species lists and detect the same environment-induced changes in communities. The two trap types were found to yield structurally different assemblages, with the new design producing significantly higher abundance and diversity of springtails and larger taxa. Beta-diversity profiles resulted however perfectly comparable, characterising the same pattern of dissimilarities. In addition, a new method is proposed to use the two sampling types in combination to estimate the dispersal of soil organisms.Below-ground pitfall traps have the potential to complement Berlese extractions for reliable and standardised monitoring of soil arthropods, thanks to their effectiveness, low cost and ease of operation.

Dielectrophoretic profiling of erythrocytes to study the impacts of metabolic stress, temperature, and storage duration utilizing a point-and-planar microdevice

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is widely utilized for trapping and sorting various types of cells, including live and dead cells and healthy and infected cells. This article focuses on the dielectric characterization of erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs) by quantifying DEP crossover frequency using a novel point-and-planar microwell device platform. Numerical simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics software demonstrate that the distribution of the DEP force is influenced by factors such as the shape of the point electrode, spacing between the point and planar electrodes, and the type of bioparticle being investigated. The dependency on electrode spacing is experimentally evaluated by analyzing the DEP crossover response of erythrocytes. Furthermore, the results are validated against the traditional electrical characterization technique called electrorotation, which typically requires laborious fabrication and operation using quadrupole electrodes. Other significant factors, including erythrocyte storage age and the changes in cell properties over time since collection, osmolarity, and temperature, are also assessed to determine the optimal conditions for erythrocyte characterization. The findings indicate a significant difference between fresh and stored erythrocyte samples (up to 4 days), highlighting the importance of maintaining an isotonic medium for cell storage.

Persisting roadblocks in arthropod monitoring using non-destructive metabarcoding from collection media of passive traps.

Broad-scale monitoring of arthropods is often carried out with passive traps (e.g., Malaise traps) that can collect thousands of specimens per sample. The identification of individual specimens requires time and taxonomic expertise, limiting the geographical and temporal scale of research and monitoring studies. DNA metabarcoding of bulk-sample homogenates has been found to be faster, efficient and reliable, but the destruction of samples prevents a posteriori validation of species occurrences and relative abundances. Non-destructive metabarcoding of DNA extracted from collection medium has been applied in a limited number of studies, but further tests of efficiency are required with different trap types and collection media to assess the consistency of the method. We quantified the detection rate of arthropod species when applying non-destructive DNA metabarcoding with a short (127-bp) fragment of mitochondrial COI on two combinations of passive traps and collection media: (1) water with monopropylene glycol (H2O-MPG) used in window-flight traps (WFT, 53 in total); (2) ethanol with monopropylene glycol (EtOH-MPG) used in Malaise traps (MT, 27 in total). We then compared our results with those obtained for the same samples using morphological identification (for WFTs) or destructive metabarcoding of bulk homogenate (for MTs). This comparison was applied as part of a larger study of arthropod species richness in silver fir (Abies alba Mill., 1759) stands across a range of climate-induced tree dieback levels and forest management strategies. Of the 53 H2O-MPG samples from WFTs, 16 produced no metabarcoding results, while the remaining 37 samples yielded 77 arthropod MOTUs in total, of which none matched any of the 343 beetle species morphologically identified from the same traps. Metabarcoding of 26 EtOH-MPG samples from MTs detected more arthropod MOTUs (233) than destructive metabarcoding of homogenate (146 MOTUs, 8 orders), of which 71 were shared MOTUs, though MOTU richness per trap was similar between treatments. While we acknowledge the failure of metabarcoding from WFT-derived collection medium (H2O-MPG), the treatment of EtOH-based Malaise trapping medium remains promising. We conclude however that DNA metabarcoding from collection medium still requires further methodological developments and cannot replace homogenate metabarcoding as an approach for arthropod monitoring. It can be used nonetheless as a complementary treatment when enhancing the detection of soft-bodied arthropods like spiders and Diptera.

Mass Trapping of Live Male Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae): Interaction between Trap Types and Period of Trapping

Mass trapping of insects involves the use of specific traps or devices that are designed to attract and capture a large number of adult insects, thereby reducing their population in the agricultural environment. This approach aims at disrupting the breeding cycle and proliferation of the target insect to minimize crop damage and economic losses. This study evaluated the efficiency of three trap types (Ecoman, Tephri, and Bucket funnel) and period of the day (morning, afternoon, and evening) in mass trapping of live male Bactrocera dorsalis and the survival of such catch over a period. The traps were deployed on selected trees following 3 × 3 factorial experiments. All the Bactrocera dorsalis caught in the traps were males. Ecoman traps caught the highest number of B. dorsalis in the mornings and evenings while Tephri traps caught the highest B. dorsalis in the afternoons. There was no significant difference in the survival of B. dorsalis in the three trap types after 24 hours. Correlation analysis showed that climatic factors played a significant role in trap catches. Bactrocera dorsalis caught in the evenings recorded higher percentage survival in all the three trap types than those caught during the morning and afternoon. The Ecoman trap was most efficient in trapping B. dorsalis. Hence, this study recommends the Ecoman trap for mass trapping live male B. dorsalis meant for further experiments such as irradiation studies.

Effectiveness of different types of traps of different heights against fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) on guava plants (Psidium guajava L.)

Fruit fly (Bactrocera spp.) is one of the main pest of guava so its presence needs to be controlled because it causes production to decrase up to 50%. Various control efforts can be caried out, including the use of color and scent traps. This research was carried out in Sei Mencirim Village February-April 2022. The method used a randomize group with 2 factors and 3 test, the first factor is the type of trap with 5 levels, namely control, yellow color trap, green color trap, guava fruit waste extract, and guava fruit flesh waste and the second factor is the height of the trap with 3 levels, namely trap heights of 1 m, 1.5 m, and 2 m. The result showed the number of imago populations of trapped fruit flies and heighest number of trapped male fruit flies in the green color type, for the heighest number of trapped female fruit flies in yellow color traps. At a trap height of 1.5 m, the number of fruit fly imago populations was shown and the highest number of fruit fly imago populations was shown and the heighest number of male and female fruit flies trapped.

Effectiveness of Seed Traps for Assessing Seed Rain in Periurban Grasslands

Landscape context plays an important role in plant community structuring, with selection pressure affecting dispersal ability. This is particularly true in cities, where land use heterogeneity and habitat fragmentation can affect plant dispersal patterns. Seed rain surveys are often used to study dispersal but involve a wide variety of methods and trap types and rarely address the urban context. This study aimed to (1) compare seed rain, especially of anemochorous seeds, in different spatial contexts in a periurban area in Angers (western France); and (2) compare seed rain captured using different trap types (funnel traps/sticky traps), trap heights, and shapes. Seven sites, each equipped with five replicates of funnel traps, were selected in a periurban area in the western part of Angers. Within one of these sites, ten types of traps (differing in trapping method, height, shape, degree of tilt, and area) were employed and their performance compared. The results show that trap height rather than trap type is responsible for differences in seed density and composition. Furthermore, the composition of collected seeds appears to be associated with surrounding land cover, in particular built areas, which has implications for urban ecology in terms of understanding the influence of landscape factors on plant dispersal.

Evaluating the efficiency of different sampling techniques to survey non-flying small mammals in the Amazon

AbstractSmall non-flying mammals represent 44% of Brazilian mammal species and have a wide range of habits and life-history strategies. This wide diversity requires different sampling methods in survey studies. We compared the efficiency of pitfall and live-traps in different vertical positions in relation to the alpha and beta diversity of small mammals in three forest fragments with different levels of conservation and in a continuous area in the southwestern Amazon, Acre state. Captures were carried out using a combination of pitfall traps and live-traps on the ground, understorey, and canopy. Taxonomic identification was performed by morphological and molecular analyses. Alpha diversity was evaluated using Hill numbers (q = 0 and q = 1). The turnover between different types of traps and different vertical strata (beta diversity) was analysed using permutation analysis of variance. Species richness between areas ranged from 6 to 21. The highest species richness was observed in ground traps, and the lowest species richness was observed in the canopy. Live-traps on the ground recorded a greater diversity in two areas. Pitfall traps recorded the greatest number of unique species in three areas. The different types of traps and the different vertical positions acted in a complementary way in the small mammal samplings. The turnover in relation to trap type and stratum indicated the formation of two significantly different groups: ground traps and aboveground traps. However, the use of canopy traps did not contribute significantly to an increase in the estimated species richness and diversity in three of the four localities.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Different Trap Types and Pheromones against Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Brown Marmorated Stink bug (BMSB) (Halyomorpha halys, Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) was first detected in Türkiye in 2017 and is an important invasive insect species worldwide. About 300 hosts have been identified for this pest until recently. Among the hosts of the pest in the Black Sea region, mainly hazelnuts, fruits and vegetables are included. This study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of different traps in 2020 and 2021 in a mandarin garden in the Kemalpaşa district of Artvin, one of the places where the pest was first transmitted to Türkiye. Small Funnel Trap (SFT), McPhail Funnel Trap (MPT), Multi-Funnel Trap (MFT), and Big Funnel Trap (BFT) and two different pheromones SMC and TRC were tested against H. halys. Each trap was tested with two different pheromones, and the trapping performances of different trap types were followed from the beginning of July to the end of October. The adults were counted every week in the traps. In the traps, it was determined that the most insect-attractive pheromone and trap type combination was TRC+BFT and that the least effective insect trapping type was the SMC+MPT combination. In general, it was determined that TRC, which is the most effective pheromone, also works effectively with BFT and MPT. It was determined that SMC pheromone formed a more effective combination with SFT. In addition, it is predicted that larger-scale designs of MPT will be more effective together with TRC, and SFT with SMC. In this study, it was determined that the performances of different types of traps and pheromones that can be used in the control and monitoring of BMSB vary up to 29 times, and the importance of the combination of pheromone and trap was revealed.