Transverse Position Research Articles

Uticaj distribucije veličine i zrelosti na neke fizičke i mehaničke osobine plodova voća Spondias mombin

The effect of size distribution and ripeness on some properties of Spondias mombin fruits was investigated in this study. The mean length of a ripe small, medium, and large Spondias mombin fruit is 27.3, 35.2, and 38.5 mm, respectively. Also, the width and thickness varied from 19.9 to 29.9 mm and 19.2 to 30.0 mm, respectively. In half-ripe fruits, the length, width, and thickness for small, medium, and large size distribution also varied from 28.2 to 38.7 mm; 20.9 to 28.9 mm and 19.6 to 28.7 mm, respectively. The length of the unripe small, medium, and large sized fruits was 28.1, 35.1, and 38.9 mm, respectively. The width and thickness increased from 21.8 to 29.2 mm and 20.6 to 29.2 mm, respectively. As the size increased from small to large, the moisture content increased in each case for the three conditions of ripeness. The sphericity and bulk density of the fruit increased with the sizes and ripeness of the fruits. The effect of size and degree of ripeness on physical properties was significant. An increase in size and change in orientation increased compressive strain, with the highest being 0.169 at the large size and longitudinal position. The highest compressive stress of the fruit was observed as 9.00 N/mm 2 when in a transverse position. The energy required for breaking the fruit was highest (2.5 J) in a longitudinal orientation. The effect of size, degree of ripeness, and orientation of the fruit on the compressive properties were significant.

Femoral artery collapse ratio as an indicator of chest compression quality during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a porcine cardiac arrest model

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality is crucial for improving patient survival rates after cardiac arrest. This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of femoral artery collapse ratio (systolic diameter/diastolic diameter ratio) measurement using M-mode ultrasound versus end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) for the assessment of high-quality CPR in a porcine cardiac arrest model. A total of 10 male mongrel pigs (age range, 16–20 weeks; weight, 45–50 kg) were used. After anesthesia, the carotid artery was dissected and exposed. The animals were instrumented with an arterial catheter in the exposed carotid artery to monitor arterial blood pressure. Cardiac arrest was induced by injecting potassium chloride (KCl, 40 equivalents of weight). The animals underwent chest compression using a mechanical device, and the chest compression depth and ETCO2 were measured using a defibrillator. To obtain hemodynamic information, two investigators performed an ultrasound examination on both femoral arteries. One examiner measured the femoral peak systolic velocity (PSV), while the other measured the diameters of the femoral artery (systolic diameter and diastolic diameter) in a transverse or longitudinal position using the M-mode of the linear ultrasound probe. As the compression depth increased, ETCO2, femoral artery diameter, collapse ratio (systolic diameter/diastolic diameter), and blood flow increased; however, PSV decreased. The ETCO2 and collapse ratio were positively correlated. The femoral artery collapse ratio, measured using the M-mode ultrasound, could be an alternative and simple method to evaluate high-quality CPR.

Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering with CLAS12 at Jefferson Lab

A key step toward a better understanding of the nucleon structure is the study of Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs). GPDs are the object of an intense effort of research since they convey an image of the nucleon structure where the longitudinal momentum and the transverse spatial position of the partons inside the nucleon are correlated. Moreover, GPDs give access, via Ji’s sum rule, to the contribution of the orbital angular momentum of the quarks to the nucleon spin, which is important to the understanding of the origins of the nucleon spin. Deeply Virtual Compton scattering (DVCS), the electroproduction of a real photon off the nucleon at the quark level, is the golden process directly interpretable in terms of GPDs of the nucleon. The GPDs are accessed in DVCS mainly through the measurements of single- or double- spin asymmetries. Combining measurements of asymmetries from DVCS experiments on both the neutron and the proton will allow us to perform the flavor separation of the u and d quarks GPDs via linear combinations of proton and neutron GPDs. This paper introduces recent DVCS measurements from the CLAS12 experiment at Jefferson Lab with the upgraded 11 GeV polarized electron beam. Details on the data analysis along with results on Beam Spin Asymmetries are presented.

SPIRITUAL APPROACH TO REDUCE ANXIETY IN PREGNANT MOTHER WITH LONG-STANDING BABY IN WANDANPURO VILLAGE: A CASE STUDY

Background: Pregnancy is a phase that causes many changes in a woman's life, from physical, psychological, hormonal, and social changes. Anxiety is a psychological manifestation that is commonly found in pregnant women. Pregnant women's anxiety because the baby lies transversely will increase the risk of umbilical cord prolapse during labor. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the spiritual approach to reduce anxiety in pregnant mother with long-standing baby in Wandanpuro village. Methods: The writing methodology uses the analytical method of nursing care with a descriptive design. The participants were pregnant women with anxiety due to the transverse position of the baby. History of previous deliveries: The client has usually given birth, with the baby being breech in the first delivery and coiling the umbilical cord in the second. The lack of socializing with the surrounding environment and husband involvement significantly causes anxiety, stress, and depression in pregnant women. The anxiety problem, in this case, was then followed up with nursing interventions according to the nurse's competence, namely an anxiety implementation strategy (SP) for clients and families in the form of spiritual activities. Result: The most preferred therapy and considered most effective by clients for overcoming the anxiety of spiritual activities are regular worship, namely praying five times a day and routine dhikr after every prayer. The factor of faith has a broad and robust influence on health. Conclusion: Spiritual support will form an adaptive coping mechanism for an event threatening the client's survival.

Relationship Knowledge Of Maternal Contracting Techniques With The Incidence Of Perineal Rupter At Kapas Health Center

Childbirth is a series of processes that end with the expulsion of the products of conception by the mother. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are more than 585,000 maternal deaths caused by complications of pregnancy and childbirth worldwide every year. Of the many who go through labor, not all of them experience tearing of the birth canal or perineal rupture. 1 in 4 women who experience perineum intact during labor. Due to the birth process, the perineum is widened by 170% from the transverse position (side to side) and 40-6-% in the vertical position (front to back) during the crowing process, so that there is a greater risk of perineal rupture. In Indonesia, out of a total of 1951 vaginal births, 1465 or 75% experienced perineal rupture, 158 or 8% received perineal sutures due to episiotomy and 566 or 29% experienced spontaneous tears. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the technique of straining in childbirth and the incidence of perineal rupture at the Kapasa Health Center The research method used was an analytic survey, using the Cross Sectional Study approach, which is a form of observational (non-experimental) study to find the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable by taking momentary measurements in the research conducted by analyzing the relationship between knowledge of Maternity Straining Techniques and Events Perineal Rupture at the Kapasa Health Center. The results showed that the level of knowledge was not good with the incidence of perineal rupture as many as 11 respondents (52.3%) and knowledge.

Indirect Spatial Mode Shape Identification of T-Girder Bridges Using Contact-Point Response of a Moving Test Vehicle: A Theoretical Study

Indirect bridge modal parameter identification using vehicle responses has been widely studied for two-dimensional bridge model, while rare work is devoted to the indirect identification of bridge spatial mode shape (BSMS). This paper proposes an effective procedure for BSMS identification of the widely used T-girder bridges, in which the closed-form solution is derived based on the vehicle contact-point response. The BSMS is identified using the bridge related components extracted from contact-point responses of a vehicle running at different transverse positions on the bridge. The detailed procedure for the identification of BSMS is introduced, and the feasibility of the method is analyzed numerically. To verify its applicability, the influences of some key factors in the vehicle–bridge system, such as the vehicle speed, the driving position, and the road surface roughness, on the identification results are analyzed. The effect of the bridge damage conditions on the BSMS identification is also investigated. The results show that the spatial mode shapes of T-girder bridges can be identified using the proposed method with high accuracy and efficiency.

Anisotropic spatial entanglement

The photon pairs generated through spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) possess strong correlations in their transverse position and momentum degrees of freedom. For such photon pairs, the transverse position correlation length depends on the crystal thickness and the pump wavelength. In contrast, the transverse momentum correlation length depends on the pump's beam waist and spatial coherence length. By controlling these parameters, it is possible to engineer spatial entanglement. Here, we utilize the circular asymmetry of the pump by using an elliptical-Gaussian beam to change the degree of entanglement in transverse directions, which we call anisotropic entanglement. We show the interrelation between the degree of anisotropic entanglement and the asymmetry in the beam width. In addition, we also show that for a highly asymmetric pump beam, the entanglement vanishes along the direction of the thinner beam width, while it remains intact in the direction of the broader beam width.

Vehicle Load Identification on Orthotropic Steel Box Beam Bridge Based on the Strain Response Area

With the development of the economy and the rapid increase in traffic volume, an overload phenomenon often occurs. This paper studied a vehicle load identification technique based on orthotropic bridge deck stress monitoring data. The strain responses on the lower edge of multiple U-ribs were collected under vehicles crossed the deck. Firstly, an index based on the cross-correlation function of strain response between different measurement points on the same U-rib was used to evaluate vehicle speed. Secondly, a cosine similarity index was proposed to locate the transverse position of the vehicle. Finally, the unknown vehicle load was identified on the basis of a calibrated strain response area matrix. The effectiveness and anti-noise performance of the proposed method were verified using numerical simulation. An experimental model was designed and some strain gauges were installed to measure the strain response, and the test was carried out to further verify the algorithm’s performance. Numerical and experimental results show that the proposed method could effectively identify the vehicle load with good anti-noise performance. Moreover, a calibration space was provided to guide practical engineering applications. The proposed method does not damage bridge decks, does not affect traffic, and is economical.

Electrically modulated cross-stream migration of a compound drop in micro-confined oscillatory flow

In this work, we present a means of controlling the cross-stream trajectory of a compound drop under the combined action of a transverse electric field and an oscillatory axial pressure gradient in a microfluidic channel. We bring out the decisive role of the flow pulsation in delaying the drop's attainment of a steady-state transverse position. With an enhancement in the frequency of oscillation, both the axial and transverse movement of the drop may be preferentially attenuated, with its dynamic traversal occurring in a locus offset to the central axis as precisely set in by the action of transverse electric forcing, to bring in exclusive controllability on the drop trajectory along with its eventual position of settlement. Moreover, our results also decipher that the value of the viscosity ratio between inner-to-outer droplet phases having less than unity delays the compound drop migration, whereas the converse enhances the same. In addition, we observe that a leaky dielectric compound drop having the electrical permittivity ratio of the inner-to-outer droplet phase surpassing their respective electrical conductivity ratio is not only capable of selectively altering the direction of the resulting drop trajectory from toward the channel centerline to away from the same but at the same time facilitates a precise settling of the same at an intermediate transverse location by harnessing the interplay of electrical and hydrodynamic shear. We further identify the key dimensionless parameters along with their desirable ranges accountable for the directional switching of the drop trajectory with high specificity. These findings open up novel perspectives of controllable maneuvering of the double emulsion system in a confined microenvironment bearing decisive implications in engineering and biology.

Effect of Autonomous Vehicles on Fatigue Life of Orthotropic Steel Decks

The fatigue life of orthotropic steel decks (OSDs) is significantly affected by vehicle loads, and the local stress response of OSDs is sensitive to the transverse position of vehicle loads. However, the presence of autonomous vehicles is likely to change the transverse distribution of vehicles within the lane, thereby affecting vehicle-induced fatigue damage to OSDs. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the potential effect of autonomous vehicles on the fatigue life of OSDs so that appropriate strategies can be implemented to control the transverse positions of autonomous vehicles passing the bridge deck. To this end, fatigue damages of several typical fatigue details in a conventional OSD (COSD) and a lightweight composite OSD (LWCD) induced by vehicle loads were calculated based on finite element analysis, and their fatigue lives were evaluated based on Miner's Rule, in which different transverse distribution patterns of autonomous vehicles and their proportions in the mixed traffic flow were considered. The results indicate that fatigue lives of both the COSD and the LWCD can be negatively affected by autonomous vehicles traveling across the bridge without any constraints on the transverse distribution, especially when their proportion in the mixed traffic flow exceeds 30%. Compared to the scenario without autonomous vehicles, the fatigue damage of most fatigue details in OSDs may increase by 51% to 210% in the most unfavorable case due to the presence of autonomous vehicles. Nevertheless, it is feasible to extend the fatigue life of OSDs by optimizing the transverse distribution of autonomous vehicles. Specifically, the fatigue life of most fatigue details in the COSD could be extended by more than 86% in the most favorable case when a bimodal Gaussian distribution is adopted as the transverse distribution pattern of autonomous vehicles. Moreover, both the negative and positive effects of autonomous vehicles on the fatigue life of the COSD are more significant than those of the LWCD in most cases. The results can provide references for the maintenance of OSDs under the action of autonomous vehicles.

Symplectic surfaces and bridge position

We give a new characterization of symplectic surfaces in \({\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}}^2\) via bridge trisections. Specifically, a minimal genus surface in \({\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}}^2\) is smoothly isotopic to a symplectic surface if and only if it is smoothly isotopic to a surface in transverse bridge position. We discuss several potential applications, including the classification of unit 2-knots, establishing the triviality of Gluck twists, the symplectic isotopy problem, Auroux’s proof that every symplectic 4-manifold is a branched cover over \({\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}}^2\), and the existence of Weinstein trisections. The proof exploits a well-known connection between symplectic surfaces and quasipositive factorizations of the full twist in the braid group.

Temperature, soot, and OH*/CH* chemiluminescence measurements of partially-premixed CO2-diluted propane flames on a linear Hencken burner

Recent studies highlight the need for further examination of partially-premixed diffusion flames with applications in modern burner configurations that increasingly rely on technologies such as flue gas recirculation and oxy-fuel combustion, which increase the CO 2 content in the combustion environment. The partially-premixed nature of the linear Hencken burner (LHB) offers a unique platform with many advantages over comparable slot-type or radially-symmetric burner configurations. In this work, partially-premixed laminar propane flames were examined under increasing CO 2 percentages (0 to 50% v ). Prosumer grade digital CMOS cameras were calibrated and used to determine two-dimensional, quantitative measurements of soot, temperature, and OH* and CH* chemiluminescence. Soot values were additionally supported via laser extinction measurements using a 532 nm continuous wavelength laser. The peak soot volume fraction was found to decrease from 318 ppbv for the pure propane case down to 37 ppbv for the 50% v CO 2 case, while the corresponding temperature decreased from 1876 K down to 1742 K. The data also suggested that soot maturity decreased in conjunction with overall concentration. The regions of peak OH* and CH* concentrations maintained their transverse positions as well as their relative positions with respect to one another for all flame conditions, though moved axial further away from the flame base with increasing CO 2 . Additionally, the peak OH* region remained closer to the central flame axis across all conditions, a result that is counter to other studies that examined CO 2 dilution in purely non-premixed flames. • 2D quantitative soot and temperature measurements of CO2 diluted partially-premixed propane flames. • Laser extinction measurements bolster 2D soot values. • Fuel dilution over 40%v CO2 starts to significantly lower soot maturity. • 2D quantitative chemiluminescence measurements of OH* and CH* in CO2 diluted partially-premixed propane flame. • Movement of peak chemiluminescent regions show significant differences versus premixed and dilution flames.

A one-time sampling method for the real-time measurement of bunch-by-bunch three-dimensional positions in storage rings

Bunch-by-bunch (BbB) technique, which allows accelerator physicists to monitor beam information on finer timescales, is an efficient tool for studying longitudinal and transverse beam dynamics. However, the real-time measurement in BbB technique can only monitor one beam parameter, thus focusing only on the longitudinal phase or transverse positions of bunches. Therefore, to solve this issue, we put forward a one-time sampling method (OSM) to evaluate the longitudinal phase and transverse positions of bunches simultaneously, taking as one way of the real-time measurement for BbB three-dimensional (3D) positions. And we carried out related experiments in Hefei Light Source II and Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. As a result, experiments show that OSM obtains 12 μm of x-direction resolution, 10 μm of y-direction resolution, 0.57 ps of z-direction resolution at Hefei Light Source II, and 10 μm of x-direction resolution, 10 μm of y-direction resolution, 0.35 ps of z-direction resolution at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. All these experimental results reveal that OSM is feasible to measure the BbB 3D positions.

Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering at Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order.

Deeply virtual Compton scattering gives access to the generalized parton distributions that encode the information on the transverse position of quarks and gluons in the proton with dependence on their longitudinal momentum. In anticipation of the high-precision experimental data in a broad kinematic range from the Electron-Ion Collider, we have calculated the two-loop, next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) deeply virtual Compton scattering coefficient functions associated with the dominant Compton form factors H and E at large energies. The NNLO correction to the imaginary part of H appears to be rather large, up to factor 2 at the input scale Q^{2}=4 GeV^{2} for simple generalized parton distribution models, due to a cancellation between quark and gluon contributions.

Study of the Heat Exhaust Coefficient of Lateral Smoke Exhaust in Tunnel Fires: The Effect of Tunnel Width and Transverse Position of the Fire Source

The tunnel width and the transverse fire’s position both impact the heat exhaust coefficient, which is a critical component of the lateral smoke exhaust in tunnel fires. In this research, the tunnel width and the transverse location of the fire source are varied to analyze the heat exhaust coefficient of lateral smoke exhaust. When tunnel width increases, there is a noticeable decrease in the longitudinal temperature of the entrained air and smoke layer in the fire plume. Furthermore, the heat exhaust coefficients are reduced. An increase in the distance between the exhaust vent and the fire source causes an increase in the proportion of hot smoke in the smoke exhaust mass flow, which increases the heat exhaust coefficient. A calculated heat exhaust coefficient was developed using the fire source’s location and the tunnel’s width as inputs, which agrees well with the simulation results. This method can predict the heat exhaust coefficient of the lateral smoke exhaust in tunnel fires. The findings of this study provide insight into how the tunnel width and the location of a transverse fire influence the heat exhaust coefficient.

Identification of Vehicle Loads on an Orthotropic Deck Steel Box Beam Bridge Based on Optimal Combined Strain Influence Lines

Vehicles are critical living loads to bridge structure; thus, identifying vehicle loads is very important for structural health monitoring and safety evaluations. This paper proposed a load identification method based on an optimal combined strain influence line. Firstly, two types of strain gauges were arranged at the lower edge of a deck to monitor the strain response when vehicles cross the deck. One type of sensor was installed at the lower edge of the deck between U-ribs to detect axle information, including the number of axles, wheelbase, and vehicle speed. The other type of sensor was set on the lower edge of U-ribs to identify the axle’s weight. Secondly, structural responses under the vehicle load with known weights across the bridge was used to identify the strain influence line by using least square method. Because the local mechanical characteristic of the deck was very prominent under the wheel load, the strain influence line was short and susceptible to the transverse position of the vehicle. An index of variation coefficient is proposed as the object function, and an optimal combined strain influence line was developed using a genetic algorithm to decrease the influence of the transverse position of the load. Finally, the unknown vehicle load can be identified based on a calibrated combined strain influence line. A numerical simulation and an experimental test were carried out to validate the effectiveness and anti-noise performance of the proposed method. The identified results showed that the proposed algorithm has good accuracy and anti-noise performance.

Does the face mask increase the impact of rapid maxillary expansion on sagittal airway dimensions?

Airway dimensions associated with the transversal and sagittal position of the maxilla are affected by orthodontic treatment. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and RME followed by face mask (FM) therapies on the airway space and investigate whether application of the FM increases the short-term and long- term impact of RME on sagittal airway dimensions. A total of 26 patients were divided into two groups. Group I included 14 adolescents treated with RME (3 males, 11 females; mean age: 12.2 11 ± 2.1 years), and Group II included 12 adolescents treated with RME followed by FM therapy (7 males, 5 females; mean age: 11.6 ± 1.3 years). Sagittal and vertical skeletal measurements, as well as ten linear cross-sectional airway measurements, were calculated from pretreatment, posttreatment, and postretention cephalometric radiographs. RME followed by FM resulted in a significant increase in the SNA angle, ANB angle, and Wits parameter by the forward movement of the maxillary bone. A significant increase in the vertical dimensions was also observed. Regarding the airway measurements in both groups, significant oropharyngeal increases were revealed, and these were maintained in the follow-up period. However, there were no other significant differences in the short-term and long-term results obtained for Groups I and II. The dimensions of the airway were significantly affected by both therapies. However, no additional effect of FM was observed.

Dystocic Labor and Adrenergic and Noradrenergic Neurotransmitters: A Morphological Experimental Study.

Authors investigated the catecholaminergic neurotransmitters (chNs) quantitative modifications in pregnant uterine Lower Uterine Segment (LUS) during prolonged labor (PL) with the fetus in an occiput-posterior position (OPP), in occiput transverse position (OTP) and in fetal head asynclitism, all diagnosed by Intrapartum Ultrasonography (IU). The chNs neurotransmitters, particularly adrenaline (or epinephrine-A) and noradrenaline (or norepinephrine-N), were evaluated in LUS fragments sampled during CS of 34 patients undergoing urgent cesarean section (CS) in PL, compared to chNs fibers in the LUS of 36 women submitted to elective CS. All results were statistically analyzed to understand the differences in neurotransmitters morphological analysis by scanning electronic microscopy examination (SEM). The LUS fragments analysis revealed a reduction of A and N fibers in LUS during PL, compared with the expression of A and N fibers in LUS during elective CS. The PL for OPP, the OTP and asynclitism, all positions causing dystocia in labor lead to a reduction in neurotransmitters in LUS, with a uterine vascularization modification and a reduction in the contractility of smooth uterine cells. The A and N neurotransmitters reduction observed in PL negatively interferes with uterine contraction during labor.

Compression-induced buckling of a semiflexible filament in two and three dimensions.

The ability of biomolecules to exert forces on their surroundings or resist compression from the environment is essential in a variety of biologically relevant contexts. For filaments in the low-temperature limit and under a constant compressive force, Euler buckling theory predicts a sudden transition from a compressed state to a bent state in these slender rods. In this paper, we use a mean-field theory to show that if a semiflexible chain is compressed at a finite temperature with a fixed end-to-end distance (permitting fluctuations in the compressive forces), it exhibits a continuous phase transition to a buckled state at a critical level of compression. We determine a quantitatively accurate prediction of the transverse position distribution function of the midpoint of the chain that indicates this transition. We find that the mean compressive forces are non-monotonic as the extension of the filament varies, consistent with the observation that strongly buckled filaments are less able to bear an external load. We also find that for the fixed extension (isometric) ensemble, the buckling transition does not coincide with the local minimum of the mean force (in contrast to Euler buckling). We also show that the theory is highly sensitive to fluctuations in length in two dimensions and the buckling transition can still be accurately recovered by accounting for those fluctuations. These predictions may be useful in understanding the behavior of filamentous biomolecules compressed by fluctuating forces, relevant in a variety of biological contexts.

Ultimate strength assessment of ship hull plate with multiple cracks under axial compression using artificial neural networks

Structural capability evaluation of ship hull plate subjected to multiple cracks damage is of profound importance for the inspection and maintenance programs of aged ships. In the current paper, ultimate strength of the ship plate with multiple cracks under axial compression is investigated by using nonlinear finite element method (FEM) and artificial neural network (ANN). Influences of orientation angles, lengths, longitudinal positions and transverse positions of the multiple cracks as well as the plate slenderness ratio on the strength characteristics are elaborated based on series of parametric analyses. According to the numerical results, the intricate behaviors of ultimate strength reduction are caused by the coupling effect of these influential factors. As the characteristics demonstrate high nonlinearity against the calculated parameters, ANN is applied to develop the empirical formulation for predicting the residual strength of ship plate with multiple cracks on the basis of 11850 numerical results. Additional independent database is used to validate the accuracy and applicability of the suggested approach.