Transverse Compression Research Articles

Wood as a hydrothermally stimulated shape-memory material: mechanisms of shape-memory effect and molecular assembly structure networks

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the shape-memory effect (SME) of wood (Populus x beijingensis W. Y. Hsu) and identify the net-points and switches in its molecular and morphological structures. During several cycles of deformation and subsequent recovery, a high shape recovery rate and ratio were maintained. The transverse compression tests of wet and dry wood reveal that the hydrothermal coupling stimulation can considerably reduce the strength of wood. The X-ray diffraction characterization of wood under hydrothermal stimulation shows that the role of network nodes in the SME of wood is influenced by temperature. The wavenumber shifting and changes in the intensity ratio of the characteristic Fourier transform infrared peaks showed that hydrogen bonds acted as switches for the water-stimulated shape-memory behavior. By taking into account viscoelastic relaxation, a kinetic model derived from nonequilibrium thermodynamic fluctuation theory was used to describe the shape recovery process. The effects of hydration on recovery kinetics, activation, and dynamic mechanical behaviors were also studied. To explain the shape-memory mechanism of wood under hydrothermal stimulation, a hybrid-structure network model based on a single three-dimensional switch network was proposed in this study.

Mechanical Modelling of the Strength and Stiffness of Circular Hollow Section Tube under Localised Transverse Compression and Tension

The component method is a powerful tool for designing and modelling steel beam-to-column connections. Its widespread use is ensured by several formulations currently included in Eurocode 3 part 1.8 for welded and bolted joints. However, the recent use of 3D Laser Cutting Technology (3D-LCT) in the construction market has enlarged the range of solutions, allowing the realisation of tubular columns with passing-through elements. Given the recent development, no design formulations are currently provided for this typology. At this moment, only a few research studies have developed to fill this knowledge gap. At the University of Salerno, since some years, research efforts are ongoing to characterise the flexural strength of connections between Circular Hollow Section columns and passing double-tee beams, suggesting methodologies to predict the behaviour of the resistance and stiffness of this typology and some of its elementary joint components. Within this framework, this paper aims to examine the strength and stiffness of one of the main components of this joint, which was never examined previously, that is the so-called tube under localised transverse tension/compression. Design formulations are derived from a parametric study carried out through numerical simulations of several geometric configurations.

Modification of the maxillary of children from 8 to 12 years after the use of Hyrax

Transverse compression or hypoplasia of the maxilla is a common problem in children, which could be treated at an early age; however, when left untreated during growth and development, it would cause alterations in the cranio-cervical maxillofacial region, evidenced in the esthetics and function of the stomatognathic system. Therefore, the adequate treatment is the expansion of the maxilla, for which there are several published methods, in this sense, the hyrax disjunctor has been proposed since the early 1800's with different criteria on benefits and risks. The objective was to establish the changes in the maxilla of children from 8 to 12 years of age after the use of Hyrax. The literature was selected through a search in the electronic databases: Pubmed, Lilacs, Google Scholar, Proquest, Web of Science, the search was restricted to articles published from January 2011 to January 2023 with the inclusion of all languages. The review yielded a total of 499 articles, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 articles were obtained and reviewed. The available literature revealed that the main changes that occur after the use of Hyrax in children aged 8 to 12 years with transverse compression of the maxilla are a significant increase in the intercanine width and intermolar width, followed by a debated expansion of the maxilla (bony separation of the maxillary bones), however, the authors recommend caution about these results because they do not present homogeneity in the sample and methodological rigor in several of the studies analyzed.

Numerical investigation on the ultimate strength behaviour and assessment of continuous hull plate under combined biaxial cyclic loads and lateral pressure

The ultimate strength of continuous hull plate under combined biaxial cyclic loads and lateral pressure is investigated in the present paper by using nonlinear finite element method. Geometric nonlinearity due to large deflection and material nonlinearity induced by kinematic hardening and isotropic hardening are both accounted for. A parametric study is designed and completed to examine the longitudinal ultimate compressive strength behaviours in the cycles on the basis of a large number of load-shortening curves. Effects of series of parameters especially the plate slenderness ratio, transverse cyclic compression, lateral pressure and cycle number are analyzed with details. It is found that the strength characteristic and collapse mode are highly affected by the coupling influence of the mentioned factors as well material behaviours. A dimensionless unified formulation as a function of the decisive factors is empirically proposed to accurately assess the ultimate strength of continuous hull plate in various cycles.

Dual thermal/electrical-driven compressive recovery behaviors of 3D braided shape memory composite tubes

3D braided shape memory composite (SMPC) tubes have great potential in designing smart structural components because of high inertia moment and near-net shape manufacturing. Here we developed a 3D braided carbon fiber reinforced shape memory polyurethane-based composite tube and investigated their thermal/electrical shape memory behaviors subjected to compression. The radial and axial compressive behaviors, thermally-electrically shape memory behaviors, and shape recovery forces of the SMPC tubes with different braiding angles were analyzed. The out-of-plane displacement and temperature field were obtained with 3D digital image correlation (DIC) and infrared thermography to characterize transverse compression deformation. We found that the 60° sample had the highest recovery force compared to the other braided angle samples, while the shape recovery speed was lower than small-angle samples. In the transverse compressive electro-thermal recovery test, the 30° sample reaches to glass transition temperature faster at the same voltage, and the 45° sample exhibits maximum shape recovery speed. The 3D braided SMPC tubes exhibited excellent electro-thermal shape memory behaviors and high recovery force, which were expected to extend the application of smart actuators.

Sensitivity of transverse Liquid Composite Moulding processing predictions to variations in constitutive data

Transverse Liquid Composite Moulding (LCM) processes for the impregnation of thick parts have been gaining interest recently. Simulations of transverse LCM processes require accurate input of constitutive data to make useful predictions; however, accurate constitutive data are not always available and the magnitudes of deviations due to interpolation and extrapolation errors are not entirely known. The international out-of-plane compressibility and permeability benchmark exercises have shown large variations in both quantities, for each participant, and between different participants. In this work, a simulation model of transverse impregnation and compression for LCM processes is utilised to study the sensitivity of processing predictions to variations in constitutive data resulting from different fitting techniques. It is shown through a case study on saturated permeability measurements that significantly different predictions of the flow rate during permeability measurements arise from relatively small differences in the constitutive data. This study demonstrates the importance of accurate measurement and modelling of the compaction stress gradient and permeability for input into simulations.

Effects of transverse compression on the structure and axial tensile properties of polyethylene: A molecular simulation study

This paper investigates the effects of transverse pressure on the structure and axial tensile properties of polyethylene (PE) crystals and fibril (i.e., defective crystal with chain ends) using all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The Hugoniot equation of state of the PE crystal is developed using both isotropic and anisotropic compression. To investigate the transverse pressure effects, both the crystal and fibrils models of length 0.02 to 0.2 micro-meter are subjected to axial tensile loading at different levels of transverse pressure from 0.0 to 20 GPa. The tensile stress-strain response and properties are predicted as functions of transverse pressure and fibril length. The MD predicted equation of state agrees well with theoretical Pastine's model and simulation captures orthorhombic to monoclinic phase transformation in anisotropic compression near 22 GPa hydrostatic pressure. Simulation results show that the transverse pressure significantly affects the tensile properties of PE especially for the fibril models by intensifying the inter-molecular interactions and changing the damage modes from chain end slippage to chain scission. In the presence of transverse pressure, the improvement in modulus is predicted to increase by 49% for crystal and 50%–73% for fibril, whereas the tensile strength is increased by 42% for crystal and 263%–600% for fibrils. These predictions provide insight into the response of PE subjected to high velocity impact where the PE structures experience multiaxial loadings at transverse pressure several orders of magnitude greater than the ambient pressure conditions.

The effect of partial delignification on the stress–strain relationship in transverse compression

Due to very significant improvements in the mechanical performance of solid wood, densification after partial or full delignification has received renewed attention. While studies predominantly focus on isolated cases, e.g., one wood species densified in one anatomical direction, systematic investigations of the effect of wood structure on the densification process are seldom performed. The present study compares the deformation patterns of one representative softwood (spruce) and hardwood (poplar), respectively, in transverse compression. In terms of variables, the native and partially delignified state, wet and dry conditions, and three different orientations of wood grain are considered. It shows that the structural inhomogeneity of spruce wood, with low-density earlywood and high-density latewood, governs its densification pattern and hinders defect-free densification. Contrarily, diffuse-porous poplar is structurally more homogeneous, which together with more efficient softening by delignification leads to favorable densification behavior. Overall, delignification led to a significant softening of both wood species in transverse compression, which greatly enhanced the softening effect of high wood moisture content.

LONGITUDINAL TRANSIENT VIBRATIONS OF A FINITE MOMENT ELASTIC ROD

Non-stationary longitudinal vibrations of a moment elastic rod of finite length are investigated. To describe the motion of the rod, the system of equations of the general model of moment elastic thin bodies is used without additional hypotheses. The equations of this model take into account longitudinal movements, changes in the angle of independent microrotation, as well as transverse compression of the rod. The rod material is assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic. The system of equations of motion is supplemented by physical relations that describe the relationship of displacements, changes in angles and transverse compression with forces. In contrast to classical models, in addition to normal forces, additional force factors arise in a moment rod. They are: additional moments, moment cutting forces, moments of moment stresses. Accordingly, in addition to the elastic constants of the material, additional physical parameters of the medium are taken into account, which are necessary when taking into account moment effects in the material. The conditions of generalized hinged support are used as boundary conditions at the ends of the rod. The initial conditions are assumed to be zero. To construct the solution, expansions of the desired functions and the external load into trigonometric Fourier series are used. Substituting these expansions into the original relations leads to a system of equations for the coefficients of time-dependent series. To solve it, the integral Laplace transform a in time is used. As a result, expressions for the required coefficients of expansion series in the image space are found. Each of these expressions is the sum of three products. The factors in these products are the Laplace images of the coefficients of the Fourier expansions for the load and for the influence functions. Influence functions are fundamental solutions (Green's functions) of the problem under study. The original coefficients of the series for the influence functions are found analytically using residues. The final expressions for the coefficients of the expansion series of solutions have the form of convolutions in time. The cores of these integral representations are the original coefficients of the series for the influence functions. As an example, the response of a moment elastic rod to the action of a non-stationary axial load is considered. The results obtained are illustrated graphically. The practical convergence of expansion series is estimated.

Conducting experimental studies of cement concrete pavement joints

To increase the life of roads in our Republic, several reforms are being carried out to operate roads with high strength and efficiently use available materials. Experience in constructing cement concrete roads shows that, over time, elevations of several millimeters can form between the slabs. The formation of disturbances hurts the longitudinal plane of the carriageway. It increases the driving resistance, makes the movement of vehicles uncomfortable, and causes the vehicles to oscillate. This increases the load on the roadway. Therefore, the study and development of recommendations for forming a shift between cement concrete paving slabs are relevant today. A study of negative changes (formation of steps) of the cement concrete pavement from dry-hot climatic conditions and over time in longitudinal, transverse compression, transverse expansion, floating, false, and working seams is presented. The results were obtained on 315320 km of highway A 380 “Guzor-Bukhara-Nukus-Beyneu” by measuring the heights and subsidence of the plates of transverse expansion joints with an electronic caliper and protractor. Using a mobile laboratory machine, “Ford Terrassa”, the longitudinal smoothness of the coating of this object was determined, and the results were obtained. Then a correlation plot of the effect of variation between plates (steps) on the smoothness of the coating (IRI) was plotted.

Influence of asymmetry of the hinged fixing for elongated ribs of plate-strip pliable to transversal shear deformations and compression on its deformability

Influence of asymmetry of the hinged fixing for elongated ribs of plate-strip pliable to transversal shear deformations and compression on its deformability

Tidal properties of D-dimensional Tangherlini black holes

This paper investigates tidal forces in multidimensional spherically symmetric spacetimes. We consider geodesic deviation equation in Schwarzschild-Tangherlini metric and its electrically charged analog. It was shown that for radial geodesics these equations can be solved explicitly as quadratures in spaces of any dimension. In the case of five, six and seven dimensional spaces, these solutions can be represented in terms of elliptic integrals. For spacetimes of higher dimension, we find the asymptotics of the solution. It was found that in the physical singularity vicinity tidal stretch along the radial direction is the stronger the greater the dimension of space. Whereas the tidal compression in transverse to radial directions, starting from a certain dimension, does not change in the main order. Also in the case of non-radial geodesics, the presence of black hole electric charge does not affect the force of transverse compression in the leading order. For non-radial geodesics with non-zero angular momentum, the local properties of solutions of geodesic deviation equations in the vicinity of a singularity are studied.

ANALYSIS OF MESOSTRUCTURE AND FRACTURE KINETICS OF ELEMENTS OF LATTICE COMPOSITE STRUCTURES UNDER TRANSVERSAL COMPRESSION USING STOCHASTIC FEA MICROMECHANICS

The paper analyses the mesostructure of the structural elements of lattice aircraft shells – ribs consisting of alternating layers of equal thickness and made from unidi-rectional CFRP and pure matrix material. In experimental studies, the elastic characteristics of unidirectional CFRP were obtained under three-point bending and transversal compression. As a result, the longitudinal modulus of elasticity of the layered composite turned out to be 101 GPa, and the shear modulus was 2.95 GPa. Numerical modeling of the meso- and micromechanics of the interaction of the noticed layers under transversal compression has been performed up to failure. The ANSYS FEA software (explicit and implicit formulations) was used. The regular and stochastic stacking of fibres in the cross section under compression is considered. The fiber diameters in the composite element were measured on thin sections using a Zeiss Axio Observer D1m digital microscope and were equal to 5.1 ± 0.8 µm. Layers with a fiber volume fraction of about 60 % alternate with layers of pure epoxy. It is proposed to use only the first principal stress in the matrix as a micromechanical criterion for failure under com-pression and tension. At the first stage of calculations, the problem of transversal compression of a cell with a regular laying of fibres was solved (the error in the value of the transversal modulus of elasticity was less than 2 %). At the second stage, an assessment was made of the strength and accumulation of microdamages under compression in a model of a layered structure with stochastic fibre stacking. The analysis of stress-strain state of a layered mesostructure under compression made it possible to explain the reason that the rib has a trans-verse strength twice lower than that of a homogeneous CFRP. The calculated values of the ultimate strength in transversal compression of a layered rib are in good agreement with the experimental ones.

Pressure induced by roll-down foam-earplugs on earcanal

Physical discomfort of earplug is a common complaint, so much so it jeopardizes the health and safety of workers, resulting in frequent noncompliance to proper wearing of earplugs. A pressing need thus arises to understand the underlying mechanics for the interaction of earplugs with earcanal walls. An idealized cylindrical geometry of earcanal is first treated with computational and analytical modeling to predict the pressure induced by roll-down cylindrical PVC foam earplugs. In order to predict representative pressure values and distribution, we estimated the hyperelastic properties of foam-based earplugs and characterized their behavior using a stent testing machine (J-CrimpTM machine) that mimics the radial compression of earplugs inside earcanals. Similarly, we estimated the hyperelastic properties of skin based on a simplified model consisting of a single hyperelastic layer. As a crosscheck of those found properties and the calibrated models, we validated them with literature and against a set of three experiments: (i) earplug expansion in a cylindrical holder, (ii) quasi-static uniaxial and (iii) transverse compression. We finally used those validated properties of the foam and skin to compute the pressure magnitude and distribution in an axisymmetric representation of earcanal as well as in a 3D realistic earcanal reconstructed from MRI images of a human subject.

Specified models in the problems of the deformation of multilayer plates on a rigid foundations

The analysis and estimation of the stress-strain state (SSS) of multilayered plates on a rigid foundation under the action of stationary transverse loading is an urgent task. As its includes the calculations of strength and deformability of various homogeneous and multilayer coatings. This is the calculation of pavement on relatively rigid bridge structures, or on a non-deformable underlying layer, protective multilayer coatings of flat elements of structures of greater rigidity than roofing, parts and more. Combining materials with isotropic and transversely isotropic physical characteristics into a multilayer package allows you to create multifunctional structures. The SSS of such structures, due to their structural heterogeneity and relatively low transverse stiffness of the individual layers, is significantly associated with the influence of transverse shear deformations and transverse compression deformations. Therefore, the problem of refined modeling of SSS plates, which would take into account these types of deformations, is urgent. Based on the decomposition of the SSS plate into flexural and unflexuralcomponents, it is proposed to optimize the design scheme of deformation of a rectangular multilayer plate on a rigid foundation. The essence of optimization is to consider such a calculation scheme of the plate, in which the SSS of the plate would be fully described by only one component, namely the unflexural component of SSS. To do this, instead of the actual design of the multilayer plate, which is deformed without separation from the foundation, it is proposed to consider the design scheme of the plate, which is formed by symmetrical completion relative to the contact surface of the plate with the foundation. In this case, the plate will be bilaterally symmetrically loaded relative to the middle surface of the plate, and the thickness of the plate will double. SSS plate will be unflexural, which greatly simplifies its modeling. For unflexural SSS, a two-dimensional, high-degree iterative approximation, but three-dimensional models of deformation of multilayer rectangular plate on a rigid foundation with isotropic and transverse-isotropic layers are constructed in an elastic formulation.That models takes full account deformationof transverseshearand transverse compression at transverse loading of a plate. By solving the test problems of deformation of isotropic and transversely isotropic plates on a rigid foundation with sliding and rigid contact with the foundation, and comparing the solutions with the exact three-dimensional solutions of these problems obtained by known methods, the accuracy of the proposed refined models is estimated.The limits of admissible parameters of elastic characteristics of transversely isotropic plates for application of the offered models are established.

Investigations on the influence of load width on web compression buckling strength of wide-flange steel members

A comprehensive study on web-compression buckling strength of wide-flange steel members subjected to concentric transverse loads spread over lengths longer than member section depth is presented in this paper. Calculation methodologies previously developed for web-compression-buckling strength of wide-flange steel members were established for use in beam-to-column moment connections, where the load width is relatively very narrow compared to the depth of the section, therefore does not include load width as a parameter in strength equations. More recently developed calculation procedures that account for load widths are typically limited to member section depth and are merely based on numerical models, and lack experimental evidence that validates these models. This study presents experimental research on steel wide-flange members subjected to transverse compression loading by having the load length as the primary variable. Experiments were conducted on specimens with measured imperfection levels and provided results on the buckling strength, displacement, and strain variation of the web portion during testing. The experimental program also investigated the potential of creep under sustained loading on web compression buckling strength of wide flange members at load levels near buckling strength. Benchmark numerical models using the finite element method were developed using the test results to obtain insights into the observed behavior and were employed in conducting numerical parametric studies to investigate the sensitivity of results due to load width and the angle of the applied load for various cross sections. The results obtained from the experimental and numerical studies were compared with the calculation methods provided in the North American and European design codes to evaluate their accuracy. The parametric study results were also used to develop an analytical calculation procedure for estimating the web-compression-buckling strength of steel wide-flange shapes subjected to vertical and inclined loading.

Analysis on the transverse compression performance of the CORC cable

The conductor on round core (CORC) cable is considered as one of the best candidate cables for next generation fusion project due to its advantages of high current density, small cabling degradation and excellent magnetic field performance. Nevertheless, the CORC cable will be affected by huge transverse compression force during production and transportation, especially during operation in fusion project, which is the main reason that the current-carrying capacity of CORC cable will be irreversible degradation. There is little research on the transverse compression performance of CORC cables at present, and the influence rules of some cable parameters on its transverse compression performance are not yet clear. Therefore, in this paper, transverse compression tests are carried out on CORC cables of different former sizes, materials, and structures. The experimental results show that the larger the cable former size, the better its transverse compression performance. The transverse compression load limit of hollow tube former cable is larger than that of solid bar former cable. The performance of stainless steel bar former cable is similar to that of copper bar former cable. The limit value of transverse compression load of copper hollow tube former cable is larger than that of stainless steel hollow tube former cable. A 3D finite element model is also established to explain the internal reasons for the differences of current-carrying capacity decrease tendency of different CORC cables. The research results can provide theoretical basis for the selection of former of CORC cable in the future. In addition, the influence of load block structure on the CORC cable’s transverse compression load limit is also studied in this paper. The results show that the arc block can significantly increase the transverse compression load limit of CORC cable. The research results can provide a basis for the selection of the structure of support former when making cable in conduit conductor and the structure of coil former when winding CORC coil magnet.

Large Stress-Gradient Creep Tests and Model Establishment for Red Sandstone Treated at High Temperatures

Red sandstone samples treated at high temperatures feature complex creep properties. Uniaxial compression tests and the incremental creep tests at different stress gradients were conducted on 10 red sandstone samples of the same specifications divided into five groups on an RLW-2000 triaxial servo rheometer in the laboratory. Relationships of the instantaneous strain and creep strain of red sandstone samples treated at high temperatures with the stress level were explored, and the creep properties and strength of the samples at different temperature gradients were investigated. In addition, the creep failure patterns and failure mechanism of the red sandstone samples were determined, and a creep constitutive model was established for the samples considering the effects of temperature. The conformity between test data and theoretical curves was discussed. Results show that as the stress increases, the instantaneous strain tends to decrease rapidly, slowly, then increase slowly; the creep strain tends to decrease, steadily increase, then increase substantially. At the same stress, as the stress gradient is doubled, the instantaneous strain decreases by 47.45%, and the creep strain decreases by 48.30%. For samples treated at 300~900 °C, the number of stress levels experienced gradually decreases; as the temperature increases, the creep failure strength of samples first increases, then decreases in an arcuate form, and the creep strain tends to decrease, increase, then increase rapidly. In the temperature range, the creep strain at the two stress gradients has a growing difference, with the maximum difference reaching 0.0134%; there is an inflection point at 300 °C in the creep failure strength of samples. At the same stress, the more the stress levels experienced, the lower the creep failure strength, and the temperature, creep failure strength, and creep strain can be characterized by a quadratic polynomial. At 300 °C, mineral particles in samples are sintered and cemented into chains, and there is a significant primary control plane, so the samples show oblique shear failure of a single primary control plane. At 600~900 °C, particles and blocks in samples begin to be sintered and flow, and the cemented chains are broken. Under the condition, the samples mainly show failure dominated by mixed and crossed primary and secondary control planes and crushing failure due to transverse compression. The established Burgers–Kelvin-Temperature (BKT) creep constitutive model is sensitive to changes in temperature; the theoretical curves are consistent with the test data.

Three-dimensional structure of freely-propagating flame prior to deflagration-to-detonation transition

The paper analyzes numerically the development of the freely expanding flame before the transition to detonation in three-dimensional space. The risks related to the transition to detonation in unconfined space arise at launch places and near-Earth space during rocket engine accidents. Clear and adequate models for such scenarios are in demand for the elaboration of safety measures. Here it is shown that the process of transition to detonation involves multidimensional effects related to the generation of compression waves and their amplification when interacting with the developing flame. The necessary conditions for deflagration-to-detonation transition are flame acceleration up to near-sonic speed and generation of transversal compression waves (propagating along the flame front). So, while the subsonic stage of flame acceleration can be successfully described by the quasi one-dimensional model supplemented by a known self-similar law of the flame area growth (folding factor), the model for the pre-detonation stage should take into account considered multidimensional effects. The presented results imply that there is no unambiguous relation between the transition to detonation and the folding factor.

Investigating the effect of transverse compressive loads on the electromagnetic performance of superconducting CORC® cables

High-temperature superconductor (Re)Ba2Cu3O x (ReBCO) conductor on round core cable (CORC®) has a large current carrying capacity for high field magnets. Lorentz forces acting on CORC conductors, cause a reduction of the critical current, or even permanent degradation of their performance when exceeding critical values. Transverse compressive stress is one of the principal mechanical stresses when CORC cables are bundled to cable-in-conduit conductors (CICC) conductors capable of operating at currents up to 100 kA in magnetic fields of up to 20 T. In this research, a mechanical-electromagnetic model is developed to study the effect of transverse compressive loads on the electromagnetic performance of CORC cables. A mechanical transverse load on the cable is implemented to simulate the electromagnetic force. A comparison of numerical simulations with experiments for a three-layer CORC cable is first performed to validate the model’s reliability, with particular attention to critical current reduction during the transverse compression process. A novel feature of this paper is that the model developed can analyze both mechanical response under transverse compressive loads and electromagnetic performance under applied AC magnetic fields with low amplitudes. On this basis, the model investigates the effects of winding parameters on the axial strain and critical current reduction of the ReBCO layer in a single-layer CORC cable. The numerical analysis shows that increasing the winding angle can reduce the axial strain and critical current reduction of the ReBCO layer in the contact area. Subsequently, a detailed comparative study is carried out studying the axial strain of the ReBCO layer in the non-contact area with and without taking the winding core into account. In addition, a sudden increase in the magnetization loss is explained when the transverse compressive load reaches a certain level. Finally, a six-layer CORC cable’s electromagnetic analysis is performed, and each tape layer’s critical current reduction is investigated and discussed. The comparison of magnetization loss and current density between six- and single-layer CORC cables in the no-strain case is also given. This finite element model can guide optimizing a cable design for specific application conditions.