Transverse Branch Research Articles

Vascular anatomy of the trochanteric region: a possible donor area for free perforator flaps

50 anatomical dissections on 30 fresh cadavers with blue dye coloration of the pedicle, angiography and vascular visualization by methyl methacrylate have been performed. The transverse branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) was found to be the dominant vessel to the trochanteric area. The length of the pedicle was always more than 6 cm and the caliber more than 2 mm. The main branch of the pedicle reaches the fat tissue as a large perforator vessel after leaving minor branches to the tensor fascia lata muscle (TFL). We believe that it is possible to raise the fat tissue of the trochanteric area as a lateral circumflex femoral perforator flap (LCFP-flap).

Blood supply of the greater trochanter after trochanterotomy.

The human vascular anatomy to the greater trochanter after a trochanterotomy (digastric, standard) was examined using injection techniques. Three major sources of blood supply to the greater trochanter were found: the proximal soft tissues, including the gluteus medius and minimus vascularized mainly from the internal iliac artery system; the distal soft tissues, including the vastus lateralis, vascularized from the descending branches of the lateral circumflex femoral artery; and a third possible source of blood circulation came from the transverse branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery. Many vascular structures from the lateral circumflex femoral artery were concentrated in the anterior half of the vastus lateralis muscle. Perfusion with a latex oxide mixture and angiography after trochanterotomy proves that by using a digastric trochanterotomy, the transverse and descending branches of the lateral circumflex femoral artery to the greater trochanter thus can be preserved. With a standard trochanterotomy, the supply from the transverse and descending branches of the lateral circumflex artery are lost. These results therefore suggest that a digastric trochanterotomy is superior to a standard trochanterotomy because the blood supply of the trochanter is preserved.

Stochastic Acceleration of Low‐Energy Electrons in Plasmas with Finite Temperature

This paper extends our earlier work on the acceleration of low-energy electrons by plasma turbulence to include the effects of finite temperature of the plasma. We consider the resonant interaction of thermal electrons with the whole transverse branch of plasma waves propagating along the magnetic field. We show that our earlier published results for acceleration of low-energy electrons can be applied to the case of finite temperature if a sufficient level of turbulence is present. From comparison of the acceleration rate of the thermal particles with the decay rate of the waves with which they interact, we determine the required energy density of the waves as a fraction of the magnetic energy density, so that a substantial fraction of the background plasma electrons can be accelerated. The dependence of this value on the plasma parameter alpha = omega_pe / Omega_e (the ratio of electron plasma frequency to electron gyrofrequency), plasma temperature, and turbulence spectral parameters is quantified. We show that the result is most sensitive to the plasma parameter alpha. We estimate the required level of total turbulence by calculating the level of turbulence required for the initial acceleration of thermal electrons and that required for further acceleration to higher energies.

Two-photon and three-photon spectroscopy of ZnO under uniaxial stress

Using two-photon excitation spectroscopy and three-photon difference frequency generation, resonances on the transverse and longitudinal polariton branches of the $A({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{5}),$ $B({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{5}),$ and $C({\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1})$ $1S$ excitons of ZnO are studied under uniaxial stress. Due to the small linewidth, shifts and splittings are clearly resolved and six deformation potentials are determined with high accuracy.

Anatomical Findings and Preservation of Transverse Sensory Branches of the Palmar Cutaneous Nerve during Carpal Tunnel Decompression

Of the possible complications following carpal tunnel release, one of the most distressing to the patient is a painful surgical scar. In this clinical study, 89 hands were examined at the time of surgery in order to identify the precise location, number and size of transverse sensory branches of the median palmar cutaneous nerve (PCN) and to preserve these during the procedure. Without the aid of operating microscope or loupes, a longitudinal interthenar incision was made, followed by careful splitting dissection of the subcutaneous fat. Transverse branches of the PCN, arising from the median nerve, were found in 85.4% of hands. Both median and ulnar nerve branches were found in 3.4% of hands, only ulnar nerve branches were found in 1.12% of hands and no branches were identified in 13.5% of hands. Multiple branches were found in 32.6% of cases. On average, these branches crossed the palm 1.5 cm from the distal wrist crease and were preserved 95% of the time without the use of operating microscope or loupes. Preservation of these small sensory nerves may prevent neuroma formation and, thereby, reduce the incidence of painful scars following carpal tunnel release.

The role of long-wave longitudinal phonons in kinetics of insulators

It is shown that long-wave longitudinal phonons considerably affect heat transfer in most of existing crystals in spite of symmetry degeneracy of transverse vibrational branches. This is because of close values of phase velocity of transverse phonon modes in these crystals. Such effects are most pronounced in phonon hydrodynamics and in the propagation of second sound. It is shown that the thermal conductivity of bulk samples is a nonmonotonic function of the parameter characterizing the difference between the velocities of transverse modes.

A contribution by the ascending pharyngeal artery to the arterial supply of the odontoid process of the axis vertebra

The origin of transverse arterial branches that contribute to the arterial supply of the odontoid process (dens axis) is not clear. Dissections were performed on 20 injected fetal and adult human cranio-cervical junctions to demonstrate the origin of the arteries that contribute feeding branches to the arteries supplying the neck of the odontoid process. At its termination near the anterior arch of the atlas, the ascending pharyngeal artery gave off transverse branches that anastomosed with the anterior ascending arteries to the odontoid process. It also gave off a branch that traversed the hypoglossal canal and anastomosed with the posterior ascending artery. A small branch linked the posterior ascending artery to the first transverse branch. This investigation complements previous work on the arterial supply to the odontoid process. Clin. Anat. 10:14–18, 1997 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

A contribution by the ascending pharyngeal artery to the arterial supply of the odontoid process of the axis vertebra.

The origin of transverse arterial branches that contribute to the arterial supply of the odontoid process (dens axis) is not clear. Dissections were performed on 20 injected fetal and adult human cranio-cervical junctions to demonstrate the origin of the arteries that contribute feeding branches to the arteries supplying the neck of the odontoid process. At its termination near the anterior arch of the atlas, the ascending pharyngeal artery gave off transverse branches that anastomosed with the anterior ascending arteries to the odontoid process. It also gave off a branch that traversed the hypoglossal canal and anastomosed with the posterior ascending artery. A small branch linked the posterior ascending artery to the first transverse branch. This investigation complements previous work on the arterial supply to the odontoid process.

Anatomical findings and preservation of transverse sensory branches of the palmar cutaneous nerve during carpal tunnel decompression

Of the possible complications following carpal tunnel release, one of the most distressing to the patient is a painful surgical scar. In this clinical study, 89 hands were examined at the time of s...

Quantum optics of plasmon polaritons and velocity sum rules.

We demonstrate that the reciprocal-space Hamiltonian method for quantizing the electromagnetic fields in a dispersive dielectric medium leads to inconsistencies when applied to the cases of plasmon polaritons and coupled phonon-plasmon polaritons. In particular, we show that the use of the standard expressions for the dielectric functions in these two cases leads to the violation of the Huttner-Barnett velocity-ratio sum rule and, hence, to the breakdown of the equal-time canonical field commutation relations. We show that correct behavior is recoverable after the dielectric functions are appropriately regularized. Regularization effectively leads in each case to the introduction of an additional transverse low-frequency polariton branch. This is sufficient to rectify the theory and there is no need to invoke the presence of the longitudinal modes. The theory is illustrated with reference to the coupled phonon-plasmon polaritons of Si-doped GaAs. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

Martensitic phase transformation and lattice dynamics of fcc cobalt.

The phonon dispersion of the high-temperature fcc phase of pure cobalt has been measured by inelastic neutron scattering at 833 K. Transverse phonon branches were measured above and below the Martensitic hcp-fcc transformation in order to learn about an influence of lattice dynamics, if any. No new anomalies could be observed, except those confirming an anomalous decrease of the ${c}_{44}$ (hcp) shear constant when approaching the transformation from below and those confirming a transverse $T{[00\ensuremath{\xi}]}_{\mathrm{hcp}}$ and $T{[\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\xi}]}_{\mathrm{fcc}}$ branch of relative low energy. The small shear constant and results from an analysis of elastic diffuse and Bragg data can be understood in the framework of a dislocation-driven transformation mechanism proposed by Seeger.

An evaluation of staging of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography: Fluorodeoxyglucose imaging modalities and clinical examination

Ischaemic flap complications can be a problem following harvest of the latissimus dorsi (LD) musculocutaneous flap or thoracodorsal artery perforator (TAP) flap. We investigate the reliable locations of the perforators of the thoracodorsal artery.Twenty latissimus dorsi flaps harvested from cadavers were used in the study. In fifteen flaps the thoracodorsal artery was injected with coloured latex, and the locations of perforators were recorded. In five flaps perfusion of the skin paddle was evaluated using 3D CT angiography following injection of the thoracodorsal artery with a barium sulphate/gelatin mixture.At least one perforator originating from the descending branch of the thoracodorsal artery was found in all specimens, whereas no perforators from the transverse branch were found in 33% of flaps. At least one perforator originating from the descending branch in all flaps was found between 9.5 and 15.4 cm from the posterior axillary fold, within 4.3 cm of the lateral border of the latissimus muscle. 58% of all perforators from the descending branch, and 39% of all perforators from the thoracodorsal artery were found in this region. CT scanning of the hemiback flaps demonstrated contrast in the superior two-thirds. Perfusion of the skin paddles in three locations was demonstrated- superior transverse (bra strap), vertical and lower transverse.Thoracodorsal artery perforators could be found within a reliable region. Positioning of the TAP flap skin paddle over this region will maximise the chances of including a perforator and may reduce the risk of ischaemia. For a musculocutaneous LD flap, the skin paddle can be in any of the 3 popular locations, i.e. upper transverse, vertical and lower transverse, as they were shown to be well vascularised.

Anterior approaches to the clivus

Ischaemic flap complications can be a problem following harvest of the latissimus dorsi (LD) musculocutaneous flap or thoracodorsal artery perforator (TAP) flap. We investigate the reliable locations of the perforators of the thoracodorsal artery.Twenty latissimus dorsi flaps harvested from cadavers were used in the study. In fifteen flaps the thoracodorsal artery was injected with coloured latex, and the locations of perforators were recorded. In five flaps perfusion of the skin paddle was evaluated using 3D CT angiography following injection of the thoracodorsal artery with a barium sulphate/gelatin mixture.At least one perforator originating from the descending branch of the thoracodorsal artery was found in all specimens, whereas no perforators from the transverse branch were found in 33% of flaps. At least one perforator originating from the descending branch in all flaps was found between 9.5 and 15.4 cm from the posterior axillary fold, within 4.3 cm of the lateral border of the latissimus muscle. 58% of all perforators from the descending branch, and 39% of all perforators from the thoracodorsal artery were found in this region. CT scanning of the hemiback flaps demonstrated contrast in the superior two-thirds. Perfusion of the skin paddles in three locations was demonstrated- superior transverse (bra strap), vertical and lower transverse.Thoracodorsal artery perforators could be found within a reliable region. Positioning of the TAP flap skin paddle over this region will maximise the chances of including a perforator and may reduce the risk of ischaemia. For a musculocutaneous LD flap, the skin paddle can be in any of the 3 popular locations, i.e. upper transverse, vertical and lower transverse, as they were shown to be well vascularised.

Phonons in Glasses: Numerical Simulations and Phenomenological Theory.

The phonon spectrum $\ensuremath{\omega}(k)$ of a model glass is investigated by classical molecular dynamics. While the longitudinal branch looks like one of a crystal, the transverse branch saturates at an almost $k$-independent characteristic frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$, which tends to zero at the glass transition temperature. These results confirm an earlier picture in which a glass is a solid containing liquid ``pockets'' of finite sizes. For $\ensuremath{\omega}>{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$, the transverse phonons are absorbed by the resonant modes of the finite clusters, the latter being responsible for the ``boson peak.''

Inelastic neutron scattering from single crystal Zn under high pressure.

Inelastic neutron-scattering experiments have been performed for single crystals of Zn under pressures up to 8.8 GPa at 300 K. The phonon modes q/${\mathit{q}}_{\mathrm{max}}$=\ensuremath{\xi}=0.075 and \ensuremath{\xi}=0.10 were measured in the transverse acoustic branch ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{3}$, where q=0 corresponds with the elastic constant ${\mathit{C}}_{44}$. The phonon energy showed a substantial hardening with increasing pressure. The experimental data below 6.8 GPa for \ensuremath{\xi}=0.075 yield a constant Gr\"uneisen mode ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathit{i}}$=-ln${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{i}}$/lnV of 2.25 in good agreement with a previous calculation [H. Ledbetter, Phys. Status Solidi B 181, 81 (1994)]. Above 6.8 GPa, there is a very rapid increase of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathit{i}}$ which is indicative of the presence of a giant Kohn anomaly. This rapid divergence at high pressure indicates that a phonon softening may occur at pressures higher than 8.8 GPa caused by the collapse of the giant Kohn anomaly via an electronic topological transition (ETT). In an earlier M\"ossbauer Zn study at 4 K [W. Potzel et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1139 (1994)], a drastic drop of the Lamb-M\"ossbauer factor was observed at 6.6 GPa, which was interpreted as being due to phonon softening, indicating this ETT had occurred. This paper also compares the compressibility data for single crystal Zn and Zn powder using neutron scattering. The results were found to be similar to an earlier x-ray Zn powder experiment [O. Schulte et al., High Pressure Res. 6, 169 (1991)]. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

Study of the arterial pattern of the rectum and its clinical application.

The purpose of this communication was to study rectal arterial supply in order to characterize its various patterns and use them to help avoid rectal ischemic complications and, in addition, to explain some of the unknown rectal pathologic conditions. Thirty-two cadavers were studied. The pelvic organs were eviscerated. The rectal arteries were examined by direct dissection in 12 specimens and after injecting the inferior mesenteric artery with barium sulfate in 20 specimens. The superior rectal artery (SRA) and vein were found to be enclosed in a fibrous sheath which was connected to the posterior rectal surface by an anterior mesorectum containing the "transverse rectal branches', and to the sacrum by an avascular posterior mesorectum. Small lymph nodes were scattered alongside the anterior mesorectum. The SRA gave rise to 4 branches: transverse rectal, descending rectal, rectosigmoid and terminal. The transverse rectal arteries arose from the SRA in 24 specimens and from the descending rectal artery in 8. They were distributed to the upper half of the rectum. The rectosigmoid artery was distributed to the descending limb of the sigmoid colon and rectosigmoid junction. We found 2 terminal branches in 21/32 cadavers and 3 in 11/32. They communicated in the lower half of the rectum. The inferior rectal arteries were present in all the dissected cadavers while the middle rectal arteries could be identified in only 50% of the cadavers. Two arterial patterns were recognized: annular in the upper rectal half provided by the transverse rectal arteries and plexiform in the lower half supplied by the SRA terminal branches.

Calculation of third-sound velocities for superfluid4He films with3He impurities

The velocities of third sound in superfluid4He films containing submonolayer densities of3He are calculated from the variation of film height with the concentration of3He. The present model assumes that the population of the first-excited, transverse, surface state of the3He impurities directly increases the height of the film because these atoms are preferentially found within the film rather than on the surface. The relative populations of the ground-state and the first excited-state are calculated from a many-body, mean-field theory which takes account of the first two transverse branches of the spectra of the states. Intermolecular and one-ripplon exchange interactions are included. Graphs of the variation of third-sound velocity with3He density are given.

Changes of phonon dispersion in graphite at high pressure

Abstract Lattice dynamics of graphite at high pressures is studied by inelastic scattering of neutrons using anvils technique. Pressure dependence of frequencies for hexagonal-axis-polarized phonons in the strongly anisotropic layered crystal lattice of graphite has been measured up to 60 kbar. It is shown that the pressure effect, resulting in a contraction of interlayer distances, gives rise to a monotonous hardening of the measured frequencies. An investigated longitudinal acoustic branch does not change its sinusoidal shape under pressure while the continuous evolution from quasi-twodimensional to three-dimensional behavior is found for a transverse acoustic branch. It is pointed out that the observed higher rate of pressure variations of the lattice dynamics parameters as compared to the structural anisotropy can reflect changes of the crystal potential in graphite related to an available high-pressure phase transformation from the layered to more isotropic lattice.

Neuromuscular metamorphosis in the moth Manduca sexta: hormonal regulation of synapses loss and remodeling

The motor system of the moth Manduca sexta is completely remodeled during the pupal-adult transformation (PAT). It is stable until the formation of the pupal stage (0% PAT), but larval motor end plates become disrupted by 5% PAT and are lost by 10% PAT, at the time that the muscle has begun to degenerate. Most of the axonal arbor is retracted by 15% with the first signs of adult sprouts appearing by 20% PAT, coinciding with proliferative activity in the remains of the larval muscle. Extensive growth of the axonal arbor begins after 30% PAT, with an initial phase of rapid longitudinal growth (35-50% PAT) and then the production of short transverse branches that then form sprays of end plates (50-70% PAT). Growth and maturation of the end plates occupies the remainder of metamorphosis. Neuromuscular metamorphosis was interfered with by systemic or local treatment with a mimic of the insect juvenile hormone. The results of these treatments suggest that some aspects of the removal of larval axonal branches requires cues from the target. For the sprouting response, the rapid longitudinal growth over the muscle appears to be due to ecdysteroids acting directly on the cell body of the motoneuron. By contrast, the subsequent production and maintenance of transverse sprouts and the corresponding end plates may be an indirect response to stimulation of muscle growth and differentiation by ecdysteroids.

Elaeophorosis in Red Deer Caused by Elaeophora elaphi: Lesions of Natural Disease

This is the first study of the lesions produced by Elaeophora elaphi, a filarial worm first reported in 1986. Only the morphologic characteristics of this species have been described previously. Samples for the study were taken from 74 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 1-10 years old, slaughtered in central Spain. Grossly, filariae were observed in the transverse, left, or right branches of the portal vein of 18 animals. In addition to filariae, whitish thrombi were found in the right and left branches of the portal vein in nine animals. Thrombi of similar characteristics were also observed in 12 deer in which no adult filariae were found. Microscopic changes were observed only in the right and left branches of the portal vein and consisted of thickening of the intima with surface formation of villi. Stroma of villi contained a moderate to intense infiltrate composed mainly of eosinophils and mononuclear cells. The tunica media of affected vessels was uniformly hypertrophic and in some cases presented a moderate inflammatory infiltrate similar to that observed in the stroma of villi. Thrombi consisted of a central area containing calcified filariae or cuticle debris, surrounded by giant cells and numerous lymphoid cells forming clearly defined nodules resembling lymphoid follicles. Thrombi were externally surrounded by a strip of connective tissue and beyond by endothelial cells that were occasionally continuous with the tunica intima. Other lesions probably associated with the infestation were multifocal granulomas in the periportal areas, lymphoid tissue formations in the hepatic parenchyma, and an interstitial nephritis.