Transrectal Ultrasound Research Articles

Characterization of Postpartum Ovarian Follicular Development Pattern in Crossbred Cows

Background: The postpartum period is crucial for cattle reproduction. The length of postpartum anestrus significantly impacts reproductive efficiency. Apparently enhanced energy attribution to milk production may lead to anestrus by delaying the onset of follicular activity. The absence of an ovulation stimulus, rather than insufficient follicle growth, determines the limited duration until ovulation. The current study was aimed to document the postpartum ovarian dynamics in crossbred Jersey cows. Methods: The study was conducted in ten postpartum crossbred Jersey cows. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed to record the follicular development pattern from parturition till two ovulation or 90 days postpartum on alternate days. The data was analyzed for follicular wave emergence, no of follicular waves, size of the dominant follicle and ovulatory status. Result: Fourty per cent of crossbred Jersey cows showed cyclicity and rest 60 per cent of cows are in anestrum. The mean diameter size of the dominant follicle in ovulated cows is 12.2±1.2 mm and in anestrum cows is 10.6±0.4 mm. The first wave emergence is 5.7±0.3 and 10.8±5.9 day in OV and NOV group respectively. In conclusion significant difference could be observed in emergence of first, second, third, fourth and fifth follicular wave emergence, growth phase duration, rate, size of the dominant follicle and duration of wave between postpartum ovulated and anestrum cows.

Preliminary evaluation for ultrasound-guided targeted prostate biopsy using a portable surgical robot: Ex vivo results.

Robotic systems are increasingly used to enhance clinical outcomes in prostate intervention. To evaluate the clinical value of the proposed portable robot, the robot-assisted and robot-targeted punctures were validated experimentally. The robot registration utilising the electromagnetic tracker achieves coordinate transformation from the ultrasound (US) image to the robot. Subsequently, Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided phantom trials were conducted for robot-assisted, free-hand, and robot-targeted punctures. The accuracy of robot registration was 0.95mm, and the accuracy of robot-assisted, free-hand, and robot-targeted punctures was 2.38±0.64mm, 3.11±0.72mm, and 3.29±0.83mm sequentially. The registration method has been successfully applied to robot-targeted puncture. Current results indicate that the accuracy of robot-targeted puncture is slightly inferior to that of manual operations. Moreover, in manual operation, robot-assisted puncture improves the accuracy of free-hand puncture. Accuracy superior to 3.5mm demonstrates the clinical applicability of both robot-assisted and robot-targeted punctures.

Characterizing pregnancy losses in Bos indicus beef females receiving a fixed-timed artificial insemination protocol

This experiment evaluated pregnancy losses from day 30 of gestation to calving in Bos indicus females, and evaluated if serum haptoglobin concentrations during early gestation impacts subsequent pregnancy losses. A total of 4926 Nelore females were used, being 1802 nulliparous heifers inseminated as yearlings (precocious heifers), 1356 nulliparous heifers inseminated at 24 months of age (conventional heifers), 887 suckling primiparous cows, and 881 suckling multiparous cows. Cows were assigned to an ovulation synchronization + fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol from day −11 to 0 of the experiment. Pregnancy status was verified using transrectal ultrasonography on days 30 and 60 after FTAI, via transrectal palpation on day 150 after FTAI, and according to calf birth. Blood samples were collected from all animals diagnosed pregnant on day 30 after FTAI, and analyzed for serum concentrations of haptoglobin and pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG). Pregnancy loss was greater (P < 0.01) from day 60–150 of gestation (10.2 %) compared with day 30–60 of gestation (6.0 %) and with day 150 of gestation to calving (7.4 %), and differed (P = 0.04) between these latter two periods. Pregnancy loss from day 30–60 of gestation did not differ (P = 0.26) among parities, whereas total pregnancy losses (day 30 to calving) were greater (P < 0.01) in precocious (28.4 %) and conventional (27.1 %) heifers compared with primiparous (16.4 %) and multiparous (13.0 %) cows. Serum PAG concentrations on day 30 after FTAI were less (P ≤ 0.03) in cows that lost the pregnancy (5.63 ng/mL) from day 30–60 of gestation, as well as those that lost the pregnancy from day 30 to calving (8.59 ng/mL) compared with cohorts that maintained the pregnancy (9.39 and 9.32 ng/mL, respectively). No differences in serum PAG concentrations on day 30 after FTAI were noted (P ≥ 0.23) according to pregnancy losses from day 60 to calving. Serum haptoglobin concentration on day 30 after FTAI also did not differ (P ≥ 0.48) between cows that maintained or lost the pregnancy. This experiment provides novel information about pregnancy losses after day 30 of gestation in B. indicus cattle, with most losses occurring as fetal mortality and not affected by systemic inflammation during early gestation. Pregnancy losses were nearly doubled in precocious and conventional heifers compared with parous cows, demonstrating the relevance of this reproductive failure to B. indicus replacement heifers.

Litter size affects ovulation and pregnancy rate after a hormonal treatment without influencing expression of estrus in the anestrous season in ewes

The aim of this study was to determine if litter size affects the response to hormonal treatments for inducing estrus and ovulation during the non-breeding season. A total of 124 Corriedale ewes were utilized, consisting of 56 ewes that had given birth during the spring and were currently nursing either a single lamb (Single, n = 30) or twin lambs (Twin, n = 26). Additionally, a control group of ewes that had not given birth (Con, n = 68) was included. Estrus was induced 38 days after lambing using intravaginal sponges containing medroxyprogesterone acetate, which were left in place for 7 days. Furthermore, 350 IU of eCG was administered at the time of sponge removal. Upon detection of estrus, the ewes were inseminated, and transrectal ultrasonography was performed 8 and 40 days later to determine the presence of a corpus luteum (CL) and pregnancy, respectively. Expression of estrus did not differ due to postpartum status. However, a higher proportion of Con ewes than Twin ewes had a corpus luteum (P = 0.02), while the Single group did not differ from the other groups. Conception and pregnancy rates were higher in the Con group than in both, the Single and Twin groups (P ≤ 0.03). The litter size did not have a significant effect on the estrous response; however, postpartum status and/or lactation negatively impacted the pregnancy outcome.

292 Tandem Administration of Prostaglandin F2α and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Beef Heifers and Cows as a Convergent Presynchronization Method in the 7 &amp; 7 Synch Protocol

Abstract An experiment was designed to evaluate modifications to the 7 &amp; 7 synch protocol with the hypothesis that tandem administration of prostaglandin F2α (PG) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during the presynchronization portion of the protocol would generate a convergent ovarian response among anestrous and estrous cycling females. Nulliparous (n = 153), primiparous (n = 92), and multiparous (n = 413) Angus-cross females across four locations were blocked based on parity and pre-treatment cyclicity status (presence or absence of a corpus luteum) as assessed via transrectal ovarian ultrasonography. Within block, females were randomly assigned to one of three treatments. Females assigned to the 7 &amp; 7 Synch treatment received an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR) and administration of PG on day 0, administration of GnRH on day 7, and administration of PG coincident with CIDR removal on day 14. Females assigned to 7 &amp; 7 Synch + G received the same treatment schedule with the modification that GnRH was administered in tandem with the PG on day 0. Females assigned to 7 &amp; 7 Synch + G + P received GnRH in tandem with PG on both day 0 and day 7 of the treatment schedule. Fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) was performed at 54 h after CIDR removal for nulliparous females and at 66 h for primiparous and multiparous females. Transrectal ovarian ultrasonography was performed on day 7 and day 14 to characterize the largest follicle diameter (LFD) as well as the presence/absence and number of corpora lutea (CL). Expression of estrus before FTAI was characterized in three locations using estrus detection patches (Estrotect. Approximately 75 to 90 days after FTAI, pregnancy status was determined via transrectal ultrasonography. Day 7 CL status was affected by treatment (P = 0.002), with a greater proportion of females presenting with CL on Day 7 when treated with the modified treatments (64%) as compared with the 7 &amp; 7 Synch treatment (31%). Day 14 LFD was affected by treatment (P = 0.002), with a larger average LFD among females treated with 7 &amp; 7 Synch + G + P (12.0 mm) as compared with 7 &amp; 7 Synch (11.4 mm) or 7 &amp; 7 + G (10.7 mm). Pregnancy rate to FTAI was affected by pre-treatment cyclicity status (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and semen type (P = 0.0003) and tended to be affected by treatment (P = 0.09) with 7 &amp; 7 Synch + G + P tending to result in a greater proportion pregnant (58.86%) as compared with 7 &amp; 7 Synch (49.17%) and 7 &amp; 7 Synch + G (48.79%). Tandem administration of GnRH and PG on days 0 and 7 of the 7 &amp; 7 Synch protocol effectively generated a convergent ovarian response among anestrous and estrous cycling beef females and tended to result in increased pregnancy rates to FTAI.

PSII-10 Effect of Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin-Like Glycoprotein Treatment on Fertility in Angus Cows Subjected to a 7-Day Co-Synch Protocol

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of administering a glycoprotein with equine chorionic gonadotropin like activity produced by recombinant DNA technology (eCG-like) associated with a 7-d Co-Synch protocol on estrus rate (ER) and pregnancy per timed AI (P/TAI). A total of 1,344 suckled Angus cows (primiparous, n = 381; multiparous, n = 963) from 11 herds were scanned at initiation of synchronization protocol by transrectal ultrasonography and the presence of corpus luteum (CL) and uterine tone was used to classify them by cycling. On day -10, cows received 100 μg GnRH analogue and a progesterone intravaginal device (IVD; 1.0g progesterone) for 7 days. At IVD removal, cows were administered 500 μg of cloprostenol and randomly assigned to receive 400 IU of eCG-like glycoprotein (Syntex S.A., Argentina, PCT/EP2019/073277; eCG-like, n = 665) or to remain as untreated (Control, n = 679). Also on day -3, paint was applied on the sacrum to the tail head of each cow. Finally, 100 μg GnRH analog were injected concurrently with TAI on Day 0 (66h after IVD removal) and the ER was evaluated by the degree of paint loss. Pregnancy to TAI was determined on day 30 by transrectal ultrasonography when an embryo and fluid were detected in the uterus. Body condition score (BCS; scale = 1-9) was evaluated on days -10 and 30. Optimal BCS was considered ≥ 5 and BCS balance between days -10 and 30 was classified as negative (lost BCS) or positive (maintained or gained BCS). The associations among treatment, parity, cyclicity at initiation of protocol, optimal BCS on day -10, and their interactions and ER and P/TAI were analyzed by GLIMMIX (SAS 9.3). Estrus expression and BCS balance were also included as effects in the model of pregnancy per TAI. The effect of herd was included as a random effect. The model specifications included an option to retrieve the mean, SEM, and an adjustment for multiple comparisons (Tukey-Kramer). The percentage of acyclic cows was 31.3%. The ER in cyclic cows was 64.9% and the eCG-like treatment increased ER only in anestrus cows (55.8 vs. 44.3%; Treatment x cyclicity interaction; P = 0.03). The percentage of cows with negative BCS balance was 27.2%. The P/TAI in cows with positive BCS balance was 48.4% and the eCG-like treatment increased P/TAI only in cows with negative BCS balance (44.7% vs. 30.5%; Treatment x BCS balance interaction; P = 0.01). In conclusion, the addition of a recombinant eCG-like glycoprotein to a 7-day Co-Synch protocol increased estrus expression in anestrus Angus cows and P/TAI in those with negative body condition score balance. However, this addition did not influence the estrus expression in cycling cows or on P/TAI in those with positive BCS balance.

PSXIV-5 Classification of Postpartum Beef Cows as Estrous Cycling Or Anestrous Through the Use of Estrus Detection Patches

Abstract Application of estrus detection patches for an extended period of time was evaluated as a means of classifying postpartum beef cows as estrous cycling or anestrous at the start of the breeding season. Estrus detection patches (Estrotect Breeding Indicators; Hermitage, TN) were applied to 269 primiparous and multiparous postpartum beef cows in three locations 24 days prior to the start of an estrus synchronization protocol. At the start of the protocol, patches were scored using a 1 to 4 scale (1 = 0-25%; 2 = 25-50%; 3 = 50-75%; 4 = 75-100%), with scores of 3 or 4 considered activated. Estrous cyclicity status was determined via transrectal ovarian ultrasonography performed by experienced technicians coincident with the start of an estrus synchronization protocol. Cows were classified as cycling based on the presence of a corpus luteum (CL). Based on transrectal ovarian ultrasonography, 59% (161/269) of cows were cycling at the start of estrus synchronization. Of cows receiving patches, 95% (256/269) of cows retained patches for the full 24-day period. Among cows retaining patches, 67% (171/256) of cows presented with activated patches, and 33% (85/256) of cows presented with non-activated patches at the start of the synchronization protocol. Among these, 139 cows presented with activated patches and were observed to have CL via ultrasound, therefore being considered true positives (i.e., estrous cycling). A total of 69 cows presented with non-activated patches and were observed to have no CL via ultrasound, therefore, being considered true negatives (i.e., anestrous). Among cows for which patch score did not result in the same classification as an ultrasound-based characterization of CL status, 32 were considered false positives (i.e., activated patch but no CL observed via ultrasound), and 16 were considered false negatives (i.e., non-activated patch but CL observed via ultrasound). Based on these observations, use of activated patches to infer cyclicity resulted in 89% sensitivity, 68% specificity, and a positive predictive value of 78%. When retained, estrus detection patches are a sensitive tool to classify postpartum cows as cycling prior to the start of an estrus synchronization protocol.

299 The Effectiveness of Subjective Fetal Aging as a Predictor of Calving Date

Abstract Fetal aging (FA) is an assisted reproductive technique in which fetal measurements collected via transrectal ultrasonography are used to estimate the day of gestation of a fetus. These estimations can then be used to generate calving date predictions, which allow producers to capitalize on the management of both pregnant and non-pregnant females to improve reproductive efficiency and profitability. Previous literature supports the accuracy of calving date predictions when fetometry is used to generate fetal age. However, there is little published research validating the accuracy of fetal aging based on technician evaluation of the fetus at the time of ultrasound. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of calving dates predicted with subjective FA compared with the accuracy of calving dates predicted using estrus detection methods (ED). Breeding cows (n = 130) ranging in both breed composition and parity were observed for visual signs of estrus twice daily from December 2021 through February 2022. Cattle were bred via natural service, and all observed signs of estrus and copulation were recorded and used to generate calving date predictions. Cattle were palpated for pregnancy via transrectal ultrasound in April 2022, at which time subjective estimations of fetal age were recorded by ultrasound technicians and used to generate calving date predictions. Data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4 with prediction method serving as the fixed effect. Of the cattle enrolled in this study, calving date predictions were generated from 91 cows using ED and 130 cows using FA. Data analysis indicated a strong positive correlation (Spearman) between FA calving date predictions compared with reported calving dates (r = 0.79, P ≤ 0.01), as compared with a moderately positive correlation between ED calving date predictions and reported calving dates (r = 0.59, P ≤ 0.01). When stratified according to estimated fetal age, analysis indicated a moderately positive correlation between FA calving date predictions and reported calving dates for short- (r = 0.58, P = 0.01) and mid- (r = 0.60, P ≤ 0.01) bred groups, and a weak positive correlation for the long-bred group (r = 0.17, P = 0.16). Data in this study indicates that FA calving date predictions were more accurate than ED calving date predictions. Further analysis will be conducted to quantify the economic value of FA as a method of calving date prediction for producers.

179 Cost and Profit Per Pregnancy Associated with Estrous Synchronization Utilizing Estrus Detection And/Or Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination

Abstract This experiment aimed to compare synchronization cost associated with two protocols: one utilizing estrus detection (6d; PG 6-d CIDR+TAI) and one utilizing strictly fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI; 7d; 7-d CO-Synch+CIDR). Cows and heifers (n = 657) from 10 herds in three states were grouped by days postpartum and age, and randomly assigned to one of two protocols. Cows and heifers assigned to the 6 d protocol were administered prostaglandin F2α (PGF) on d-9, CIDR insertion and administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH1) on d -6, and CIDR removal and PGF administration on d 0. Cows and heifers that were assigned to the 6-d protocol were subsequently grouped into three treatments based on presence and/or timing of estrus and insemination (PG1: Insemination before CIDR insertion, n = 136; PG2: Insemination after CIDR removal, n = 26; T6: Insemination at TAI, n = 166). Cows and heifers assigned to the 7-d protocol (T7: Insemination at FTAI, n = 329) were administered GnRH1 and CIDR insertion on d -7, followed by CIDR removal and PGF administration on d 0. For all animals, FTAI and GnRH2 administration occurred at 54 h (heifers) or 66 h (cows) after CIDR removal. Pregnancy was determined from d 30 to d 40 after FTAI by transrectal ultrasonography. Total cost and profit per pregnancy was calculated for herds of 30, 100, 300, and 500 females with varying estrus response and pregnancy rates. Expenditures were calculated assuming synchronization costs (PG1 = $46.15, PG2 = $75.05, T6 = $77.91, T7 = $73.72), general labor cost considering herd size and handling days, as well as estrus detection labor cost assuming $10.00 per h, a 95% overall herd pregnancy rate, a 1:40 bull:cow ratio, and average bull purchase price of $3,000.00. Revenue was estimated assuming a maximum 205-d weaning age, 1.09 kg/d gain, $200.00/45.4 kg, and 85% weaning rate. Differences in estrus response and pregnancy rate were determined using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (v9.4), including herd as a random variable. Estrus response was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) in females assigned to the 6d (73 ± 4%) compared with the 7d (53 ± 4%) protocol; however, pregnancy success was similar among treatment groups (P = 0.32; PG1 = 45 ± 4%, PG2 = 58 ± 10%, T6 = 46±4%, T7 = 52±3%). At the observed estrus response and pregnancy rate for each treatment group, the 6d protocol resulted in a decreased cost per pregnancy compared with the 7d protocol [Table 1; herds of: 30 = ($3.53), 100 = ($5.16), 300 = ($6.58), 500 = ($7.00) females]. Additionally, using the same variables, the 6d protocol resulted in an increased profit per pregnancy compared with the 7d protocol (herds of: 30 = $3.50, 100 = $6.41, 300 = $17.27, 500 = $12.06 females). These results suggest that labor associated with estrus detection may be offset by the proportion of calves subsequently born earlier within the calving season, allowing for improvements to profitability, especially in larger herds.

Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation improves nutrient digestibility, milk yield, and reproductive performances in dairy cows during early lactation.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) supplementation on nutrient utilization, milk yield, and reproductive performance of early lactating Sahiwal cows. Control cows (GC) received a basal diet, while the treatment cows (GM) were supplemented with concentrate comprising 12% MOLM. Ovarian activity and uterine involution were monitored by trans-rectal ultrasonography on the 21st, 28th, 35th, and 42nd days postpartum. The result indicated that MOLM-supplemented cows required fewer days (P ≤ 0.05) to complete uterine involution. As lactation progresses, there was a significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in the diameter of the cervix and uterine horns in GM than GC. There was a significant increase in the number of follicles on the 21st day and average milk yield in GM than GC. The incidence of endometritis and cystic ovarian disease was less in MOLM supplemented group. The use of MOLM in the diet reduced the total cost per cow per successful service. It is concluded that MOLM can be safely included at 12% in the diet of early lactating cows to modulate the reproductive performances of dairy cows. Dairy farmers can use moringa leaf meal to feed their dairy cows, which is cheaper and improves production and reproduction performance.

PSXII-8 Effects of Pre-Synchronization with Short-Term Melengesterol Acetate in Nulliparous Beef Heifers

Abstract Conception rates in nulliparous beef heifers can be greatly influenced by their ability to reach puberty at or prior to the initiation of a breeding season. Previous research has analyzed the efficacy of utilizing both long and short-term exposure to a source of progesterone via a controlled internal drug release insert (CIDR) prior to estrous synchronization with timed artificial insemination (TAI) and found improved conception rates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding melengesterol acetate (MGA) immediately and 10 days before estrous synchronization. Ninety-three crossbred heifers (395.67 ± 5.37 kg) were blocked by BW, genetics, and reproductive tract scores and allotted to 3 treatments. The 3 treatment groups were: 7-day Co-synch + CIDR without presynchronization (CON, n = 31); 2cc PGF2α (Lutalyse) followed by melengesterol acetate feeding for 7 d before the start of the 7-day Co-synch + CIDR program (PRE, n = 31); and 2 mL Lutalyse followed by MGA feeding for 7 d followed 10 d later by the start of the 7-day Co-synch + CIDR program (PRE+10, n = 31). The 7-day Co-synch + CIDR protocol was initiated on d 0 by administering a 2 mL IM injection of GnRH and placing a CIDR into the vagina. The CIDRs were removed 7 days later and accompanied by 2 ml IM injection of PGF2α. An injection of GnRH occurred 60 to 66 hours following PGF2α at TAI with frozen semen from a single bull. Ten days after TAI, heifers were exposed to a bull. Estrotect patches were applied throughout the study to assess estrous behavior. Ovaries were visualized 24 hours post TAI to determine whether ovulation occurred. Pregnancy was determined on days 40, 64, and 109 post TAI via transrectal ultrasonography. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture (d -19, MGA initiation and termination, d 0, d 7, and d 9) and serum progesterone determined. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure and conception data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Heifers in the PRE+10 treatment group had higher levels of progesterone (P = 0.04) at d 0 than PRE heifers. At d7 there was a tendency (P = 0.07) for PRE+10 heifers to have greater concentrations of progesterone than PRE, but did not differ by d 9 (TAI, P = 0.36). TAI conception rates in heifers in the PRE treatment group (63%) tended (P = 0.09) to be greater compared with the controls (35%) and not different from PRE+10 (43%), with no differences in season-long pregnancy rates (P &amp;gt; 0.15). Presynchronization with MGA immediately before TAI synchronization can increase conception rates early in the breeding season in beef heifers.

PSI-18 Vaginal Microbiome of Bos Indicus Cattle in Relation to Fertility

Abstract Shifts in commensal bacteria (e.g., Firmicutes) in the human vaginal microbiome are associated with compromised fertility. The objective of this study was to characterize the reproductive microbiome in the vagina of Bos indicus females prior to fixed-timed artificial insemination (FTAI). Bos indicus females on operations within a 20-mile radius (RANCH 1, RANCH 2, RANCH 3, RANCH 4) were subjected to the 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR protocol on day (d)-9 and FTAI on d0. Sterile vaginal swabs were collected on d-9 (CIDR IN), d-2 (CIDR OUT), and d0 (AI). Cattle were body condition scored (BCS) on d 0. Pregnancy status was determined by transrectal ultrasonography (Non-pregnant, n = 44 and Pregnant, n = 34). Bacterial community analyses were conducted targeting the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS 9.4. Body condition scores did not differ by pregnancy status or ranch. Additionally, there was no difference in bacterial relative abundance between pregnant or non-pregnant (P &amp;gt; 0.10). The vaginal relative abundance of Firmicutes differed between CIDR IN, CIDR OUT, and AI days (63.54% vs. 28.11% vs. 60.66% ± 1.96%; P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Pregnancy rate did differ by ranch (RANCH 1 63.6% ± 14.7%, RANCH 2 60.0% ± 10.9%, RANCH 3 28.0% ± 9.7%, RANCH 4 36.4% ± 10.4%; P = 0.074). There was a difference observed between ranches with RANCH 4 having the greatest relative abundance of Firmicutes and RANCH 1 having the least (58.84% ± 2.12% vs. 45.12% ± 3.17%; P = 0.0001). A tendency for increased relative abundance of Firmicutes was noted in cows compared with heifers (53.03% ± 1.71% vs. 48.51% ± 1.89%; P = 0.099). Under the phylum of Firmicutes, the genera of Ruminococcus, Clostridium, Blautia, Butyrivibrio, and Mogibacterium followed a similar trend with a shift in relative abundance between CIDR IN, CIDR OUT, and AI days (Table 1). RANCH 1 had the lowest relative abundance of Ruminococcus and Clostridium and the greatest relative abundance of Blautia compared with other ranches (P &amp;lt; 0.05). A shift in relative abundance between CIDR IN, CIDR OUT, and AI days was observed for the phylum of Proteobacteria (7.84% vs. 26.44% vs. 9.69% ± 1.82%; P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and Bacteroidetes (12.19% ± vs. 15.62% vs. 12.67% ± 1.07%; P = 0.046). A tendency for differences in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes between ranch were observed with RANCH 2 having the greatest relative abundance and RANCH 3 having the least (15.36% ± 1.29% vs. 11.73% ± 1.21%, respectively; P = 0.066). These results suggest a distinct difference in the vaginal microbiome before FTAI. In addition, microbial relative abundances within the vagina also differ between ranches of similar genetics and region.

PSII-9 Circulating Cytokine Profiles of Bos Indicus Cattle Prior to Artificial Insemination in Relation to Pregnancy Status

Abstract Cytokines and chemokines (cytokines with chemotactic activity) influence inflammatory responses and can upregulate pro- or anti-inflammatory immune responses and influence fertility. The aim of this study was to characterize the circulating cytokines of Bos indicus females prior to fixed-timed artificial insemination (FTAI). Bos indicus females on operations within a 20-mile radius were subjected to the 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR protocol on day (d) -9 and FTAI on d 0. Blood samples were collected on d -9 (CIDR IN), d -2 (CIDR OUT), and d 0 (AI). Cattle were body condition scored (BCS) on d 0. Pregnancy status was determined by transrectal ultrasonography for resulting non-pregnant females (n = 44) and resulting pregnant females (n = 34). Cytokine analyses on blood plasma samples were conducted using the RayBiotech Quantibody Bovine Cytokine Array Q1 kit per manufacturer's instructions. Cytokines and chemokines measured included interferon alpha (IFNa), interferon-gamma (IFNg), interleukin (IL)1a, IL1F5, IL13, IL21, chemokine-ligand (CXCL) 9, CXCL10, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)1b, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa). Data were analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS 9.4 with fixed effects for pregnancy status, ranch, day, and parity. Body condition scores did not significantly differ by pregnancy status (P &amp;gt; 0.05). There were no differences in cytokine concentrations by day of the synchronization protocol or between cows and heifers (P &amp;gt; 0.05). There were differences by location (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for most cytokines except MIP1b and TNFa. Circulating concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNg, IL1a, and TNFa were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in resulting non-pregnant females compared with pregnant females (2,323.5 ± 260.5 vs. 1,502.8 ± 246.8 pg/mL, 894.6 ± 96.8 vs. 598.3 ± 91.7 pg/mL, and 6,052.6 ± 627.4 vs. 4,156.6 ± 594.3 pg/mL, respectively). Circulating concentrations of the chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and MIP1b were also greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in resulting non-pregnant females compared with pregnant females (4,887.0 ± 538.3 vs. 2,905.3 ± 509.8 pg/mL, 12,167.3 ± 1,496.2 vs. 6,295.4 ± 1,417.2 pg/mL, 586.4 ± 56.8 vs 324.4 ± 53.8 pg/mL, respectively). Interestingly, circulating concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL13, IL1F5, and IL21 were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in resulting non-pregnant females compared with pregnant females (11,147.7 ± 1,009.9 vs. 6,752.1 ± 956.6 pg/mL, 1,189.3 ± 111.7 vs. 744.5 ± 105.8 pg/mL, and 1,1153.6 ± 898.0 vs. 8,409.7 ± 850.6 pg/mL, respectively). No differences by pregnancy status were found for concentrations of IFNa (P = 0.13). These results suggest that an increase in circulating cytokines and chemokines prior to FTAI negatively impacts fertility in Bos indicus cattle. Future research is necessary to determine the threshold of circulating cytokine concentrations that subsequently impact pregnancy establishment and maintenance.

PSI-7 Vitamin a and D Pre-Exposure to Prime Reproductive Success in Breeding Beef Cows

Abstract Vitamins A and D are important for immunity, reproduction, and overall health. The need for supplementation is often overlooked in beef cattle production because it is assumed that beef cows receive adequate amounts of these micronutrients from their environment. However, there is an increasing incidence of vitamin A and D deficiencies in beef cattle due to challenges of environment, forage access and quality. It is well known that nutrition has a major effect on reproduction, but direct effects of vitamins A and D on beef cow reproduction and fertility are understudied. We previously reported increased rates of fertilization after co-culture of bovine embryos with vitamin A and D in vitro. The objective of this study is to determine how vitamin A and D supplementation in mid- to late gestation affects calving ease and birth weights of calves at parturition, as well as cow fertility at the following breeding. Angus and Angus crossbred females (Bos taurus) of first (n = 20) or second (n = 10) parity were selected based on pregnancy status and gestational age and then randomly assigned to treatment groups. Starting in October 2021, pregnant cows were injected monthly with either a vehicle (control) or a commercial supplement made up of 300,000 IU vitamin A and 45,000 IU vitamin D (Vitamin AD, Vet One; n = 15/ treatment group). Blood samples were collected before each injection for analysis of vitamin and hormone concentrations. All cows were monitored from January-April 2022 for signs of parturition to determine calving date and time, calving ease, birth weight, and to provide assistance if necessary. Serum samples were collected from the calves within 12 hours of parturition for analysis of vitamin D concentrations. There was no effect of vitamin A and D treatment on calving ease (Generalized Linear Model analyses; P = 0.58; 1.44 ± 0.2 treated, 1.29 ± 0.19 control group) or on birth weight (Generalized Linear Model; P = 0.52, 32.6 ± 1.24 kg treated, 33.8 ± 1.38 kg control group). Estrus synchronization, additional blood sampling, vitamin/vehicle injections, and artificial insemination (AI) was performed in late April 2022. Conception rates were determined by transrectal ultrasonography 30 to 40 days post-AI. Interestingly, 7 of 15 controls were determined to be pregnant by AI, while this improved to 10 of14 in AD-injected females (one female could not undergo AI due to late calving). Cows not pregnant by AI were pastured with a bull of proven fertility, and rectal palpation was used in the fall to determine overall pregnancy rates and any pregnancy loss. These data suggest a modest increase in serum vitamin A and D will improve pregnancy rates after AI. Additional studies should reveal if these treatments improve markers of calf health. Supported by The Oregon Beef Council (C. Bishop).

Joint task semi-supervised semantic segmentation for TRUS image

Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) is an important tool for prostate observation, playing a crucial role in medical processes such as multimodal image registration and surgical planning. However, TRUS images are often plagued by blurry boundary information and artifacts, making manual annotation a time-consuming and labor-intensive task, which results in insufficient pixel-labeled data for training neural networks. Therefore, this paper introduces a semi-supervised neural network based on joint tasks for TRUS image segmentation, which combines confidence information from target localization and semantic segmentation to generate pseudo-labels for collectively training unlabeled samples. Additionally, this method supports the generation of pseudo-labels using only location information for weakly supervised training of neural networks. Compared to other state-of-the-art models, our results show that this approach outperforms in segmentation performance with a smaller dataset, achieving an mean Dice similarity coefficient and mean Jaccard similarity coefficient of 92.8 % and 88.4 %, respectively. Furthermore, the experiments reveal that reducing the coupling of two decoders' parameters between the segmentation and detection tasks improves segmentation accuracy as dataset size decreases.

Massive pre-prostatic nodal metastasis from localized aggressive prostate cancer removed during robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy with extended pelvic lymph node dissection: a case report with brief literature review

BackgroundDuring robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) for prostate cancer (PCa), few attention is given to pre-prostatic fat tissue (PPT) even during pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND). However, the rare potential involvement of PPT lymph nodes (LN) by PCa metastasis has already been reported by several authors and may influence therapeutic strategy in intermediate and high-risk patients. We present the case of a 69-year-old man who underwent RARP with extended PLND (ePLND) for aggressive PCa with massive pre-prostatic nodal metastasis, sampled during prostate biopsies. We sought to report this case for the particular preoperative images and reinforce benefits of resecting PPT during PLND for PCa.Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence (given name, middle name/initial, family name). Author 1 Given name: [Moncef] Last name [Al Barajraji].OkCase presentationA 69-year-old man consulted our department for high serum prostate specific antigen level (57 ng/mL). He had familial history of PCa only at first degree. On digital rectal evaluation, induration of left prostatic lobe was felt. Transrectal ultrasonography showed hypoechogenic lesion in left prostatic lobe with supra-centimetric nodule in PPT. Pelvic magnetic resonance revealed two lesions in the peripheral zone with a 19-mm nodule on right paramedian side of PPT (see Fig. 1). Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies were performed, including the nodule. On left side, 2 biopsies out 6 showed Gleason 10 prostate cancer. On right side, all biopsies showed Gleason 9 prostate cancer. The PPT nodule showed Gleason 9 prostate cancer. Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography computed tomography scan showed hypermetabolic expression from left prostate lesions and PPT nodule. Transperitoneal RARP with ePLND was performed including PPT. Histopathological study revealed advanced prostate cancer with lymphovascular invasion and ECE (see Fig. 2). Evaluation of ePLND material showed metastasis in on pelvic LN and 23 mm nodal metastasis in PPT (see Fig. 2). Therefore, adjuvant therapy was initiated.Please check the edit made in the article title.OPkConclusionsPPT resection is not part of routine RARP with ePLND for PCa. However, this tissue might contain LN harbouring metastasis independently from pelvic LN, indicating adjuvant therapy in case of upstaging. Considering the low morbidity of resecting PPT and its facility, it should always been resected and sent for analysis in intermediate and high-risk PCa.

Automatic search for photoacoustic marker using automated transrectal ultrasound.

Real-time transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) image guidance during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy has the potential to enhance surgery outcomes. Whether conventional or photoacoustic TRUS is used, the robotic system and the TRUS must be registered to each other. Accurate registration can be performed using photoacoustic (PA markers). However, this requires a manual search by an assistant [IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett8, 1287 (2023).10.1109/LRA.2022.3191788]. This paper introduces the first automatic search for PA markers using a transrectal ultrasound robot. This effectively reduces the challenges associated with the da Vinci-TRUS registration. This paper investigated the performance of three search algorithms in simulation and experiment: Weighted Average (WA), Golden Section Search (GSS), and Ternary Search (TS). For validation, a surgical prostate scenario was mimicked and various ex vivo tissues were tested. As a result, the WA algorithm can achieve 0.53°±0.30° average error after 9 data acquisitions, while the TS and GSS algorithm can achieve and 0.48°±0.32° average errors after 28 data acquisitions.

Deep learning-based ultrasound auto-segmentation of the prostate with brachytherapy implanted needles.

Accurate segmentation of the clinical target volume (CTV) corresponding to the prostate with or without proximal seminal vesicles is required on transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images during prostate brachytherapy procedures. Implanted needles cause artifacts that may make this task difficult and time-consuming. Thus, previous studies have focused on the simpler problem of segmentation in the absence of needles at the cost of reduced clinical utility. To use a convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm for segmentation of the prostatic CTV in TRUS images post-needle insertion obtained from prostate brachytherapy procedures to better meet the demands of the clinical procedure. A dataset consisting of 144 3-dimensional (3D) TRUS images with implanted metal brachytherapy needles and associated manual CTV segmentations was used for training a 2-dimensional (2D) U-Net CNN using a Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) loss function. These were split by patient, with 119 used for training and 25 reserved for testing. The 3D TRUS training images were resliced at radial (around the axis normal to the coronal plane) and oblique angles through the center of the 3D image, as well as axial, coronal, and sagittal planes to obtain 3689 2D TRUS images and masks for training. The network generated boundary predictions on 300 2D TRUS images obtained from reslicing each of the 25 3D TRUS images used for testing into 12 radial slices (15° apart), which were then reconstructed into 3D surfaces. Performance metrics included DSC, recall, precision, unsigned and signed volume percentage differences (VPD/sVPD), mean surface distance (MSD), and Hausdorff distance (HD). In addition, we studied whether providing algorithm-predicted boundaries to the physicians and allowing modifications increased the agreement between physicians. This was performed by providing a subset of 3D TRUS images of five patients to five physicians who segmented the CTV using clinical software and repeated this at least 1week apart. The five physicians were given the algorithm boundary predictions and allowed to modify them, and the resulting inter- and intra-physician variability was evaluated. Median DSC, recall, precision, VPD, sVPD, MSD, and HD of the 3D-reconstructed algorithm segmentations were 87.2 [84.1, 88.8]%, 89.0 [86.3, 92.4]%, 86.6 [78.5, 90.8]%, 10.3 [4.5, 18.4]%, 2.0 [-4.5, 18.4]%, 1.6 [1.2, 2.0]mm, and 6.0 [5.3, 8.0]mm, respectively. Segmentation time for a set of 12 2D radial images was 2.46 [2.44, 2.48]s. With and without U-Net starting points, the intra-physician median DSCs were 97.0 [96.3, 97.8]%, and 94.4 [92.5, 95.4]% (p<0.0001), respectively, while the inter-physician median DSCs were 94.8 [93.3, 96.8]% and 90.2 [88.7, 92.1]%, respectively (p<0.0001). The median segmentation time for physicians, with and without U-Net-generated CTV boundaries, were 257.5 [211.8, 300.0]s and 288.0 [232.0, 333.5]s, respectively (p=0.1034). Our algorithm performed at a level similar to physicians in a fraction of the time. The use of algorithm-generated boundaries as a starting point and allowing modifications reduced physician variability, although it did not significantly reduce the time compared to manual segmentations.

CASE REPORT: A SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT STRATEGY FOR CYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE IN A DAIRY COW

A 5-year-old multiparous lactating Holstein cow was reported to have cystic ovarian disease with a history of whitish vaginal discharge on the 80th day postpartum. On the 83rd day postpartum, transrectal ultrasonography revealed a thick-walled cystic structure with visible cobwebs in the cavity, measuring 4.2[Formula: see text]cm × 3.4[Formula: see text]cm in diameter on the right ovary. The serum progesterone (P4) concentration was 6.82[Formula: see text]ng/mL, leading to a diagnosis of luteinized follicular cyst. Transvaginal aspiration of the cyst was performed to decrease the compression of ovarian stroma by the cyst, followed by intramuscular administrations of cloprostenol and buserelin. A 1.9[Formula: see text]cm diameter corpus luteum was detected on the right ovary nine days after aspiration, with a serum P4 concentration of 1.29[Formula: see text]ng/mL. Continual hormone treatment was followed, consisting of an injection of buserelin and an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device inserted for seven days. After seven days, two corpora lutea were noted on the right ovary with an average diameter of 2.8[Formula: see text]cm and 1.8[Formula: see text]cm, respectively. The device was removed and the cow showed a P4 concentration of 11.22[Formula: see text]ng/mL on that day. Estrus induction was conducted with two low doses of cloprostenol followed by an injection of gonadorelin, to induce a complete luteolysis and the following ovulation to fit a fixed-timed artificial insemination (AI). Pregnancy was confirmed 33 days after AI. Although the number of days open was 102 in this case, it took a total of 19 days from treatment to pregnancy.

Pregnancy evaluation with a point-of-care pregnancy test in dairy cattle

Primiparous and multiparous dairy cattle were evaluated for pregnancy using both transrectal ultrasonography and a point-of-care pregnancy test (Alertys OnFarm Test), which measures pregnancy-associated glycoproteins through lateral diffusion, between Days 28–34 of pregnancy results were compared. A total of 637 animals were included in this study. Pregnancy was confirmed via manual palpation between Days 57–64. Data on parity, calving, and time of artificial insemination (AI) were also collected and evaluated. Overall the accuracy of the lateral diffusion test was 93.1% with 98.9% sensitivity, 88.7 % specificity, 86.8 % positive predictive value, and 99.1% negative predictive value. In heifers, the Alertys OnFarm Test had 100% sensitivity and 81.6% specificity. In contrast, the test had a sensitivity and specificity of 98.5 and 89.5%, respectively for multiparous cows. The pregnancy loss between early diagnosis and confirmation increased with parity. Heifers suffered losses as low as 2.6%, whereas animals in the third parity had significantly more losses (17.9%). Season also affected losses with spring pregnancy losses being considerably higher than autumn losses.The veterinary workload was also evaluated. Using the combined method of pregnancy testing, animals were first tested with the lateral diffusion test; then, the test-negative animals were scanned again, and the number of scanned animals was reduced. The results ranged between 3274% on farms. We concluded that veterinary workload could be reduced by using the point-of-care test. However, farm-level differences may have affected the results of the present study.