Energy In Transport Sector Research Articles

Accounting for non‐economic factors in demand for transportation fuels: a comparative study of South Korea and Indonesia

AbstractThis paper demonstrates the importance of capturing the influence of non‐economic factors such as changes in economic structure and life style in estimating energy demand functions for transportation fuels. Using annual time series data for South Korea and Indonesia from 1971 to 2016 in an Unrestricted Error Correction Model, the paper estimates the energy demand functions for transportation fuels as well as the growth of the underlying demand trend (which captured the effects of non‐economic factors). The estimated elasticities are in the range of 1.103 to 1.82 for long‐run income elasticity and −0.024 to 0.009 for price elasticity in the long‐run. However, the estimated coefficient of the linear trend variable ranged from −0.36 to 0.009. The overall result suggests that demand for transportation fuels are more elastic to changes in real income than real prices in the long run. The relative magnitude and sign on the coefficient of the trend variables (both linear and stochastic) suggest that South Korea is more efficient in transport sector energy consumption than Indonesia, on the other hand, Non‐technical exogenous factors (such as motorisation and traffic congestion) tend to outweigh energy efficiency improvements in Indonesia.

Assessing the Critical Role of Advanced Biofuels in the African Transport Sector Transformation for a Sustainable Future

Energy demand continues to rise due to rising population and hence, strong need arises for efficient and judicious utilization of clean and alternative energy sources in ensuring a sustainable future. Focussing on the transport sector, there has been a gradual transition from conventional fossil fuels which dominates the sector to not only first-generation biofuels but also advanced / higher-generation biofuels however, the uptake is very slow and minimal especially in the African continent. This paper targeted the assessment of crucial role or the potentialities and benefits of Advanced or higher generation Biofuels in the African transport sector in view of sustainability. The existing affairs of the continent’s energy utilization was looked in to with the vivid evaluation of the possible extent to which biomass could go in up-scaling the transport sector energy supply through the advanced biofuels in avoiding classes with food, coupled with the associated benefits covering the sustainability pillars. In the process, rigorous manual works were done added with aid from M.S EXCEL forecasting in projecting supplies as well as incorporating insightful thoughts from RETSCREEN Baseline. The analyses outputs reveal that for a 2013 baseline year, reduction of fossil-based oils by 50% and augmenting with 90% of the total un-edible biomass resource for higher generations biofuels leads to transport fuel energy increase by 64.16% with massive CO2 emission savings of 155MT; whereas on a 2030 projection scenario ensures transport fuel energy increase by 73.65% with a huge emission savings of 139MT. As a final point, it is evident that Africa could really transform its transport sector sustainably by efficiently and effectively harnessing its un-tapped biomass for advanced biofuels development without any impacts on food nor other possible challenges on process. However, a strong task is needed regarding setting up of appropriate course of actions by the decision makers in favor of such continental bloom at the transport sector level and its benefits.

Transport biofuels technological paradigm based conversion approaches towards a bio-electric energy framework

The continuing dependence on fossil fuels and the rising energy use in the transport sector have resulted in increased research into viable transport biofuels to mitigate climate change and improve energy security. As transport biofuels now only have a small share of the transport sector energy supply and the complexity in providing the fuels because of issues related to available land and food security, this paper develops conversion path solutions for transport biofuel development based on a technological paradigm study. A data-driven approaches system (DAS) that combines visualization analyses with technological paradigm theory is proposed to reveal the key areas and trends in transport biofuels. Timeline, timezones, and cluster visualizations identified the transport biofuel technological paradigm (TBTP) from current transport biofuel developments; a pre-shift phase (including TBTP competition and TBTP diffusion) and a shift phase (TBTP shift), which respectively relate to conventional biofuels, advanced biofuels, and biofuel cells. However, from further DAS trend analyses and the practical findings, electric energy trends were revealed, indicating that there was a paradigm shift from the biofuel paradigm to a bio-electric energy paradigm. From the developed bio-electric energy framework, both indirect and direct methods were found to have led to an this electric energy conversion to an e-bio fuel cell vehicle for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) and bioelectricity for electric vehicles (EV), both of which can contribute to a low-carbon, sustainable transportation future.

An Asymmetric Boron-Centered Ionic Additive Enables High-Energy Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

To cater for drastically growing demands for batteries with high energy density and long-term cycle life in transportation sector and large-scale energy storage systems, advancement of energy storage technologies is urgently required. Because ultimate energy density of batteries can be realized through developing high-capacity electrode materials, structural optimization of electrode materials that are capable of storing high energy has been intensively addressed. In this study, we demonstrate the significant roles of artificially constructed surface on high-capacity Li-rich cathodes preventing mechanical fracture of the cathode particles, mitigating the exposure of inner surface of the cathode toward electrolytes by intergranular cracking, and alleviating voltage decay of the cathode by phase transformation and vulnerable interface. Newly synthesized asymmetric boron-centered ionic additive with partially fluorinated malonate bonded to a central boron core is employed as a functional additive ensuring interfacial stability of high-capacity SGC anodes and Li-rich cathodes. The action of the protective surface layer created by asymmetric boron-centered ionic additive on intergranular cracking of Li-rich cathode particles synthesized via co-precipitation is explored using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The unique feature of asymmetric boron-centered ionic additive -induced interfacial structure scavenging the oxygen species derived by Li2MnO3 and mitigating undesirable phase transformation of Li-rich cathodes are elucidated through in situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analyses, respectively. Furthermore, we examine the chemistry of the surface of both electrodes evolved by asymmetric boron-centered ionic additive using ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and demonstrate the possible mechanisms of asymmetric boron-centered ionic additive constructing stable electrolyte-electrode interface.

Could alternative energy sources in the transport sector decarbonise the economy without compromising economic growth?

The transition towards a low-carbon transport sector (TS) plays a fundamental role on the decarbonisation of economies. The effects of both conventional (fossil fuels) and alternative (renewable fuels and electricity) energy consumption in the transport sector, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions were analysed by using a panel vector autoregressive of 21 high-income Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries from 1990 to 2014. The results support the feedback hypothesis between both conventional and alternative TS energy sources and economic growth. In other words, electricity use on TS has enlarged the economic growth, while consumption of renewable fuels is actually hampering it. Additionally, TS fossil fuels consumption is contributing to economic growth. With reference to the environmental impacts of TS energy use, this paper highlights the harmful effect of conventional energy sources on the environment. However, there is no evidence wherein TS alternative energy sources are directly linked with a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Accordingly, the promotion of alternative TS energy sources should deserve further attention. On the one hand, there is evidence that the use of renewable fuels is obstructing economic growth. On the other hand, the use of both TS electricity and renewable fuels is not reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

A multi-model assessment of energy and emissions for India's transportation sector through 2050

This paper focuses on comparing the framework and projections of energy consumption and emissions from India's transportation sector up to 2050. To understand the role of road transport in energy demand and emissions, five modeling teams developed baseline projections for India's transportation sector as part of inter-model comparison exercise under the Sustainable Growth Working Group (SGWG) of the US-India Energy Dialog. Based on modeling results, we explore the developments in India's passenger and freight road transport, including changes in the modal shift and the resulting changes in energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions. We find significant differences in the base-year data and parameters for future projections, namely energy consumption by transport in general and by mode, service demand for passenger and freight transport. Variation in modeling assumptions across modeling teams reflects the difference in opinion among the different modeling teams which in turn reflects the underlying uncertainty with respect to key assumptions. We have identified several important data gaps in our knowledge about the development of the transportation sector in India. The results of this inter-model study can be used by Indian policy makers to set quantified targets in emission reductions from the transportation sector.

Is energy consumption in the transport sector hampering both economic growth and the reduction of CO2 emissions? A disaggregated energy consumption analysis

• The paper analysis the interactions between transport sector energy consumption, by source, growth and CO 2 emissions. • A panel for 15 OECD countries with annual data from 1995 to 2014 was used. • The short- and long-run effects were analysed by using a ARDL approach with DK-FE estimator. • Economic growth is boosted by the transports fossil fuels consumption, on contrary to renewables. • Investment in rail infrastructure has hampered the fossil fuels use.

The Effect of Urbanization on Road Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Emerging Megacity of Jakarta, Indonesia

Few studies have been made to explore quantitatively and systematically the impact of urbanization on transport energy use for cities in emerging countries. This paper tries to examine the relationship between urbanization and transport sector energy use in megacity Jakarta. Data from Jakarta Statistical Bureau for the megacity Jakarta and the period 2001-2014 are used and analyzed. Applying both the carbon-emissions-coefficient and the transport-energy-consumption method, we predicted the carbon emissions based on energy consumption, explored the characteristics of energy consumption and carbon emissions in different urbanization stages. Our results show the existence of co-integration and validated that urbanization is a major contributor in transport energy consumption. Income raises vehicle ownership and travel demand. The causality analysis finds that urbanization Granger causes transport energy consumption.

Methodologies for Tracking Local Sustainable Development

Strategies that enable sustainability require methodologies for baseline development, measurement and comparison. This article considers methodologies used to track progress toward achieving the sometimes subjective goals associated with sustainability programs. Tracking systems are common for energy, water usage and carbon management but are rare for larger systems. When they are found, they typically use variables which lack statistical significance. While tracking systems devised to assess sustainability for national economies in regard to environmental performance exist, they are rarely designed for institutions, corporations and local governments. Local governments, in particular, often desire to know how their progress toward sustainability goals compares with their peers. Qualitative and quantitative variables, historical data, and peer group comparisons are used as the basis for a sustainability index. This tool can be applied to existing organizations and governmental entities.Methodologies to track and rank governmental and organizational sustainability are relatively new phenomena. The methodologies available involve data sets using all types of variables. Most involve identifying indicators of sustainability and providing a means of comparison. Linking measurements of energy usage to variables that measure the impact of sustainability policies is one approach.Using historical data, this article explores selected indicators of sustainability, considers variables that can be measured, and demonstrates how sustainability indices can be developed and interpreted. The process of developing an index by selecting variables and identifying relationships will be discussed in detail. Statistical methodologies will be brought to bear in the analysis to bring credibility to the construction of a sample sustainability index. The index developed will use both qualitative and quantitative variables. Quantitative analysis techniques will be used to interpret the differences and draw conclusions concerning the available data. U.S. Sunbelt cities will be used as examples. The data collected regarding them is used to search for commonalities and differences in their demographic patterns, energy impacts and environmental conditions by analyzing quantitative variables.Based on the statistical analysis of the selected variables, the available data will be analyzed to demonstrate how conclusions can be drawn regarding the sustainability of cities. A two-group comparison reveals that some cities are more sustainable than others. The results of the analysis are interpreted, indicating that when local policies are directed toward influencing transportation or residential sector energy usage, their policies are likely to be effective and yield fruitful results. Finally, a new theory of divergence is supported indicating that there is a surprising disconnect between rates of policy adoption by cities and energy usage. The probable cause of this divergence is identified.

Technical and economic analysis of biomethane: A focus on the role of subsidies

Biomethane is a renewable energy useful to encourage the transition to a sustainable energy future. Incentive policies favour its development and consequently this paper evaluates the economic performance for use of biomethane fed into the grid, destined for cogeneration or sold as vehicle fuel. A mathematical model is proposed and the indicators used are Net Present Value and Discounted Payback Time. This paper aims to evaluate the financial feasibility of biomethane plants in function of the plant size (100m3/h, 250m3/h, 500m3/h, 1000m3/h) and the feedstock used (organic fraction of municipal solid waste and a mixture of 30% maize and 70% manure residues on a weight basis) for each final destination of biomethane. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis on the critical variables is conducted and 356 case studies are overall assessed. The results of the paper demonstrate that the profitability of biomethane plants is verified in several scenarios and it is strongly linked to the subsidies. Biomethane used as vehicle fuel presents greater financial results favouring the increase of share of renewable energy in transport sector and environmental improvements are obtained.

International comparisons of energy and environmental efficiency in the road transport sector

The present work provides an international comparison of the energy intensity and the carbon dioxide intensity in road transport for a group of 90 countries over the period 1980–2012. This paper attempts to perform a comparative analysis to find the most appropriate mapping of the energy performance in road transport taking into account the three dimensions of sustainable energy development, namely road transport-related energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions. An important result of the study is the inverse relationship between energy efficiency and environmental efficiency. Through the calculated Theil coefficient, our empirical findings highlight the existence of spatial and temporal disparities between countries. In 2012, Tunisia occupies the 48th and the 38th rank respectively in terms of energy and environmental efficiency. Based on a general index of energy performance in the road transport sector, it is deemed to have a medium–high energy performance by occupying the 34th rank. The study shows the importance of enhancing a number of policies for the road transport system through the joint improvement of the fuel price policy, of the road infrastructure policy and of the fuel-efficient road vehicles policy, in order to maintain sustainable energy road transport.

Defining correlation between modal-split and transportation infrastructure and mobility services with the analysis of travel plans

In the recent years the Author participated in two Intelligent Energy Europe projects, which aim was to deliver transport-sector energy savings by creating travel plans. During the development of the projects two local travel plans were worked out, one for the residential area of Győr-Ménfőcsanak, Hungary and one for the elementary educational institutions of Győr. In 2012 additional travel plans were developed, this time for other target groups, one for the universities of Győr, and another one for the employees of three public institutions. The main objective of these studies was to reduce the problems, caused by private car users and more over to promote sustainable mobility choices for target groups. The results of the projects showed, that travel plans are effective tools in order to solve mobility challenges in a sustainable way, but transportation infrastructure and services have strong effect on the success of travel plans.

Evaluating Energy and Exergy Efficiencies in Transportation Sector of Iran

Considering the increasing energy demands, energy has gained an important role in planning and policies of many countries. This study presented the status of overall energy consumption in the transportation sector of Iran. According to most of the recently issued statistics, the annual transportation energy consumption of Iran is more than 296×106 barrels of oil equivalent, which is about 25% of Iran’s total annual energy consumption. So, it is logical to analyze energy consumption in transportation sector for the purpose of better planning. Statistics of energy consumption in Iran’s transportation sector was presented for a period of 24 years (1988 to 2011) in this paper. Different transportation sub-sectors (highways, airways, railways, and waterways) and different energy forms were considered separately in the presented statistics. Using these data, energy and exergy efficiencies of the transportation sector were derived. Analyzing the efficiency values in the mentioned 24 year period resulted in concluding some considerable points, which could be used in Iran’s transportation principle policies in the future.

Long term energy and emission implications of a global shift to electricity-based public rail transportation system

With high reliance on light-duty vehicles in the present, the future of global transportation system is also geared towards private modes, which has significant energy and emission implications. Public transportation has been argued as an alternative strategy for meeting the rising transportation demands of the growing world, especially the poor, in a sustainable and energy efficient way. The present study analyzes an important yet under-researched question – what are the long-term energy and emission implications of an electric rail based passenger transportation system for meeting both long and short distance passenter transportation needs? We analyze a suite of electric rail share scenarios with and without climate policy. In the reference scenario, the transportation system will evolve towards dominance of fossil based light-duty vehicles. We find that an electric rail policy is more successful than an economy wide climate policy in reducing transport sector energy demand and emissions. Economy wide emissions however can only be reduced through a broader climate policy, the cost of which can be reduced by hundreds of billions of dollars across the century when implemented in combination with the transport sector focused electric rail policy. Moreover, higher share of electric rail enhances energy security for oil importing nations and reduces vehicular congestion and road infrastructure requirement as well.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LHR ENGINE USING PALM STEARN METHYL ESTER OIL WITH A SELECTED CONFIGURATION OF PISTON GEOMETRY

Now a days for any country energy resourses in part icular petroleum products have become important for its development. The products derived from crude oil continued to be the major and critical source of energy for transporta tion sector all over the world. For economic development of any country both indust ries and transportation sectors are very important for a growth of country like India. It is strongly depends on transportation and power generation. It is learnt that the fossil fuel are depleting at faster rate than expected. Hence the increasing demand of fossil fue l leads to exhaust of petroleum products in near fu ture. In this connection the rising price of petroleum products and environmenta l concern lead to intensive studies on the use of a lternative fuels. Any alternative fuel which find suitable as substitute to diesel is comparatively inferior to diesel in performance, e mission and combustion characteristics. Hence there is a need to improve a nd optimize the fuel properties. In the present work an attempt is made to improve t he performance of CI diesel engine using Vegetable oil ester. Hence in this work palm stern methyl ester is used with a modified pis ton geometry and LHR using concepts. The experiment s are carried out on a 4stroke single cylinder CI diesel engine of 5.2 KW. The experiments are conducted repeatedly with diese l fuel and palm stern methyl ester. Since these oils have slightly longer ignition delay, The low heat rejection engine concept is used in this work. In order to convert the base engine has LHR engine the piston cis coated with partially stabilized zirconium PSZ of 0.5 mm thickness. From the results it is observed that the modified piston geometry with LHR engine concept has considerably given superior all round performance.

Economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)'s transport sector: A fully modified bi-directional relationship approach

This paper explores the bi-directional long-run relationship between energy consumption in the road transport sector with CO2 emissions and economic growth in OECD countries. Using time series data from 1960 to 2008 and employing the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares cointegration approach, the paper shows positive significant long-run bi-directional relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth, road sector energy consumption and economic growth and CO2 emissions and road sector energy consumption in all the OECD countries. To examine the response of each of the variables to shocks in the value of other variables, the generalized impulse response approach is employed. The response of CO2 emissions to economic growth is initially positive in most cases but it is relatively shorter when compared to its initial response to the road transport sector energy consumption. Moreover, in most cases, the response of carbon emissions to the road transport sector energy consumption lasts longer than its response to economic growth. This implies that most of the CO2 emissions from transport come from energy consumption, thus long-run policies related to the efficient use of energy and shifting to biofuel, renewable and nuclear energy can bring major benefits in mitigating GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions.

Macroeconomic analysis of road vehicles related environmental pollution in Hungary

AbstractThe article aims to examine the relationship between road transport and macro economy, especially the use of fossil energy in transport sector. Nowadays environmental pollution is a key issue on the EU level as well as in Hungary. Lots of effort have been already done in order to decrease emissions in road transport, but a lot more need to be done. The article aims to prove that the only possible solution is technological innovation in order to reach emission reduction target without decline of the GDP. The basic idea is to ensure sustainable development, to decrease environmental pollution in road transport without harming the economy. In the EU and in Hungary road vehicles are powered by fossil fuelled internal combustion engines. This paper aims to analyse the role of the fossil fuel-based road transport sector within the economy with the usage of constant elasticity substitution (CES) production functions. Authors have built CES production function for Hungary. Parameters were calculated based on the validated model.

Effects of California's Climate Policy in Facilitating CCUS

Effects of California's Climate Policy in Facilitating CCUS

Defining Correlation between the Modal Split of Inhabitants and Students and the Location of Housing Areas and Schools with the Analysis of Travel Plans

Across the world there is an increasing interest in managing car traffic. One approach developed for addressing the journey to work is known as ‘workplace travel planning’. In the recent years the authors participated in two Intelligent Energy Europe projects (Pro.motion and Travel Plan Plus project) which aim was to deliver transport-sector energy savings by creating travel plans. During the development of the projects two local travel plans were worked out, one for the residential area of Ménfőcsanak, in the city Győr, Hungary and one for the elementary educational institutions of Győr. The main objective of all these studies were to reduce the problems caused by private car users and more over to promote sustainable mobility choices for target groups. The main objective of these studies were to reduce the problems, caused by private car users and more over to promote sustainable mobility choices for target groups. The results of the projects showed us, that travel plans are effective tools in order to solve mobility challenges in a sustainable way and that land-use methods have strong effects on the success of travel plans.

Evaluation of travel behaviors in order to prepare Travel Plans for residential areas and schools of Gyor

The municipality of Gyor participated in the last five years in two Intelligent Energy Europe projects (Pro Motion project, Travel Plan plus project), which aim was to deliver transport-sector energy savings by creating a new approach to site-based mobility management across Europe. During the development of the two projects there has been worked out two Local Travel Plans, one for the residential area Menfocsanak, in the city, Gyor and one for the educational institutions of Gyor. The first one is a so called ‘area travel plan’ and the second one is a so-called ‘work travel plan’. The aims of these studies were to reduce CO2 emission caused by private car users and to promote sustainable mobility choices for the residents of the area and for students. In order to solve the future mobility challenges in a sustainable way it is necessary to analyze the existing travel demand and modal-split caused by target groups (residents and students).It is important to develop Local Travel Plans for residential areas and schools, based on quantitative travel behavior data, which can be used for modeling of current and future transport to provide optimized solutions for daily mobility. It is very important to collect data from various sources according to the needed detail of a Travel Plan.