Transport Disadvantage Research Articles

교통약자 이동불편지수 산정을 통한 경로추천 방법 설계 및 구현

본 연구는 교통약자가 새로운 경로를 쉽게 찾을 수 있도록 경로추천 방법을 설계하고 구현하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 교통약자가 이용하는 대중교통 수단과 이동편의시설, 통행시간, 대기시간, 환승 등의 이동불편요소를 이용하여 이동불편지수를 산정하였다. 산정된 불편지수를 이용하여 교통약자 유형별 최적경로를 추천하는 방법을 제시하였다. 서울 내 교통약자가 많이 거주하는 기점과 통행수요가 높은 종점을 추출하여 제시한 방법을 적용하였다. 적용 결과, 이동편의시설과 이동불편요소를 고려하여 교통약자 유형별로 이동 가능한 경로를 추천할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 교통약자를 위한 경로정보 제공 서비스 구축에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Understanding the travel behaviors and activity patterns of the vulnerable population using smart card data: An activity space-based approach

Understanding the travel behaviors and activity patterns of vulnerable people is important for addressing social equity in urban and transportation planning. With the increasing availability of large-scale individual tracking data, new opportunities have emerged for studying people's travel behaviors and activity patterns. However, the data has not been fully exploited to examine the travel characteristics of vulnerable people and their implications for understanding transport-related disadvantage. This study proposes a methodological framework based on the concept of activity space that enables a comprehensive examination of vulnerable people's spatiotemporal travel characteristics and an investigation of the geographies of transport disadvantage. Using the proposed framework, a case study that investigates the bus activities of the vulnerable population using four-month smart card data is carried out in the city of Wuhu, China. The case study suggests that vulnerable people possess distinct travel behaviors that differ considerably from the mainstream population and that the implications of transport disadvantage, as revealed by the participation in bus activities, vary across different demographic groups and across different spatial contexts. Some of the empirical insights obtained from this study also differ from conclusions drawn from previous studies and will enrich our understandings of vulnerable people's activities. Overall, the paper makes two major contributions. Methodologically, the proposed framework can overcome some of the deficiencies of activity space-based approaches for understanding transport disadvantage and contribute broadly to the studies of travel behaviors and activities patterns using individual-level tracking data. Empirically, the study identifies varying spatial and temporal implications of transport disadvantage associated with different vulnerable groups, which could further shed light on public transit planning and service design.

Suburbanization of Transport Poverty

Many cities have undergone spatial redistributions of low-income populations from central to suburban neighborhoods over the past several decades. A potential negative impact of these trends is that low-income populations are concentrating in more automobile-oriented areas, resulting in increased barriers to daily travel and activity participation, particularly for those who are unable to afford a private vehicle. Accordingly, the objective of this article is to analyze the links between increasing sociospatial inequalities, transport disadvantage, and adverse travel behavior outcomes. This is examined first from a theoretical perspective and second via a spatiotemporal analysis for the Toronto region from 1991 to 2016. Findings show that many suburban areas in Toronto are not only declining in socioeconomic status but are also suffering from increased barriers to daily travel evidenced by longer commute times and decreasing activity participation rates, relative to central neighborhoods. Because of these adverse effects, this evidence further supports the need for progressive planning and policy aimed at curbing continuing trends of suburbanization of poverty while also improving levels of transport accessibility in the suburbs.

Identifying hotspots of transport disadvantage and car dependency in rural Ireland

This paper explores the concepts of car dependency and transport disadvantage and the correlation between them in rural Ireland as a means of highlighting incidences of possible forced car ownership with the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Societal and cultural challenges associated with the prevalence of the private car as the primary or in some cases the only form of mobility for people living in rural areas are examined resulting in potential cases of forced car ownership (FCO). Those defined as being forced to own a car are those who may find themselves in circumstances with low transport accessibility and low income, which is intensified by the need to economically participate in society for financial gain . This paper examines the existing gap between the necessity of transport and the provision of reliable public transport in rural Ireland, which is frequently attributed as a major determinant of FCO in the literature. While it is acknowledged that forced car ownership similarly exists in urban areas under the same or similar conditions, this paper focuses exclusively on the incidence of FCO in rural areas due to potentially higher levels of car dependency. The main objective of this paper is to identify hotspots or areas that are susceptible to increasing rates of FCO and transport disadvantage. Using the information gained from identifying the locations of these hotspots, transport planners and policymakers can tailor interventions to improve sustainable mobility in these areas and address equity concerns.

Unpacking the connections between transport and well-being in socially disadvantaged communities: Structural equations approach to low-income neighbourhoods in Nigeria

Abstract: Introduction Emerging interest in social issues related to transport in cities facing rapid demographic and socioeconomic transitions has led to increasing interest in the relationships between well-being and transport disadvantage. However, unpacking such links has been elusive at best, and mainstream research has not embraced the particularities and diversities of Global South cities as research settings. Most research has focused on subjective approaches to well-being and ideas of satisfaction with and quality of life. Purpose We propose a well-being framework tailored to the specific characteristics derived from transport problems faced by low-income urban dwellers. This concept, Transport Well-being, attempts to shed light on how transport may affect components of well-being such as access to key opportunities, ability to enjoy the built environment and security while travelling. We build on the person-centred framework (White, 2010), to examine Transport Well-being in its relational, material and subjective dimensions. Methods We use a quantitative dataset of a randomly selected sample of 570 adults in low-income informal settlements in the periphery of the cities of Abuja, Kaduna and Ibadan in Nigeria. Data is analysed using a structural equation model (SEM), which seeks to explain the links between second-level latent variable Perceived Transport Advantage/Disadvantage and Transport Well-being. Results We find a strong correlation between Perceived Transport Advantage/Disadvantage and Transport Well-being (0.652) with a model specification that reflects statistically significant associations, while finding marked differences between the three cities analysed. This suggests that incorporating multiple dimensions of transport and well-being and contextual issues of the Global South can lead to different interpretations of transport-related well-being and its relation with social and transport disadvantage. Conclusions The structural equation model enabled us to incorporate variables that captured the spirit of conceptualisations of transport disadvantage and transport well-being and to explore their links under context-specific conditions for comparable population. Findings can inform differentiated policy definition and prioritization in contexts with limited resources and structural deficits in access and connectivity. Such a result is useful to de-construct the effects and intensity of urban transport as mediating factor in well-being.

How Can Smart Mobility Innovations Alleviate Transportation Disadvantage? Assembling a Conceptual Framework through a Systematic Review

Transportation disadvantage is about the difficulty accessing mobility services required to complete activities associated with employment, shopping, business, essential needs, and recreation. Technological innovations in the field of smart mobility have been identified as a potential solution to help individuals overcome issues associated with transportation disadvantage. This paper aims to provide a consolidated understanding on how smart mobility innovations can contribute to alleviate transportation disadvantage. A systematic literature review is completed, and a conceptual framework is developed to provide the required information to address transportation disadvantage. The results are categorized under the physical, economic, spatial, temporal, psychological, information, and institutional dimensions of transportation disadvantage. The study findings reveal that: (a) Primary smart mobility innovations identified in the literature are demand responsive transportation, shared transportation, intelligent transportation systems, electric mobility, autonomous vehicles, and Mobility-as-a-Services. (b) Smart mobility innovations could benefit urban areas by improving accessibility, efficiency, coverage, flexibility, safety, and the overall integration of the transportation system. (c) Smart mobility innovations have the potential to contribute to the alleviation of transportation disadvantage. (d) Mobility-as-a-Service has high potential to alleviate transportation disadvantage primarily due to its ability to integrate a wide-range of services.

Frailty Status and Transport Disadvantage: Comparison of Older Adults' Travel Behaviours between Metropolitan, Suburban, and Rural Areas of Japan.

This study examined differences in older adults’ travel behaviours by frailty status in metropolitan, suburban, and rural areas of Japan. Data were collected from 9104 older adults (73.5 ± 5.7 years; 51% women; 19% frail) living in metropolitan (n = 5032), suburban (n = 2853), and rural areas (n = 1219) of Japan. Participants reported if they walked, cycled, drove a car, rode a car as a passenger, and used public transportation (PT) once per week or more. A standardised questionnaire was used to assess frailty status. We conducted logistic regression analysis to calculate the odds ratios of using each travel mode by frailty status stratified by locality. Relative to non-frail participants, frail participants were less likely to walk and drive a car in all three areas. Frail participants had significantly higher odds of being a car passenger in the suburban (OR = 1.73 (95% CI: 1.32, 2.25)) and rural areas (OR = 1.61 (1.10, 2.35)) but not in the metropolitan area (OR = 1.08 (0.87, 1.33)). This study found that frail older adults living in suburban and rural areas tended to rely more on cars driven by someone else, suggesting that transport disadvantage is more pronounced in suburban and rural areas than in metropolitan areas.

Understanding the Roles of Remoteness and Indigenous Status in Rural and Remote Road Trauma in North Queensland: Using a Mixed-Methods Approach.

Road trauma is a significant health problem in rural and remote regions of Australia, particularly for Indigenous communities. This study aims to identify and compare the circumstances leading to (proximal causation) and social determinants of (distal causation) crashes of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in these regions and their relation to remoteness. This is a topic seriously under-researched in Australia. Modelled on an earlier study, 229 persons injured in crashes were recruited from local health facilities in rural and remote North Queensland and interviewed, mainly by telephone, according to a fixed protocol which included a detailed narrative of the circumstances of the crash. A qualitative analysis of these narratives identified several core themes, further explored statistically in this sample, supplemented by participants in the earlier study with compatible questionnaire data, designed to determine which factors were more closely associated with Indigenous status and which with remoteness. Indigenous participants were less often vehicle controllers, more likely to have recently been a drink driver or passenger thereof; to be unemployed, unlicensed, distracted or fatigued before the crash, alcohol dependent and have lower perceived social, but not personal, locus of control in a traffic crash than non-Indigenous persons. Differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous participants are largely ascribable to hardship and transport disadvantage due to lack of access to licensing and associated limitations on employment opportunities. Based on these findings, a number of policy recommendations relating to educational, enforcement and engineering issues have been made.

Research the advantages and disadvantages of monorail transport

Drawing on the technical characteristics of the monorail system design in article describes the advantages and disadvantages of this transport. Was noted important design features which assure should be considered when designing monorail system. It was shown what due to the simplicity of its structure monorail system requires much less time for construction and has a more aesthetic appearance as opposed to elevated design of railway or light rail vehicles. Most monorail wagon equipped with pneumatic tire, unlike the rail bogie with the metal wheels, that to a great extent reflected during operation. Provided the comparative analysis of monorail system with more popular types of ground and underground transport. Based on the statistics data collected indicated the relevance of using the monorail system and positive aspects of the implementation this transport. A detailed analysis of the ecological situation points to the urgent need to reduce emissions in the transport sector, which will be facilitated by the transition to systems operated on electrical feeding. The research of road traffic accidents from 2018 on the example of Ukraine indicates a large number of accidents caused by the collisions and hit-and-run, which can be avoided by introduction the monorail transport, because the system is arranged in such a way trains do not intersect with other road traffic accidents. The full automation of movement provides a high level of security on this type of transport. Several important shortcomings of this transport were identified, the analysis of which the enabling reduce of negative influence and coordinate the working towards their removal in the future. The practical importance of article lies in the fact that the information obtained can be used in the implementation of monorail transport. The research on this subject has prospects in the direction of improving domestic infrastructure and enhance the quality of passenger traffic.

TRANSPORTATION IS THE DRIVER TO VISIT: DOES COMMUNITY CONNECTEDNESS AFFECT DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS OF RESIDENTS?

A recent study found that lack of transportation access (or, transportation disadvantage), together with travel time, is a major barrier for community members to visit their loved ones residing in long-term care nursing homes (Miller, 2018). This transportation disadvantage not only may contribute to decreased visitation but also prohibits family from providing social support to residents, which is imperative for residents to maintain decreased symptoms of depression, a sense of belonging, and highest well-being. A sequential mixed-methodological study was conducted across 11 CMS-certifiable nursing homes in North Central Texas to examine this effect of transportation disadvantage of community members on depressive symptoms of their family in long term care (N=89 dyads). Findings from this study will be presented. Additionally, implications for social work, transportation planning, policymakers, and other key professions will be discussed.

Understanding how low-income communities gain access to healthcare services: A qualitative study in São Paulo, Brazil

IntroductionAccessibility to healthcare is recognised as an important component in the uptake of healthcare. Accessibility gaps may underpin health inequalities and the burden often born by socially disadvantaged groups who experience higher levels of disease and have shorter lives. This study aims to identify, from the perspective of people on low incomes, the determinants of their ease of access to healthcare, and how this impacts upon short- and long-term mobility strategies for activity participation. MethodsThe research takes a qualitative approach, guided by a conceptual framework that combines transport disadvantage and social exclusion perspectives with human needs theories. We employed focus groups to gather views and experiences on healthcare accessibility from 114 residents of 12 low-income neighbourhoods in São Paulo (Brazil). ResultsFive emergent themes encompass the main barriers to healthcare accessibility, namely: proximity and remoteness, walking safety, public transport services, personal security issues, and quality of healthcare services. Participants explained the difficulties of gaining access to healthcare beyond factors such as location and distance. A range of inter-related, multidimensional factors shapes the accessibility of the poor to healthcare in São Paulo. Even under severe financial and time constraints, people may travel longer to access facilities perceived as adequate to respond to their health needs. Participants’ narratives suggest a strong effect of healthcare inadequacies, such as the poor quality of the patient-provider relationship and the long times needed to receive medical care, on mobility strategies. ConclusionsWithin policy setting agendas in Brazil, “objective” assessments of people's ability to access healthcare tend to over-emphasise the spatial separation between patients' home locations and the physical location of healthcare services, most notably in terms of travel time or distance. Tackling health inequalities requires planners to design integrated transport and health policies taking into consideration the adequacy and quality of both transport and healthcare services.

Student Experiences Engaging in Interdisciplinary Research Collaborations: A Case Study for Social Work Education

ABSTRACTThis article provides a case study of student experiences working as part of an interdisciplinary research team. A team of graduate-level students from social work, civil engineering, and computer science collaborated on the design of a mobile device application that captures data regarding how transportation disadvantage affects the lived experiences of community-dwelling older adults and single parents experiencing homelessness with dependent children. An online survey (N=5) was used to assess student experiences on the team. Findings from this case study have important implications for engaging students in interdisciplinary applied research, including challenging them to expand their knowledge base beyond the traditional confines of their disciplines, encouraging critical and creative thinking skills, and harnessing technology for the greater social good.

The railway wagons for cargo transportation

The characteristic features of freight wagons used for transporting goods by railway carriers in Poland were presented in this article. Particular attention was paid to the way of marking wagons and safety rules related to rail traffic. The advantages and disadvantages of railway transport in the aspect of selected goods were presented in this work. The article refers to the elements of wagon economy in Poland in 1991 to 2017, and shows the dynamics of changes in their use for transportation. Economic data were prepared on the basis of GUS data broken down by type and amount of transported totally.

Transportation and immigrant political incorporation

ABSTRACT The literature on political participation focuses on resources such as income and social capital in promoting individual engagement. This article highlights the role of transportation as a resource for the political incorporation of immigrants. Using data from 111 interviews with undocumented youths and community organisers in New York and New Jersey, results indicate that youths living in suburban and rural areas are more likely to encounter transport disadvantage than youths in urban areas. This had a negative impact on their ability to mobilise. In addition, the article provides information on the coping mechanisms employed by youths and their allies to deal with transport disadvantage. The article sheds light on the complex role of transportation in the political incorporation of immigrants.

Food Insecurity, Inadequate Childcare, & Transportation Disadvantage: Student Retention and Persistence of Community College Students

ABSTRACT As higher education enrollment patterns have changed, so too has the focus for institutional administrators. College students have been shown to be retained at higher rates when they are engaged in supportive services on campus. The Jefferson Community School program was designed to meet the non-academic needs of the community college student population of a rural campus in Northern New York. This program included food pantry, transportation, and childcare services at no cost to enrolled students. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between use of non-academic services and retention and persistence rates of community college students (n = 90). A quantitative, quasi-experimental research method approach was used to compare matched samples of students who participated in the Jefferson Community Schools program and students who did not participate in the Jefferson Community Schools program. Each sample consisted of 45 students who were matched on enrolled credit hours, age, gender and Pell status. An ANOVA statistical test was conducted to compare the matched sample groups. Results showed that 30 out of 45 students in the Jefferson Community Schools program were retained and 41 out of 45 persisted. This was compared to retention of 30 out of 45 and persistence of 42 out of 45 of the matched non participatory sample. The results of this study suggest that providing non-academic resources to low-income students may serve to equalize the chances of being retained or persisting when compared to peers that have more resources of their own (p < .05).

“You Are Really at Their Mercy”: Examining the Relationship between Transportation Disadvantage and Social Exclusion among Older Adults through the Use of Innovative Technology

This study investigates transportation disadvantage (TD) and its impact on social exclusion among lower-income older adults ( n = 10) through the use of a custom-designed daily transportation diary app, MyAmble. The study utilized an ecological momentary assessment design using the Travel Buddy, which was the qualitative feature of MyAmble. The Travel Buddy allowed study participants to share their transportation experiences as they relate to the following domains of social exclusion: quality of life, participation, and resources. Conventional content analysis revealed five primary themes related to TD and social exclusion: constrained autononmy and flexibility, safety concerns, dimished emotional well-being, barriers to community engagement, and burdensome. The Travel Buddy produced qualitative data that contextualize lost opportunities and how characteristics of economic justice exacerbate the risk of TD, as well as how individuals manage within these intersections of disadvantage. Study findings provide insight for expanded conversations about how to transform transportation planning from mobility to equity. Finally, the use of ecological momentary assessment through digital platforms such as the Travel Buddy offer an innovative way to collect holistic data related to TD that will lead to better opportunities for transportation planners, engineers, and social service providers to work together to address the needs of environmental justice populations, including lower-income older adults.

A New Measure of Transport Disadvantage for the Developing World Using Free Smartphone Data

Based on data from a free of cost smartphone app, this paper presents a methodology to compute and integrate six transport disadvantage indicators into a widely used measure of social exclusion in Mexico, namely, social backwardness index (SBI). It is presented the case of Zacatecas metropolitan area as an example. The results are obtained through Latent Class Analysis and Principal Component Analysis, comparing the effect of transport disadvantage on SBI. A major improvement over the official methodology is that the novel measure can be computed for highly spatially disaggregated units of analysis such as neighborhoods and urban blocks.

Abstract P125: Cardiovascular Health Improves in High Transportation Vulnerable Girls With Decreased Exposures to Residential Segregation

Introduction: Transportation equity ensures that all citizens benefit from a clean, fair, safe and healthy environment. Residential segregation also impacts health, and transportation disadvantage is particularly high in areas with high segregation, where residents typically lack proximity to quality education, jobs, healthy food, safe playgrounds, and medical care. Recent research demonstrates improvements in cardiovascular risk profiles among minority girls after reduced exposure to segregation. There is a need to examine differences in the segregation-youth cardiovascular health association across transportation vulnerability and gender to inform health equity interventions. Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that girls with reduced segregation exposure and low transportation vulnerability would have the most improved cardiovascular health. Methods: Data for these analyses were drawn from the Fit2Play dataset (2010-2018; N=2742). Youth were followed over 4 consecutive years of participation in a year-long afterschool physical activity program. Change in segregation exposure was based on concentration of minorities living in block groups from the participant’s home to program areas using the 2010 Census. Transportation vulnerability was based on percent of households in the participant’s home zip code with vehicle access (0, 1, 2, or ≥3 vehicles) drawn from the American Community Survey (2012-16). Longitudinal mixed models were used to compare the association between change in residential segregation and five cardiovascular health risk measures (body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, skinfold thickness and 400 meter run tests) stratified by transportation vulnerability and gender. Results: Participants were 54% male, 51% Hispanic, 49% non-Hispanic black, and 52% high poverty (mean age 9.5 years). After accounting for child age, race/ethnicity, poverty, and year, girls with high transportation vulnerability and reduced segregation exposure showed the most reduced cardiovascular health risk profiles, including improvements in body mass index (26%, 95% CI: 23.84, 28.30), skinfold thicknesses (18%, 95% CI: 14.90, 20.46), run time (17%, 95% CI: 14.88, 18.64), systolic blood pressure (15%, 95% CI: 11.96, 17.08), and diastolic blood pressure (12%, 95% CI: 9.09, 14.61). In contrast, no clear patterns emerged for low transportation vulnerable girls, and high or low transportation vulnerable boys. Conclusions: In conclusion, high transportation vulnerable girls exposed to reduced segregation had greater improvements in all cardiovascular health risk outcomes compared with low transportation vulnerable girls, and both high and low transportation vulnerable boys. Transportation equity interventions may provide a means to reduce youth cardiovascular health disparities, particularly for girls living highly segregated areas.

Identifying elderly travel time disparities using a correlated grouped random parameters hazard-based duration approach

Populations in countries throughout the world are ageing. Within the United States, baby boomers – those born between the years 1946 and 1964 – are living longer and are desiring more active and mobile lifestyles than prior generations. It is well established that the onset of chronic diseases and mobility impairments increase with age. Unmitigated mobility gaps threaten well-being, social interaction, and overall quality of life. As a result, transportation policy makers and planners should anticipate, identify, plan, and address transport disadvantages impacting increasingly vulnerable and possibly underserved population segments such as the elderly. Our study reveals potential mobility gaps by quantifying travel time disparities associated with the various household, traveler, travel mode, and trip purpose characteristics. In doing so, business opportunities with respect to unmet transportation needs may be uncovered.To analyze elderly trip durations, this paper extracts data from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey for the New York Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area. Specifically, the elderly are divided into two cohorts; those 65 through 74 years of age and those 75 and older. We apply a correlated grouped random parameters hazard-based duration model. This specification accounts for unobserved heterogeneity in the underlying hazard function and across observations, as well as unobserved effects due to the correlation between random parameters. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to use this statistical modeling framework to analyze travel times. Results suggest that the use of a correlated grouped random parameters provides a superior statistical fit to several established comparison models. The findings also reveal that the elderly population is not a homogeneous group and that the underlying distribution characterizing the hazard function for each age group is different. To that end, separate models are estimated for each age cohort. Furthermore, the study reveals apparent disparities in elderly travel times associated with birth nationality, ethnicity, education level, and public/private travel modes.

Tariffing in Integrated Passenger Transport Systems: A Literature Review

Designing tariff systems in public passenger transport is a complex issue of optimization by means of satisfying the wants and needs of all the engaged parties. An integrated passenger transport system (IPTS) stands for the concept of organization and management of public passenger transport based on a uniform tariff system. The issue of transport disadvantage of certain peri-urban and rural areas is the result of poorly organized transport systems. Social and spatial isolation in the framework of mobility is partly the fault of the way in which tariff systems have been designed with no regard to the social factors of the engaged parties for which such systems are designed – its users. Special emphasis in the research of tariff systems is placed on resolving issues of designing tariff zones, maximizing social welfare, transport equity, and transport disadvantage. An outline of the existing research and a review of literature concerning tariffs in integrated passenger transport systems is given, and proposals are put forward for future research due to the need for designing socially beneficial tariff systems, which would eliminate social exclusion, i.e., the transport disadvantage of individuals or parts of society.