Material Transport Research Articles

Organic Salt Buffer Layer Enables High‐Performance NiOx‐Based Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

The merits of a low‐cost fabrication process, suitable band structure, excellent wettability to perovskite precursor, and outstanding stability ensure NiOx as a hole transport material with beneficial characteristics to construct high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, direct contact between perovskite and NiOx causes delamination and chemical instability and thus results in poor carrier transport and short device lifespan. Here, we propose a solution for this issue by introducing an organic salt additive 4‐(trifluoromethyl) benzylammonium formate (TFMBAFa) in the perovskite precursor to passivate perovskite film and NiOx@(2‐(3,6‐dimethyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl) ethyl) phosphonic acid (Me‐2PACz) composited hole transport layer (HTL), and thus construct a buffer layer between perovskite‐HTL interface. The effective diminishing of NiOx/perovskite interfacial reactions and defects results in enhanced carrier transport. Consequently, the target device achieves simultaneous improvements in power conversion efficiency (24.2%), storage stability (T100 > 1400 h), thermal stability (T80 > 1000 h), and operational stability (T70 > 850 h), where T100, T80, and T70 refer to the retention of 100%, 80%, and 70% of initial PCE, respectively. This work provides an effective strategy to advance the performance of NiOx‐based inverted PSCs.

Amorphous Nanobelts for Efficient Electrocatalytic Ammonia Production.

One-dimensional (1D) amorphous nanomaterials combine the advantages of high active site concentration of amorphous structure, high specific surface area and efficient charge transfer and mass transport of 1D materials, so they present promising opportunities for catalysis. However, a significant challenge involves achieving a balance between the high orientation of 1D morphology and the isotropy of amorphous structure, which severely obstructs the controllable preparation of 1D amorphous materials. Guided by the hard-soft acids-bases theory, here we develop a general strategy for preparing 1D amorphous nanomaterials through the precise modulation of bond strength between metal ions and organic ligands for a moderated fastness. The soft base dodecanethiol (DT) is multifunctionally served as both structure-regulating agent and morphology-directing agent. Compared with the borderline acids (e.g. Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+) to construct amorphous structure, soft acid of Cu+ which produced crystalline nanobelts can still be amorphized by reducing the hardness of Cu ions through redox reaction to weak Cu-SR bond. Due to the combined advantages of amorphous structure and one-dimensional morphology, amorphous CuDT nanobelts exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity in electrochemical nitrate reduction, outperformed the most of the reported Cu-based catalysts. This work will effectively bridge the gap between traditional 1D crystalline nanomaterials and amorphization preparation.

Optimizing hazardous materials transportation network: A bi-level programming approach considering road blocking

Road transportation serves as the primary mode for hazardous materials (hazmat) transportation in China. However, the current academic literature lacks sufficient exploration of optimizing transportation networks through road-blocking strategies. This research proposed a bi-level programming model, where the government acts as the decision-maker in the upper-level programming, and the transportation enterprise operates at the lower level. Road-blocking strategies are employed by the government to mitigate transportation risks. We developed exact solution algorithms for the upper programming and employed genetic algorithms for the lower model separately. Finally, using a real road network in Beijing as a case study, we showcased the effectiveness of our approach. We computed government decision schemes and enterprise transportation routes for 13 scenarios, and conducted a further discussion and analysis on scenarios with road service levels of 83% and 80.9%. The method and results presented in our study can adeptly dissect the transportation of hazmat in city areas, offering insightful perspectives and robust support for devising more streamlined management strategies.

An Optimized Design of Cd-free CZTS Solar Cells Using High-Performance Electron Transport Materials to Minimize Recombination Effects

An Optimized Design of Cd-free CZTS Solar Cells Using High-Performance Electron Transport Materials to Minimize Recombination Effects

A-123 Comparative Assessment of Unmanned High-Speed Aerial Vehicles in Medical Logistics: Blood Sample Transportation Amidst Weather Variability

Abstract Background Drones, as an innovative technology, hold transformative potential in the field of medical logistics, especially in the transportation of sensitive medical materials like blood samples. This study aimed to assess and compare the impact of high-speed drone transportation with conventional car transportation on the integrity and preanalytics of blood samples, taking into account various blood materials and analytes. Methods Blood samples, including EDTA whole blood, serum, and plasma anticoagulated with Citrate and Lithium-Heparin transported as whole blood, were subjected to transportation via both drone and car. Drone flights were tested under diverse weather conditions (ranging between 4 and 20 degrees Celsius), and results were compared to samples stored without transportation. The maximum drone speed exceeded 100 km/h. A total of 28 analytes were tested on Serum, 20 on EDTA, 26 on Lithium-Heparin, and 5 on Citrate blood. Statistical analyses were performed using Passing Bablok and Bland-Altman methods. Results For Serum samples, the correlation coefficient (r) ranged from 0.830 to 1.000, and slopes varied from 0.913 to 1.111. Five analytes (total bilirubin, Calcium, Ferritin, Kalium, and Sodium) exhibited discrepancies between the negative control and the transported sample, with r lower than 0.800, slopes not between 0.8 and 1.2, and mean (%) not between +/- 10%. However, no significant differences were noted between drone and car transportation. Similar patterns emerged for EDTA, Lithium-Heparin, and Citrate samples, with r ranging from 0.829 to 0.997, 0.939 to 0.998, and 0.830 to 1.000, respectively. Slopes ranged from 0.956 to 1.051, 0.938 to 1.085, and 0.913 to 1.111. Despite identifying a few discrepancies in specific analytes, no significant differences were observed between transportation methods. Conclusions n comparison to transportation by car, drone transportation of blood samples did not lead to alterations in concentrations of commonly used analytes. Notably, instances of differences before and after transportation were attributed to the transportation process itself rather than the mode of transportation. This suggests that the use of drones for medical sample transport can be deemed comparable to, if not superior to, traditional car transportation methods.

Evaluation of the electrochemical response of aromatic peptides for biodetection of dopamine

Biologically inspired aromatic peptide-based materials are gaining increasing interest as novel charge transport materials for bioelectronics due to their remarkable electrical response and inherent biocompatibility. In this work, the electrochemical response of ten aromatic amino acids and eleven aromatic peptides has been evaluated to assess the potential of incorporating peptides into electrochemical sensors not as biorecognition elements but as biocompatible electronic materials. While the electrochemical response of amino acids is null in all cases, the hexapeptide of phenylalanine (Phe) capped with eight polyethylene glycol units at the N-terminus and, especially, the cyclic dipeptide formed by two dehydro-phenylalanine residues (cyclo(ΔPhe2)), which organize in fibrillary self-assembled structures of nano- and submicrometric size, respectively, are the most electroactive peptides. Electrodes to electrochemically detect the oxidation of dopamine have been prepared using a plasma-activated polyethylene terephthalate glycol substrate covered with a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) layer and a peptide coating deposited at the surface. The highest analytical sensitivity and the lowest limits of detection and quantifications have been obtained for the electrode coated with cyclo(ΔPhe2), which shows much better results than that without peptide. These results, on the one hand, confirm the significant role of electron transport through π-stacking interactions in the electrochemical response of peptides and, on the other hand, demonstrate that peptides can be directly used as electronic materials rather than as simple recognition elements in electrochemical biosensors.

Optimizing electron transport layers for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells using impedance spectroscopy

The best interface for a perovskite solar cell is designed to facilitate effective charge transport to achieve a high-power conversion efficiency. Tin dioxide (SnO2) is widely recognized as an electron transport material for perovskite solar cells, offering advantages such as low hysteresis, low defect concentration, and low fabrication temperature. However, the low conduction band edge of SnO2 restricts the built-in potential of the solar cell device. In this study, we designed a double layer of electron transport by applying zinc oxide (ZnO) on SnO2 to improve the electron transport properties in perovskite solar cells. The bilayer of electron transport enhances the interfaces between the perovskite and the electron transport layer, leading to an improvement in the efficiency and stability of solar cell devices up to 11.71 % compared to a single SnO2 layer device with a PCE of 9.06 %. The introduction of ZnO reduces charge recombination, resulting in a lower recombination resistance (Rrec). Also, charge transfer resistance (Rct) of ZnO/SnO2 increased to 16.6KΩ compared to a single SnO2 layer device with a Rct of 5.29KΩ. Our findings provide valuable insights into the design of electron transport layers for perovskite solar cells and highlight the importance of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in understanding the dynamic processes that govern their performance.

Morphological characteristics and distribution identification of telocytes in Tibetan sheep testis and epididymis

Telocytes (TCs) are a type of stromal cell discovered in the various organs of different animals and have many potential functions, including angiogenesis, signalling, and substance transport. However, the TCs have not been detected in the testis or epididymis of Tibetan sheep. This study investigated the position, characteristics, and distribution of TCs in the testis and epididymis of Tibetan sheep using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), toluidine blue staining, immunohistochemistry, and double immunofluorescence to elucidate their possible functions. TEM revealed that TCs were often found near basement membranes and capillaries and were characterised by large nuclei, elongated cytoplasmic protrusions, and many secretory vesicles. We also observed via toluidine staining that TCs were present near basement membrane and interstitial capillaries. Immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence revealed the positive expression of CD117, vimentin, platelet derived growth factor receptor α(PDGFRα), PDGFRα + CD117, and PDGFRα + vimentin in TCs. Additionally, we inferred that TCs participates in the formation of the blood–testis and blood–epididymis barriers, as well as in material transport and a stable microenvironment. This study presents the first evidence of the presence of TCs near the basement membrane and blood vessels in the testis and epididymis of Tibetan sheep. These findings provide new insights into the function of TCs in the reproductive systems of plateau animals.

Reliability Centered Modeling of an Automated Waste Sorting Robotic Arm System

In contemporary society, proper waste management is a critical issue that needs to be addressed. Waste management encompasses the collection, transportation, segregation and disposal of waste material to minimize health risks and environment impact. Manual segregation, along with other methods of waste segregation, is often inefficient and time consuming. To address this challenge, numerous industries have embraced automation in waste sorting to expedite the process through advanced technological interventions. Therefore, the optimal functioning of the components of these automated systems is crucial for rapid and accurate segregation of waste. This work is oriented toward the study of a system which is used to segregation of waste and known as waste sorting robotic arm system (WSRAS). Author used Markov decision process, along with mathematical modeling, to evaluate the different performance measure of WSRAS. Sensitivity analysis have also been done to understand the contribution of different components failure in overall performance of WSRAS.

Data-driven system identification and model predictive control of pneumatic conveying using nonlinear dynamics analysis for optimised energy consumption

Pneumatic conveying systems provide secure transportation of particulate material and a dust-free environment. These systems face high energy consumption, material degradation, and pipeline blockages. This research presents an innovative solution by integrating nonlinear dynamics analysis of electrostatic sensor data, including chaos and recurrence quantification analysis, sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics with control (SINDYc) and model predictive control (MPC). The Lyapunov exponent, approximate entropy and recurrence rate of electrostatic sensor data reveal the chaotic nature of gas-solid flows. MPC framework was tailored for real-time optimisation of a pneumatic conveying system. SINDYc system models were developed using data collected from an open-loop control pneumatic conveying process to conduct MPC simulations and select an appropriate model for real-time control. This research illustrates the potential of integrating nonlinear dynamics analysis, SINDYc integrated and MPC for enhanced system performance, showcased a significant reduction in energy consumption without compromising the system's efficiency or reliability.

Atmospheric Pressure Portable Catalytic Thermal Plasma System for Fast Synthesis of Aqueous NO3 and NO2 Fertilizer from Air and Water

AbstractMeaningful deployment of plasma water-based nitrogen fixation in agricultural application is hindered primarily due to its poor synthesis rate in compact systems. The study reports a directly deployable thermal plasma based portable catalytic compact system, offering typical synthesis rate as high as 1035 mg/min for nitrate and 635 mg/min for nitrite directly from naturally abundant atmospheric air and water. Developed technology is clean, sustainable, easily decentralizable, and completely free from fossil fuels and harmful intermediates like ammonia. The system avoids safety hazards and costs related to the requirements of continuous energy resources, pressurized environment for synthesis, regulated storage, refrigeration need, transportation of raw materials and distribution of fertilizer, as may be required by other competing technologies. Described system, consisting of air plasma torch, reaction chamber, water injection manifold and catalytic bed creates a unique nascent reactive plasma environment at ambient pressure that auto activates the catalyst in the field of thermal plasma for highly efficient fixation of nitrogen. Presented results indicate that use of combination catalysts with mechanically enhanced surface area allows drastic enhancement in the nitrogen fixation. Possible reaction chemistries, results of trials with different catalysts, time evolution of concentration, auto-conversion from nitrite to nitrate in aqueous media, time stability of concentration of the synthesized nitrate and observed remarkable effectiveness in the actual field trials are presented. Achieved synthesis rates are compared with those reported in literature in the area of thermal and non-thermal plasma.

MOF-derived Ni3Fe/Ni/NiFe2O4@C for enhanced hydrogen storage performance of MgH2

Magnesium hydride (MgH2) is an important material for hydrogen (H2) storage and transportation owing to its high capacity and reversibility. However, its intrinsic properties have considerably limited its industrial application. In this study, the NiFe-800 catalyst as metal-organic framework (MOF) derivative was first utilized to promote the intrinsic properties of MgH2. Compared to pure MgH2, which releases 1.24 wt% H2 in 60 min at 275 °C, the MgH2-10 NiFe-800 composite releases 5.85 wt% H2 in the same time. Even at a lower temperature of 250 °C, the MgH2-10 NiFe-800 composite releases 3.57 wt% H2, surpassing the performance of pure MgH2 at 275 °C. Correspondingly, while pure MgH2 absorbs 2.08 wt% H2 in 60 min at 125 °C, the MgH2-10 NiFe-800 composite absorbs 5.35 wt% H2 in just 1 min. Remarkably, the MgH2-10 NiFe-800 composite absorbs 2.27 wt% H2 in 60 min at 50 °C and 4.64 wt% H2 at 75 °C. This indicates that MgH2-10 NiFe-800 exhibits optimum performance with excellent kinetics at low temperatures. Furthermore, the capacity of the MgH2-10 NiFe-800 composite remains largely stable after 10 cycles. Moreover, the Mg2Ni/Mg2NiH4 acts as a “hydrogen pump”, providing effective diffusion channels that enhance the kinetic process of the composite during cycling. Additionally, Fe0 facilitates electron transfer and creates hydrogen diffusion channels and catalytic sites. Finally, carbon (C) effectively prevents particle agglomeration and maintains the cyclic stability of the composites. Consequently, the synergistic effects of Mg2Ni/Mg2NiH4, Fe0, and C considerably improve the kinetic properties and cycling stability of MgH2. This work offers an effective and valuable approach to improving the hydrogen storage efficiency in the commercial application of MgH2.

Multi-period emergency facility location-routing problems under uncertainty and risk aversion

This paper addresses a multi-period emergency facility location-routing problem, in which the uncertainties in material demands and transportation time, as well as dynamic inventory replenishment and carryover are incorporated in the design of multi-level emergency logistics networks. To measure the risks stemming from uncertain transportation time, mean-CVaR method is used. Then, a risk-averse stochastic programming model for the presented problem is formulated to minimize the total rescue time of the network. Moreover, a genetic algorithm is developed to solve the proposed model. Extensive numerical experiments including the randomly generated instances and a case study on the Wenchuan earthquake in China are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the presented model and algorithm. Experimental results show that the genetic algorithm significantly performs better than the Gurobi solver in terms of both solution quality and solution time.

Management of Logistics Systems to Increase the Competitiveness of a Community Enterprise Processing Herbs from Local Wisdom in Buriram Province, Thailand

The objectives of this research are to study: 1) the operating characteristics of the logistics system, 2) the relationship between logistics system management and competitiveness, and 3) development guidelines to increase the competitiveness of a community enterprise processing herbs from local wisdom in Ban Prue Sub-district, Krasang District, Buriram Province. The population and sample consisted of 30 people. Data were collected using a questionnaire and in-depth interviews, as well as group discussions. Data analysis included statistics such as percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results of the research revealed that: 1) All aspects of logistics system operations were at the highest level. 2) The relationship between logistics system management and competitiveness was at a moderate level, with customer service and packaging management showing a low level of relationship. And 3) development guidelines to increase competitiveness should focus on producing or developing products to have variety and quality, using local wisdom to create trust, acceptance, and reliability in the long term. It should cover all customer needs and emphasize cost leadership by developing the use of resources in a cost-effective manner and determining production costs based on long experience in business operations to reduce costs and increase efficiency. Rapid response should involve developing production according to orders and delivering products to customers on time using modern technology to speed up production. Testing research hypotheses on raw material procurement, inventory management, transportation, and distribution showed a positive impact while packaging management showed a negative impact on competitiveness of the community enterprise processing herbs from local wisdom in Ban Prue Sub-district, Krasang District, Buriram Province. The prediction for the four aspects was at 63.60% (AdjR² = 0.636).

Thermal Reactivity of Bio-Oil Produced from Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass.

Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of biomass is a versatile thermochemical process for producing a biogenic oil that can be further upgraded to sustainable transportation fuels, chemicals, and materials. CFP oil exhibits reduced oxygen content and improved thermal stability compared to noncatalytic fast pyrolysis oil. However, some level of reactive oxygenates remain in CFP oils, and reactions between these species can result in molecular weight growth and increased viscosity, leading to the potential for challenges during transportation, storage, and downstream processing. Previous research has provided considerable insight into the reactivity of noncatalytic fast pyrolysis oils, but CFP oils have yet to be studied in a similar fashion. Consequently, the degree of catalytic upgrading that is necessary to effectively stabilize CFP oils has yet to be established, and little is known about the mechanistic details underlying the process. The current study addresses this knowledge gap by controlling the CFP reaction conditions to systematically vary the oxygen content of the resulting oil. Accelerated thermal reactivity studies were then performed, and the CFP oils were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and viscometry to evaluate the impact of heating on their physical and chemical properties. The results revealed that short chain carbonyls, anhydrosugars, and lignin derivatives with conjugated vinyl groups likely play a role in the thermal reactivity of CFP oils. Additionally, experiments performed across a wide variety of feedstocks revealed relatively low thermal reactivity for CFP oils with oxygen contents of <20 wt %. However, above this threshold value, the thermal reactivity grew exponentially as a function of oxygen content, resulting in large increases in viscosity and molecular weight. These results serve to deepen the mechanistic understanding of CFP oil thermal reactivity and help inform the development of quality specifications for catalytic upgrading to effectively stabilize CFP oils.

Embodied carbon of BIM bridge models according to the application of off-site prefabrication: Precast concrete applied to superstructure and substructure

Embodied carbon (EC) changes of bridges using PC and RC, were analyzed using BIM and One-Click LCA. Identically shaped, concrete bridges (RC, PC, superstructure-only PC, and substructure-only PC) were modeled; the bills of quantity were extracted and input into the LCA software for EC comparison. As a result, it was found that applying PC instead of RC is not necessarily a guaranteed method to reduce the EC of bridges. Sensitivity analysis on the EC according to concrete waste and material transportation distances of all models were conducted. References from a carbon perspective were presented for applying PC separately to superstructure and substructure. As a result, solutions for the application of PC were derived considering the changes in concrete waste and transportation distance of concrete inputs. Conclusively, it was analyzed that substructure-only PC is effective in reducing EC overall, regardless of the amount of concrete waste and transportation distance of inputs.

Nup210 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Progression by Regulating Nuclear Plasma Transport

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) regulates nucleoplasmic transport, transcription, and genomic integrity in eukaryotic cells. However, little is known about how NPC works in cancer. In this study, we investigated the role of the nuclear pore protein 210 (Nucleoporin 210, Nup210) in colorectal cancer (CRC). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the expression of Nup210 was increased in CRC and was associated with poor patient prognosis, but it was not a statistically significant independent prognostic factor. Moreover, knockdown of Nup210 in CRC cells inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of CRC cells in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, nuclear size and nuclear plasma material transport capacity decreased along with the number and density of NPCs on the surface of CRC cells when Nup210 expression was inhibited. Furthermore, Nup210 required nuclear localization sequences (NLS) to localize to the nuclear membrane surface and interact with importin-α/β, which in turn affected the transit of nuclear plasma material. Importazole, a small molecule inhibitor of importin, along with therapy that targets the Nup210 protein is anticipated to be a novel strategy for CRC treatment. Their combination may be able to more effectively lower CRC tumor load. In conclusion, Nup210 modulates cellular nucleoplasmic transport capability and cell surface NPC density via NLS, thus promoting CRC progression. This discovery validates the molecular function of NPC in the development of CRC and provides a theoretical foundation for NPC-regulated nuclear import targeting as a therapeutic strategy for CRC.

NiO/MWCNT incorporated methyl ammonium lead iodide for an efficient perovskite solar cells

The perovskite solar cells (PSCs) reveal the impressive performance due to the extraordinary characteristic features of perovskite material and its fabrication methods. The complex deposition process and hygroscopic nature of hole transport materials are biggest obstacles for attaining high power conversion efficiency (PCE) with long term stability in PSC. In this study, NiO/MWCNT nanocomposites have been synthesized by hydrothermal method and are incorporated in CH3NH3PbI3 to increase the performance of PSCs with stability. The incorporation has been carried out to improve the properties of CH3NH3PbI3 such as formation of large grain size/grain boundaries, reduce the defects that enhance the charge generation/collection and reduction in recombination. The fabricated PSCs with NiO/MWCNT revealed a PCE of 14.93 % with moderate hysteresis, which is significantly higher PCE than that of pristine PSC. The enhanced recombination resistance was observed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which evinces the remarkable PCE of NiO/MWCNT incorporated PSC. The strong PL quenching and red shift of PL spectrum confirms the low recombination and larger grains in the NiO/MWCNT-CH3NH3PbI3 layer. Moreover, the NiO/MWCNT incorporated PSC retains 94 % of its initial PCE after 600 h of aging under atmospheric condition whereas the PCE of pristine PSC shows 87 % of its initial PCE value. The carbon back electrode also supports to lift up PCE and stability of PSCs.

Exploring 32 % efficiency of eco-friendly kusachiite-based solar cells: A numerical study

Recently, solar cells have appeared as a promising solution to meet the increasing energy demand. However, their large-scale commercial use is limited by issues such as toxicity (Cd, Pb, etc), high manufacturing costs, lower stability, and low efficiency. In this perspective, kusachiite solar cells (KSCs) are environmentally friendly, long-term stable, and easy to manufacture. Thus, in this work, kusachiite (CuBi2O4) is used as an absorber layer, with NiO and SrTiO3 serving as the hole transport material (HTM) and an electron transport layer (ETL), respectively. The KSCs, with a structure of FTO/SrTiO3/CuBi2O4/NiO/Au, are numerically simulated. Maximum power conversion efficiency is achieved by optimizing several photovoltaic parameters, such as the thickness and doping density of the ETL, absorber, and HTM. The optimized thicknesses for the HTL, absorber layer, and ETL are 1.5 μm, 2.28 μm, and 0.02 μm, respectively. The designed KSCs exhibit an efficiency eta (η) of 31.89 %, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.31 V, a short-circuit current (Jsc) of 28.58 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF) of 84.99 %.

Low-temperature crosslinked hole transport material for high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells

Hole transport materials (HTMs) play a crucial role in the development of high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by facilitating hole transport, passivating defects, and tuning crystallization. Achieving high efficiency and stability remains a key challenge for the PSCs. Crosslinked HTMs combine the efficiency of small molecules with enhanced environmental stability, however, a significant challenge in developing crosslinked HTMs for PSCs is the high temperature required for crosslinking. In this work, we synthesized a concise crosslinkable HTM, Tetrastyrenebiphenyldiamine (TPDA), based on a biphenyl core with four styrene groups, using a one-step method. TPDA can be crosslinked through an annealing process at 100℃ for 10 min without the need for any dopants or initiators. Interestingly, the compact films formed in the anneal process and the excellent spreadability for the perovskite precursor solution leading to the high-quality perovskite films, as a result, the inverted devices based on CL-TPDA achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.4%. Furthermore, the stability of the devices without encapsulation has notably improved. The PCE maintains over 85% of its initial value after 1000 h of storage in ambient air (25℃, relative humidity about 50%).