Diesel Transport Research Articles

Application of Real-Life On-Road Driving Data for Simulating the Electrification of Long-Haul Transport Trucks

The worldwide commitment to the electrification of road transport will require a broad overhaul of equipment and infrastructure. Heavy-duty trucks account for over one-third of on-road energy use. Electrified roadways (e-Hwys) are an emerging technology where electric vehicles receive electricity while driving via dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT), which is becoming highly efficient, and can bypass the battery to directly serve the motor. A modeling study was undertaken to compare long-haul trucks on e-Hwys with conventional battery technology requiring off-road recharging to assess the most favorable pathway to electrification. Detailed data taken from on-road driving trips from five diesel transport trucks were obtained for this study. This on-road data provided the simulations with both real-life duty cycles as well as performance targets for electric trucks, enabling an assessment and comparison of their performance on e-Hwys or with fast recharging. Battery-only trucks were found to have lifetimes down to 60% original battery capacity (60% SOH) of up to 9 years with 1600 kWh packs, and were similar to conventional diesel truck performance. On e-Hwys smaller pack sizes in the 500 to 900 kWh capacity range were sufficient for the driving duty, and showed lifetimes upwards of 20 years, comparing favorably to the battery calendar life limit of about 26 years. For a 535 kWh battery pack, an e-Hwy DWPT level of 250 kW was sufficient for a 36 tonne truck to complete all the daily driving as defined by the diesel reference trucks, and reach a battery pack end of life point of 60% SOH.

Is the analysis of territorial compatibility in the vicinity of road hazmat transport routes a necessity for developing countries? A case study of Romania

The way dangerous goods are transported on roads within the European Union is regulated by international agreements that have been transposed into national legislation. Unlike European policies that focus on preventing major accidents involving dangerous substances in the industry, the component of territorial planning in areas exposed to technological hazards is not given similar attention when it comes to transport routes of dangerous goods. Since both the transport of hazardous materials and the activities of large industrial operators involve the handling of the same types of dangerous substances, they share similar associated hazards. Within this framework, a question arises as to whether decision-makers should accord greater consideration to the land use policies in the areas adjacent to transportation routes. In this study, the case of Romania was analyzed in detail, with the objective to firstly identify some particularities in how the primary road infrastructure is developed in relation to other European countries. Since the territorial compatibility near large industrial operators is established based on specific regulations at the national level, but there is no similar regulation for the transport of dangerous substances, another objective was to adapt and implement a methodology for the analysis of the territorial compatibility in the proximity of the national roads network. The proposed methodology utilizes open-source data and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for analysis. It also involves the extensive application of existing rules on territorial compatibility for technological risks, specifically in the context of hazmat transport. The results of this study indicate that the primary road transport network in Romania has different characteristics compared to that of other countries, which determines a higher level of exposure to the hazards specific to the road transport of hazardous materials. Additionally, from an analysis of gasoline and diesel transport on national roads and the implementation of a territorial compatibility matrix, we observed instances of territorial incompatibility in the current state, particularly in areas close to the road, especially for scenarios with a relatively high accident frequency. Thus, the way future large road infrastructure development projects address risks related to dangerous goods transportation and the implementation of environmentally conscious land management strategies can contribute to society's sustainable development.

ROLE OF EXTERNAL FINANCE AND INNOVATION IN ACHIEVING ECO-EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Eco-efficiency is a biggest universal challenge and one-fourth CO₂ emission produce by World Transport sector. UN Sustainable development Goals Agenda-2030; Paris agreement of 2015 was most successful agreement between the advancing Global World to set a target, to meet Social-economic-environment success. The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of External finance and Power Diversity on Eco-efficiency and sustainable Development Goals; to identify the best financial and transport eco-power source. This study used two ways of data analysis; first, past and future trend analysis, and second, Regression, GMM and Robust measurement; first, External finance Trend of four countries, Japan has least dependent country, china only face dependency in FDI, while Pakistan major dependency on Remittances and ODA-Foreign-Aid. Fuel Consumption Trend; Japan Eco-efficiency policy is better than other three countries, but still away from Paris Agreement-Target-2030. Second; Regression and GMM results indicates external finance i.e. FDI, Remittances, ODA and Transport Power Source i.e. Oil and Electric high significant impact on eco-efficiency and SDGs; GDP highly significant inverse, health negative and Per-Capita GDP, Government Consumption positive relationships exist with Eco-efficiency and SDGs. The robust result indicates of validity and the sustainability. Study implication and recommendation are cleared; external finance has a modern finance source for technology enhancement and economy. Transport Cargo system need to be design according eco-friendly, UN SDGs Agenda-2030. Government need to enacting policies to encourage foreigner to invest eco-friendly project like modern technology enhancement, people to move away from gasoline and diesel transportation until modern technology eco-efficient, Electric power system is an alternative of fossil power generation toward CO₂ emission reduction.

Green technologies and marketing tools in ensuring sustainable development of mining enterprises

The aim of the article. The purpose of the study is to determine the harmful impact on the environment and human health caused by the operation of the spatial diesel transport units at mining facilities and to prove the feasibility of transferring them to innovative green technologies in combination with the use of special marketing tools. Analysis results. In the 21st century, environmental crises in Ukraine and other countries around the world have been significantly intensified due to anthropogenic activities, slowing down the development of economies and harming the health and well-being of citizens. A number of concepts have been proposed to address environmental, social, and economic problems, among which the concepts of sustainable development and green economy have taken a special place. The last one is particularly important in the context of this study, as it aims to ensure a more harmonious relationship between economic, environmental, and social components, and is directly related to green marketing and environmental management approaches. Therefore, marketing and management tools play a significant role in ensuring the sustainable development of the biosphere and society. This investigation is dedicated, first of all, to the mining industry of Ukraine, but the results are relevant to other countries too. From one point of view, the mining industry is one of the major drivers of the Ukrainian economy, but from the other – it also has a significant negative impact on the environment. Therefore, increasing the efficiency of operation and ensuring sustainable, environmentally friendly development of mining enterprises through the active implementation of "green" technologies within the framework of the above-mentioned concepts is an extremely urgent task, especially given that a lot of special equipment and transport units are operating on such enterprises. Conclusions and directions for further research. As a result of the study, it was determined that the effectiveness of the application of marketing principles for the sustainable development of the mining enterprises’ transport units opens up wide opportunities for improving the management of natural resources and, as a result, meeting human needs, achieving the goals of decarbonization and sustainable development of industry, and preventing global climate change. The implementation of even seemingly insignificant environmental innovations in the mining industry, and especially in its freight transportation, is a significant and very important contribution to environmental protection, sustainable development of society and the biosphere, smart usage of natural resources, etc. And improving the logistics schemes of such enterprises, as well as making fundamental changes and transformations in this area based on the widespread use of modern digital technologies is another very important step towards ensuring the sustainable development of freight transportation at mining enterprises. In the context of green marketing, the implementation of the research results will make it possible to meet the demands of society for the greening of the mining industry as a whole, as well as the demand of individual consumers for environmentally acceptable products from specific mining companies.

Топливопроницаемость термопластичных полиуретанов после воздействия соляного тумана

The effect of salt mist exposure on the surface structure and permeability of thermoplastic polyurethane used in the production of temporary storage tanks and transportation of diesel fuel was investigated. After exposure to salt mist, the analysis of microphotographs showed the alignment of the surface of the polymer material. IR spectroscopy revealed a change in the chemical composition of thermoplastic polyurethane, and the appearance of a quaternary ammonium salt, which leads to an increase in the polarity of polymer macromolecules and increases the relaxation rate of the polymer material structure. An approach to modeling the natural loss of diesel fuel during storage in elastic tanks is proposed. The model parameters allowed us to quantify the effect of salt mist on the diffusion permeability of thermoplastic polyurethane for diesel fuel. At a storage temperature below 60 °C after exposure to salt mist, the tightness time increases and the natural loss of diesel fuel decreases during storage in the tank.

Mathematical Problem of the Stability Theory of the Gas Diesel Transport Control System

The existing unique solution of a system of equations describing motion along a given trajectory in the space of variables is considered when the vector function meets the conditions of the Cauchy problem. The stability of those functions that are positive everywhere except for the equilibrium position is estimated. The stability of linear autonomous systems is determined by the roots of the characteristic equation of the matrix.

Diesel and Crude Oil Biodegradation by Cold-Adapted Microbial Communities in the Labrador Sea.

ABSTRACTOil spills in the subarctic marine environment off the coast of Labrador, Canada, are increasingly likely due to potential oil production and increases in ship traffic in the region. To understand the microbiome response and how nutrient biostimulation promotes biodegradation of oil spills in this cold marine setting, marine sediment microcosms amended with diesel or crude oil were incubated at in situ temperature (4°C) for several weeks. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes following these spill simulations revealed decreased microbial diversity and enrichment of putative hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria that differed depending on the petroleum product. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that the genus Paraperlucidibaca harbors previously unrecognized capabilities for alkane biodegradation, which were also observed in Cycloclasticus. Genomic and amplicon sequencing together suggest that Oleispira and Thalassolituus degraded alkanes from diesel, while Zhongshania and the novel PGZG01 lineage contributed to crude oil alkane biodegradation. Greater losses in PAHs from crude oil than from diesel were consistent with Marinobacter, Pseudomonas_D, and Amphritea genomes exhibiting aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation potential. Biostimulation with nitrogen and phosphorus (4.67 mM NH4Cl and 1.47 mM KH2PO4) was effective at enhancing n-alkane and PAH degradation following low-concentration (0.1% [vol/vol]) diesel and crude oil amendments, while at higher concentrations (1% [vol/vol]) only n-alkanes in diesel were consumed, suggesting toxicity induced by compounds in unrefined crude oil. Biostimulation allowed for a more rapid shift in the microbial community in response to petroleum amendments, more than doubling the rates of CO2 increase during the first few weeks of incubation.IMPORTANCE Increases in transportation of diesel and crude oil in the Labrador Sea will pose a significant threat to remote benthic and shoreline environments, where coastal communities and wildlife are particularly vulnerable to oil spill contaminants. Whereas marine microbiology has not been incorporated into environmental assessments in the Labrador Sea, there is a growing demand for microbial biodiversity evaluations given the pronounced impact of climate change in this region. Benthic microbial communities are important to consider given that a fraction of spilled oil typically sinks such that its biodegradation occurs at the seafloor, where novel taxa with previously unrecognized potential to degrade hydrocarbons were discovered in this work. Understanding how cold-adapted microbiomes catalyze hydrocarbon degradation at low in situ temperature is crucial in the Labrador Sea, which remains relatively cold throughout the year.

Justification of the use of a vegetal additive to diesel fuel as a method of protecting underground personnel of coal mines from the impact of harmful emissions of diesel-hydraulic locomotives

Equipment with diesel engines is used in all mining enterprises. Monorail diesel transport is of great importance in coal mines, as it facilitates the heavy labor of workers when transporting materials and people, fixing mining workings, refueling and repairing equipment, which leads to an increase in the speed of tunneling operations. Reducing the concentration of harmful gases from diesel-hydraulic locomotives at the workplaces of coal mine locomotive drivers can be ensured by the use of additives to diesel fuel that reduce the volume of harmful gas emissions during the operation of diesel-hydraulic locomotives. Additive ester-based on vegetal oil in the amount of 5 mass % in a mixture with hydrotreated diesel fuel reduces the concentration of carbon monoxide by 19-60 %, nitrogen oxides by 17-98 %, depending on the operating mode of the engine, the smoke content of the exhaust gases is reduced to 71 %. There is an improvement in working conditions at the workplace of the driver of a diesel-hydraulic locomotive by the chemical factor due to the reduction of the class of working conditions from 3.1. to 2.

WPŁYW ZANIECZYSZCZEŃ EKSPLOATACYJNYCH OLEJU NAPĘDOWEGO NA SMARNOŚĆ PALIWA

During the production, transportation, distribution, use or storage of diesel fuel, liquid and solid substances get into it, negatively affecting their operational properties. These substances are called pollutants. At the same time, impurities are removed from the fuel by filtration, dehydration and settling. The total amount is the result of the cleaning process. The performance of the aforementioned tasks of the fuel system is mainly determined by the corresponding physicochemical properties of the diesel fuel. The properties of the fuel that affect the functioning of the fuel system are as follows: masticity, viscosity, density, rheological indicators at low temperatures. Failure to comply with the requirements for oil and the content of impurities in diesel fuel can quickly damage injection equipment, which is sensitive to changes in fuel quality. By nature, contaminants of diesel fuel include: dust particles, water, corrosion products of pipelines and tanks, microorganisms, resinous substances. The requirements for diesel oils contained in the PN-EN 590 standard determine the permissible contamination level. The maximum content of solid pollutants for diesel engines is 24 mg / kg. This value is the amount of solids released when filtering a given amount of fuel through a nitrocellulose filter, the pore size of which is less than 0.8 microns. The fifth edition of the World Fuel Charter, September 2013, contains an additional criterion for the particle size of particulate pollutants. A section introduced concerns particles larger than 4 µm, 6 µm and 14 µm. According to the assumption of the division of molecules into corresponding groups of sizes, the purity of diesel fuel is determined by three numbers. These, in turn, correspond to the number of molecules contained in the above size ranges. TDue to the possibility of microbial growth, filter blocking or increased galvanic corrosion, it is assumed that the water in diesel fuel should not be in a separate phase. The permitted water content in diesel fuel is 200 mg / kg. The release of sulfur compounds into the atmosphere increases the concentration of other toxic components in the exhaust gases of vehicles with compression inflammation engines. Sulfur improves the masticability of diesel fuel, but due to environmental protection, its content is systematically reduced. Modern standards for these fuels allow sulfur content up to 10 mg / kg. The content of impurities can be defined as the volume (v / v) or mass (w / m) fraction of impurities contained in a unit volume or mass of the test liquid. There are many methods for determining the content of various types of impurities, from the simplest - visual, through quantitative and qualitative tests, to chemical tests. Four samples of diesel fuel were tested. Diesel (ON) was the baseline. The rest of the samples underwent an accelerated contamination procedure. The pollutants used in the study were: water, gasoline, solid powder abrasive substances consisting of silicon carbide grains SiC (95 - 98%) and impurities Fe2O3, Al2O3, CaO, SiO2, MnO2, granulation 4.5 μm ± 1%. In a baseline test of unstained diesel fuel, a capture force Poz of 930 N was obtained. Capture occurred after 2 s of the test. The sample, a mixture of diesel and gasoline, showed a slight decrease in Poz strength compared to baseline breakdown. The difference was 3%. The time over which the entrainment was observed was similar to the time taken for the baseline sample. During the examination of a diesel fuel sample contaminated with solid particles of abrasive powder, there was a sharp decrease in the gripping force by as much as 97% relative to the result obtained for the base sample, and the beginning of gripping was less than 0.5 s. Tests with a mixture of diesel fuel and water showed a 15% decrease in gripping force, and the time was also 2 s. After comparing the results obtained, it can be concluded that all the impurities used influenced the force of the gripping load. Different results indicate different degrees of influence of certain pollutants on the makability of diesel oil. KEY WORDS: DIESEL, POLLUTANTS, LUBRICANT PROPERTIES, GRIP, GRIP STRENGTH.

Application of low temperature transportation of 0#diesel oil in North China

Wax deposition in diesel transportation pipe at low temperatures is one of the harassing problems faced by the diesel transportation companies. In winter, the temperature is very low and the demand of diesel is increasing greatly in northern region of China. This work is focused on proposing a new method to transport diesel at low temperature, by analyzing the operating process of diesel transportation, studying the characteristics of the diesel wax deposition process in pipe by experimental measurements and ensuring the safety of diesel transportation at low temperature. The new diesel transportation method at low temperature built up some key parameters about the process of diesel entering to pipeline and achieved normal operation of the 0# diesel transportation system in winter. This achievement has been added into the operating regulations to promote the application of refined oil pipelines in the northern region.

Energy performance and well-to-wheel analysis of different powertrain solutions for freight transportation

In this paper we compare energy performance and environmental impact of four nominal weight classes of commercial vehicles with different powertrain solutions: conventional diesel internal combustion engine (ICE), Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) and Plug-In Fuel Cell Vehicle (PFCV). First, the sizing of the various powertrain components is performed adopting a simplified calculation based on a rule-based model. Then, the energy performances are evaluated through simulation over different driving cycles carried out with a self-developed Matlab/Simulink® simulator tool based on a forward-looking approach, that implements a control strategy that targets the instant velocity specified by the driving cycle. We show that when the optimal control strategy based on the Pontryagin's Minimum Principle is adopted, the fuel consumption significantly reduces with respect to the simplified rule-based control strategy approach. Finally, the overall specific energy consumption and the corresponding greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions are evaluated by means of a well-to-wheel analysis, considering various possible scenarios, covering the main traditional and low emission solutions for production, transportation and distribution of diesel, electricity and hydrogen. As expected, the highest GHG emissions are obtained in case of fossil origin of the energy carrier, with maximum value of 270 gCO2/km/kg in case of 3.5 ton truck with traditional diesel ICE, due to the low powertrain efficiency compared to the other considered solutions. Moreover, both the specific primary energy consumption and GHG emissions proportionally reduce with tonnage, as a consequence of the progressive reduction of the fraction of the powertrain weight with respect to the total vehicle mass.

Off-grid hybrid system for the Berlenga Island

The Berlenga Island is an environmentally protected area for its biodiversity and is currently supplied by diesel generators for most of the year. This kind of conventional generation abides for obvious environmental and safety risks regarding maritime transportation, storage and transfer of diesel fuel. Furthermore, there are several costs incurred by this type of generation during a year of energy supply. The Berlenga Project aims for a more sustainable solution for the energy supply of the island while guaranteeing a cost-effective solution and compliance with all its environmental protection measures, as well as adapting the regulatory framework, which was defined before European unbundling directives, forbidding the DSO of having generation activities. Though various solutions and mixed renewables systems were considered, the supply system chosen for the island was a solar + storage + backup diesel off-grid solution, which best responded to the major concerns regarding environmental issues and presenting itself as the most cost-effective solution when in comparison with a submarine cable (both in investment and maintenance).

Analysis and Evaluation of Contamination Status of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Settled House and Road Dust Samples from Hanoi

Analysis and Evaluation of Contamination Status of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Settled House and Road Dust Samples from Hanoi

Enhanced and integrated geothermal systems for sustainable development of Canada’s northern communities

This paper provides an evaluation of the needs and requirement for the provision of critical energy services to communities in Canada’s northern region. Enhanced geothermal system concepts are introduced as part of a set of integrated solutions that are cost-competitive and sustainable over the long-term. The goal is to establish a low-carbon energy supply system that not only generates sufficient power and heat to satisfy basic needs but can be scaled to meet higher level requirements for economic empowerment. For remote and isolated communities, a reliable and cost-effective supply of energy is a critical factor to develop and sustain a standard of living comparable to southern regions of Canada. The high cost of energy supply, specifically diesel transport over long distances, is a severe impediment to sustainable development in the northern regions of Canada. A first-order technical and economic feasibility study of the integration of different local energy sources (both renewable and non-renewable) with geothermal energy (deep and shallow) is developed to establish a pathway for a more efficient, low-carbon, sustainable energy sources. The results of this analysis provide a strong basis for investment in modular small-scale integrated geothermal systems for seasonal heat storage and electricity services.

Geothermal Energy for Sustainable Food Production in Canada’s Remote Northern Communities

The cold, remote, northern regions of Canada constitute a challenging environment for the provision of reliable energy and food supply to communities. A transition from fossil fuels to renewables-based sources of energy is one positive step in reducing the greenhouse gases from the energy supply system, which currently requires long-distance transport of diesel for electricity and heating needs. Geothermal energy can not only displace diesel for part of this energy need, it can provide a base-load source of local energy to support food production and mitigate adverse impacts of food insecurity on communities. In this proof-of-concept study, we highlight some potential benefits of using geothermal energy to serve Canada’s northern communities. Specifically, we focus on food security and evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of producing vegetables in a “controlled environment”, using ground sources of heat for energy requirements at three remote locations—Resolute Bay, Nunavut, as well as Moosonee and Pagwa in Ontario. The system is designed for geothermal district heating combined with efficient use of nutrients, water, and heat to yield a diverse crop of vegetables at an average cost up to 50% lower than the current cost of these vegetables delivered to Resolute Bay. The estimates of thermal energy requirements vary by location (e.g., they are in the range of 41 to 44 kW of thermal energy for a single greenhouse in Resolute Bay). To attain adequate system size to support the operation of such greenhouses, it is expected that up to 15% of the annually recommended servings of vegetables can be provided. Our comparative analysis of geothermal system capital costs shows significantly lower capital costs in Southern Ontario compared to Northern Canada—lower by one-third. Notwithstanding high capital costs, our study demonstrates the technical and economic feasibility of producing vegetables cost-effectively in the cold northern climate. This suggests that geothermal energy systems can supply the heat needed for greenhouse applications in remote northern regions, supplying a reliable and robust source of cost-competitive sustainable energy over the long-term and providing a basis for improved food security and economic empowerment of communities.

Environmental impact of the on-road transportation distance and product volume from farm to a fresh food distribution center: a case study in Brazil.

The pollutants' emissions from on-road transport are critical pressure on the climate change scenario, and most developing countries rely on mostly diesel transportation. The current study aimed to estimate the environmental impact of the distance from the agricultural production area of fresh food (papaya, potato, and tomato) to a fresh food distribution center located in Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The way the products were carried was assessed for calculating the total transported volume. The total amount carried was measured, considering the number of trips multiplied by the total distance traveled within a year of supply. An online calculator was used to evaluate the amount of CO2 emission, and to allow the estimative of the amount of CO2-eq, that is the Global Warming Impact (GWP) in 100 years. The highest CO2 emission was identified in the potato transported from Paraná State to the distribution center, with a CO2-eq emission of 3237 t/year (64% of contribution), followed by the papaya from Bahia State (2723 t/year, 42% of contribution), and the tomato from Sao Paulo State (625 t/year, 71% of contribution). However, when computing the GWP, the highest value was found in the transport of potato from the Minas Gerais State (8 × 10-2 in 100 years) followed by the papaya from Rio Grande do Norte State (5 × 10-2 in 100 years) and the papaya from Bahia (3 × 10-2 in 100 years). The higher the amount of product transported by a trip, the smaller the environmental impact in the long run. A proper strategy to reduce the environmental impact would be to have large freight volume when transporting food from vast distances within continental countries.

Failure analysis and simulation model of pinhole corrosion of the refined oil pipeline

A new approach has been developed to conduct failure analysis of pinhole corrosion in pipelines using the normal material failure method and corrosion environment simulations during a full life cycle of the pipeline. A 277 km long DN 355.6 underground pipeline used for the transportation of diesel and gasoline leaked 3 times within 4 years of service. The pipeline had been operating at a 30% permissible capacity with one-third of operation and two-third of shutdown every month. Failure occurred due to internal corrosion at the 3, 4, and6 o'clock positions with respect to the pipeline orientation, resulting in pinholes within 3–4 years of commission. Chemical analysis and metallography were carried out on one of the failed pipeline segments. Various sections of the corrosion products were metallurgically evaluated using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The corrosion product was identified using photometric and potentiometric analyses combined with X-ray diffraction. Diesel, gasoline, and water samples obtained from the pipeline were also analyzed. The material of the pipeline was identified to be X60 with inclusions and manufactured pores. The experimental results indicate that the failure was caused by general corrosion, the activities of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), inclusion and/or manufactured pores of pipe body in the environment of chloride, sulfur, and oxygen in water wet at the internal of the pipeline. It is concluded that before the commission, due to the existence of hydrostatic test water, it is easy to cause corrosion of the pipeline. After the commission, along with lower flow velocity and long time shutdown of operation, water deposited to the bottom of pipeline and it is also likely to cause corrosion. The presence of inclusions or small holes in the pipe body accelerates the penetration speed. Series of a pinhole failure caused simulation model and equation of pinhole length were built. The calculation based on the parameters of the failed pinhole is more consistent with the proposed model.

INVESTIGATION OF THE BEARING UNIT FOR PISTON HEAD OF CONNECTING ROD

The article investigates the bearing unit of the piston head of the connecting rod (PGSh) of 6DN 12/2x12 type diesel transport. The PGSh bearing assembly contains a two-row, non-standard needle bearing of a non-standard design. Needle bearings in the PGSh assembly are often used for the designs of high-speed small-sized two-stroke internal combustion engines. Bearing failures PGS appear as a result of wear of the working surfaces at significant speeds of rotation of the crankshaft and low loads. In order to increase durability, the production technology of its parts is improved, the quality of installation is improved and the heat sink is provided. A design, a complete analysis of the geometry and materials of which the basic elements are made is given. Distinctive features of the design are the installation of the sleeve in PGSh with a gap that provides the necessary mobility relative to the connecting rod, and rotation of the piston pin in working condition in the piston bosses. The operating temperatures of the loaded part of the raceway surface are provided only by a sufficient supply of lubricant. To lubricate the raceways and needle rollers in the bearing bush there are four radial holes. To increase productivity and reduce the cost of rounding off the sharp edges of the holes along the outer and inner surface of the sleeve, it is proposed to perform this procedure using the electrochemical method. To compare the fatigue strength of the sleeves manufactured by serial technology (manually) and using the method of electro-chemical processing, their accelerated durability tests were carried out, the results were analyzed. In the process of research, a design scheme for loading the sleeve was developed. For this purpose, a special device for fatigue tests has been manufactured. A mathematical model was compiled and the optimal choice of modes was analyzed. Studies have been carried out that make it possible to draw practically important conclusions about the fatigue strength in bending of experimental and serial bushings. It has been established that the electrochemical technology of processing the edges of the holes does not reduce the fatigue strength of steel ShKh15-Sh.

Numerical study of cavitation in centrifugal pump conveying different liquid materials

Abstract A numerical study on cavitation in the centrifugal pump during the transportation of pure water and diesel is carried out. An improved cavitation model based on the Zwart–Gerber–Belamri Model is employed in the simulation. A Cash–Karp fourth–fifth order Runge–Kutta method was used to solve the original Rayleigh-Plesset equation to get the numerical solution. The effects from viscosity and surface tension on bubbles’ expansion and compression are taken into account in the improved model instead of the traditional simplification in which the bubble radius is just a function of pressure and density. The coefficients got by fitting the numerical solution are added to the constant pre-multiplier of the Zwart-Gerber-Belrami cavitation model and finally enhance the model. The vapor volume fraction was predicted to be larger in diesel compared to water. The distribution of pressure in diesel is more homogenous than that in pure water.

Characterizing the immiscible transport properties of diesel and water in peat soil

Extensive pipeline and railway corridors crossing Canadian peatlands make them vulnerable to hydrocarbon spills, potentially impairing ecosystem health, so it is important to be able to forecast hydrocarbon fate and transport within and beyond the peatland. The redistribution of hydrocarbon liquids in groundwater systems are controlled by the multiphase flow characteristics of the aquifer material including capillary pressure-saturation-relative permeability (Pc-S-kr) relations. However, these relations have never been characterized for the hydrocarbon-water phases in peat. To address this, the flow and transport of diesel and water in peat soils were examined through a number of one dimensional vertical immiscible displacement tests, in which diesel was percolated into peat pore space displacing peat water, leading to a two-phase flow regime. Inverse modelling simulations using both Brooks and Corey's and power law relative permeability models, matched the data of the immiscible displacement tests well. Irreducible water saturation (Swirr) and the curvature of water relative permeability relation increased with peat bulk density. The residual diesel saturation (SNr) ranged between 0.3% and 17% and increased with bulk density of peat. In a given peat, SNr was a function of saturation history and increased with increasing maximum diesel saturation. The receding contact angles of water in water-air systems and diesel in diesel-air systems, respectively, were 51.7° and 61.2°, showing that the wetting tendency of peat in the air imbibition condition is toward the draining liquid. These experiments advance our knowledge on the behavior of hydrocarbons in peat, and can improve numerical modelling of hydrocarbon transport after a spill.