Transport Capability Research Articles

Janus cotton fabric with Dual-Discrepancies in surface energy and porosity for efficient thermal and moisture management

The Janus fabrics offer potential advantages in moisture management for a comfortable microclimate between our bodies and the environment, but challenges remain in achieving desirable unidirectional sweat transfer and integrating wearing comfort, cost-effectiveness, and fabrication scalability. Here, cotton fabrics are modified on their opposing surfaces to create a Janus structure with dual discrepancies in surface energy and fabric porosity, resulting in improved water transport capability and a well-balanced combination of the mentioned properties. The hydrophobic surface was created by covalently grafting a block copolymer, poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(lauryl methacrylate), onto one side of a cotton fabric using a “mist polymerization” technique. Porosity differentiation was then achieved by electrospinning silk fibroin (SF) onto the opposite side. The resulting dual-discrepancy in the fabric synergistically enhances its unidirectional transport capability, achieving an outstanding water evaporation rate of 3.0 kg m−2 in 6 h, and at least 2 °C evaporative cooling compared with other conventional fabrics such as cotton and PET. This study demonstrates valuable insights into the development of smart textiles that provide a comfortable microclimate for the human body.

Decreased calcium permeability caused by biallelic TRPV5 mutation leads to autosomal recessive renal calcium-wasting hypercalciuria.

Hypercalciuria is the most common metabolic risk factor in people with kidney stone disease. Its etiology is mostly multifactorial, although monogenetic causes of hypercalciuria have also been described. Despite the increased availability of genetic diagnostic tests, the vast majority of individuals with familial hypercalciuria remain unsolved. In this study, we investigated a consanguineous pedigree with idiopathic hypercalciuria. The proband additionally exhibited severe skeletal deformities and hyperparathyroidism. Whole-exome sequencing of the proband revealed a homozygous ultra-rare variant in TRPV5 (NM_019841.7:c.1792G>A; p.(Val598Met)), which encodes for a renal Ca2+-selective ion channel. The variant segregates with the three individuals with hypercalciuria. The skeletal phenotype unique to the proband was due to an additional pathogenic somatic mutation in GNAS (NM_000516.7:c.601C>T; p.(Arg201Cys)), which leads to polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. The variant in TRPV5 is located in the TRP helix, a characteristic amphipathic helix that is indispensable for the gating movements of TRP channels. Biochemical characterization of the TRPV5 p.(Val598Met) channel revealed a complete loss of Ca2+ transport capability. This defect is caused by reduced expression of the mutant channel, due to misfolding and preferential targeting to the proteasome for degradation. Based on these findings, we conclude that biallelic loss of TRPV5 function causes a novel form of monogenic autosomal recessive hypercalciuria, which we name renal Ca2+-wasting hypercalciuria (RCWH). The recessive inheritance pattern explains the rarity of RCWH and underscores the potential prevalence of RCWH in highly consanguineous populations, emphasizing the importance of exploration of this disorder within such communities.

Study on heat transfer enhancement of spray cooling with bionic vein channel structured surface

Inspired by the fluid transportation capabilities of leaf vein structures in nature, a novel approach is proposed to enhance spray cooling heat transfer performance through improving liquid film distribution. In this study, a leaf vein channel structure was laser etched onto a heat exchange surface and a non-contact open spray cooling test platform based on the principle of induction hea ting was established. The spray cooling heat transfer performance of the enhanced surfaces with identical leaf vein channel shapes but varying channel depths was investigated under different flow rates. The results indicate that, across all tested flow rate conditions, the spray cooling heat transfer performance of the leaf vein channel surpasses that of the smooth surface. Notably, within the two-phase region, an observed 50 % increase in heat flux density highlights significant enhancement effects provided by the leaf vein channels. Furthermore, research findings suggest that for leaf vein channel depths <0.5 mm, greater depth corresponds to improved enhanced heat transfer effects during spray cooling processes. Utilizing high-speed camera technology throughout our investigation allowed us to capture distinct liquid motion phenom ena known as “liquid columns” occurring at the center of each leaf vein channel. These liquid columns exhibit changes in shape and motion mode corresponding to variations in surface temperature.

In-situ cathode coating for all-solid-state batteries by freeze-drying technology

All solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are considered in the next generation of energy storage, but their active material ratio is low and cathode interface reactions are severe.To overcome these two challenges, a layer of fast ion conductor Li3InCl6 is in-situ synthesized to realize uniform coating on LiCoO2 surface by freeze drying technology, which effectively improves active material proportions/ion transportation capability in the cathode, and prevents interfacial degradation between sulfide solid electrolyte and LiCoO2. The resultant Li-anode ASSBs show excellent electrochemical performances, including 7000 cycles at 20 C (9.4 mA/cm2), unprecedented current rates of 70 C and high loading of 15 mAh/cm2 (110 mg/cm2). The ASSB achieved an energy density of 340 Wh/kg. These encouraging results make future practical applications of high-energy-density ASSB with high cathode loadings and fast-charging capabilities possible.

Experimental investigation on the performance of binary carbon-based nano-enhanced inorganic phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications

Phase change materials (PCMs) are considered potential resources for Thermal energy storage (TES) applications. However, the PCMs are limited because of their lower thermal conductivity, resulting in a significant decrease in heat transport and energy storage capability. The foremost objective of the present research is to formulate a novel salt hydrate PCM filled with binary carbon-based nanoparticles (graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes) at various weight concentrations and examine the thermophysical properties. A two-step approach is used to formulate binary nanomaterials dispersed salt hydrate PCM. The formulated binary nanocomposite's thermo-physical properties like morphological behaviour, thermal stability, chemical stability, melting enthalpy, optical performance, rate of heat transfer and thermal reliability were characterized. The binary nanoparticle-enhanced nanocomposites can form a decent thermal network, resulting in a remarkable enhancement in thermal conductivity by 160 % (1.2 W/mK) compared to pure salt hydrate. Moreover, a remarkable improvement in optical absorptance and a reduction in optical transmittance by 82.55 % for 0.7 wt% graphene and 0.07 wt% MWCNT enhanced salt hydrate PCM (SAHGrM-0.07) than pure salt hydrate PCM. In addition, the formulated nanocomposites possess excellent heat storage capability, chemical and thermal stability after 300-thermal cycling. The binary carbon-based nanoparticle-enhanced salt hydrate nanocomposites offered acceptable thermal and chemical stability, thermal reliability, and heat transmission characteristics, by this means reflecting its appropriateness for medium-temperature solar TES applications.

Electrospun Na3MnTi(PO4)3/C film: A multielectron-reaction and free-standing cathode for sodium-ion batteries

With the continuous advancement of renewable energy sources, sodium-ion batteries are currently regarded as highly promising technologies for large-scale electric energy storage. The compound Na3MnTi(PO4)3 has garnered significant attention owing to its exceptional theoretical capacity, robust structural stability, and abundant availability of resources. Herein, hierarchical carbon-decorated Na3MnTi(PO4)3 nanofibers are synthesized via a feasible electrospinning technique followed by pyrolysis, effectively addressing the issue of poor electronic conductivity in phosphate cathodes. The free-standing Na3MnTi(PO4)3/C electrode serves as a cathode for sodium-ion batteries, exhibiting exceptional electronic conductivity and superior Na+ transport capability. Moreover, it demonstrates an impressive reversible capacity of 171.4 mA h g−1 at 0.2C and exhibits outstanding cyclic stability with a capacity retention of 63.7 % after 6300 cycles at 1C. The full cell, assembled with independent Na3MnTi(PO4)3/C cathode and hard carbon anode, exhibits a reversible capacity of 153.7 mA h g−1 at a current density of 10 mA g−1. The in-situ synthesis of nanomaterial particles within interconnected porous nanocarbon fibers can effectively enhance the materials' poor electronic conductivity, thereby further improving their cyclic stability and Na+ transport kinetics.

Universal growth of perovskite thin monocrystals from high solute flux for sensitive self-driven X-ray detection

Metal-halide perovskite thin monocrystals featuring efficient carrier collection and transport capabilities are well suited for radiation detectors, yet their growth in a generic, well-controlled manner remains challenging. Here, we reveal that mass transfer is one major limiting factor during solution growth of perovskite thin monocrystals. A general approach is developed to overcome synthetic limitation by using a high solute flux system, in which mass diffusion coefficient is improved from 1.7×10–10 to 5.4×10–10 m2 s–1 by suppressing monomer aggregation. The generality of this approach is validated by the synthesis of 29 types of perovskite thin monocrystals at 40–90 °C with the growth velocity up to 27.2 μm min–1. The as-grown perovskite monocrystals deliver a high X-ray sensitivity of 1.74×105 µC Gy−1 cm−2 without applied bias. The findings regarding limited mass transfer and high-flux crystallization are crucial towards advancing the preparation and application of perovskite thin monocrystals.

Valorization of waste wood fly ash in environmentally friendly lime-based plasters with enhanced strengths for renovation purposes

Waste wood fly ash (WWFA) generated during wood chips combustion in a power plant does not have any application nowadays and is commonly disposed of or landfilled. Nevertheless, considering its composition and reactivity in the presence of calcium hydroxide, it is one of the promising materials that could be used as an active admixture for modification and partial replacement of lime in lime plasters. This solution seems to be a suitable step to both improve the properties of the traditional lime plaster and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, this comprehensive study describes a wide range of properties of lime plaster with WWFA (up to 50 wt% lime replacement) as an active admixture. Compositions of studied plasters were firstly analyzed with the help of XRD, DSC, and SEM, and then the effect of WWFA on the physical, mechanical, hygric, and thermal properties was investigated. The obtained results showed that the application of WWFA led to lower total porosity, highly improved mechanical properties, higher thermal conductivity, and lower water transport capability, which could be attributed to its pozzolanic activity. The performed experiments fundamentally broadened the existing insufficient knowledge about the utilization of WWFA for lime-based plasters improvement. All tested lime-based plasters (with 10, 20, 30 and 50% lime replacement by WWFA) have a high potential for common use in practice, especially in the historical buildings renovation. The originality of this paper lies, among others, in using a specific type of fly ash (originating from waste wood, not coal) and in testing a wider range of characteristics and properties of designed lime-based plasters with WWFA with respect to their changes over time, which enables prediction of plasters' durability.

Surface doping effect on the optoelectronic performance of 2D organic crystals based on cyano-substituted perylene diimides

Compared to organic thin films, organic single crystals offer significant potential in organic phototransistors (OPTs) due to their enhanced charge transport, large surface area, and defect-free nature. However, the development of n-type semiconductors has lagged behind p-type semiconductors. To enhance semiconductor device performance, a doping process can be employed, which typically involves the introduction of charged impurities into the crystalline semiconducting material. Its aim is to reduce the Ohmic losses, increase carrier density, improve transport capabilities, and facilitate effective carrier injection, ultimately enhancing the electrical properties of the material. Traditional doping processes, however, often pose a risk of damaging the structure of single crystals. In this study, we have synthesized novel cyano-substituted chiral perylene diimides, which self-assemble into two-dimensional single crystals that can be used for n-type semiconductor devices. We have employed a surface doping strategy using diethylamine vapor without disrupting the crystal structure. The fabricated devices exhibit significantly higher charge transport properties after doping, achieving a maximum electron mobility of 0.14 cm² V−¹ s−¹, representing an improvement of over threefold. Furthermore, the optoelectronic performance of the doped devices has significantly improved, with the external quantum efficiency increased by over 9 times and the significantly improved response time. These results suggest that our surface doping technology is a promising way for enhancing the performance of 2D organic single-crystal OPTs.

Light Enables the Cathodic Interface Reaction Reversibility in Solid-State Lithium-Oxygen Batteries.

Limited triple-phase boundaries arising from the accumulation of solid discharge product(s) in solid-state cathodes (SSCs) pose a challenge to high-property solid-state lithium-oxygen batteries (SSLOBs). Light-assisted SSLOBs have been gradually explored as an ingenious system; however, the fundamental mechanisms of the SSCs interface behavior remain unclear. Here, we discovered that light assistance can enhance the fast inner-sphere charge transfer in SSCs and regulate the discharge products with spherical particles generated via the surface growth model. Moreover, the high photoelectron excitation and transportation capabilities of SSCs can retard cathodic catalytic decay by avoiding structural degradation of the cathode with a reduced charge voltage. The light-induced SSLOBs exhibited excellent stability (170 cycles) with a low discharge-charge polarization overpotential (0.27 V). Furthermore, transparent SSLOBs with exceptional flexibility, mechanical stability, and multiform shapes were fabricated for theory-to-practical applications in sunlight-induced batteries. Our study opens new opportunities for the introduction of solar energy into energy storage systems.

Light Enables the Cathodic Interface Reaction Reversibility in Solid‐State Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries

AbstractLimited triple‐phase boundaries arising from the accumulation of solid discharge product(s) in solid‐state cathodes (SSCs) pose a challenge to high‐property solid‐state lithium‐oxygen batteries (SSLOBs). Light‐assisted SSLOBs have been gradually explored as an ingenious system; however, the fundamental mechanisms of the SSCs interface behavior remain unclear. Here, we discovered that light assistance can enhance the fast inner‐sphere charge transfer in SSCs and regulate the discharge products with spherical particles generated via the surface growth model. Moreover, the high photoelectron excitation and transportation capabilities of SSCs can retard cathodic catalytic decay by avoiding structural degradation of the cathode with a reduced charge voltage. The light‐induced SSLOBs exhibited excellent stability (170 cycles) with a low discharge–charge polarization overpotential (0.27 V). Furthermore, transparent SSLOBs with exceptional flexibility, mechanical stability, and multiform shapes were fabricated for theory‐to‐practical applications in sunlight‐induced batteries. Our study opens new opportunities for the introduction of solar energy into energy storage systems.

Green one-pot synthesis of spongy hierarchical porous carbon with interconnected channels towards high-performance supercapacitors

Green and convenient construction of three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical porous carbon for supercapacitors (SCs) has drawn widespread attention due to their effective ion adsorption and transport capabilities. In this study, sucrose-derived spongy hierarchical porous carbon materials were successfully prepared using a one-step carbonization process with sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate acting as collaborative pore-forming agents. The optimal carbon material exhibits a distinct 3D spongy structure with interconnected channels, high specific surface area, and proper pore size distribution. Consequently, it displays a specific capacitance of 263.5 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and could retain 221.9 F g−1 (84.21%) at 20 A g−1. Additionally, the as-fabricated device delivers a supreme energy density of 17.0 Wh kg−1 at 80 W kg−1 and possesses exceptional cycling stability of 94.36% after 20000 cycles. Through the combination of raw material carbonization properties and synergistic pore-making mechanisms, the present work provides an effective and eco-friendly approach for fabricating 3D spongy hierarchical porous carbon materials with interconnected channels for high-performance SCs.

Progress on the Design of Electrocatalysts for Large‐Current Hydrogen Production by Tuning Thermodynamic and Kinetic Factors

AbstractElectrochemical water splitting to produce green hydrogen offers a promising technology for renewable energy conversion and storage, as well as realizing carbon neutrality. The efficiency, stability, and cost of electrocatalysts toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and electrocatalytic overall water splitting (EOWS) at large current densities are essential for practical application. In this review, the key factors that determine the catalytic performance of electrocatalysts at large current densities are summarized from the angel of thermodynamic and kinetic correlation. The corresponding design strategies are presented. The electronic structure and density of active sites that affect the adsorption/desorption of intermediates are considered as the thermodynamic aspects, while charge transfer and mass transport capabilities closely associated with electrode resistance and intermediate diffusion are assigned as kinetic effects. Recent development of bifunctional and integrated electrocatalysts toward EOWS is also discussed in detail. Finally, the perspective and direction on the electrocatalytic water splitting under large current density are proposed. This comprehensive overview will offer profound insights and guidance for the continued advancement of this field.

Rapid ion conduction enabled by synergism of oriented liquid crystals and Electron-Deficient boron atoms in multiblock copolymer electrolyte for advanced Solid-State Lithium-Ion battery

Liquid crystals (LCs) with characteristics of self-orientation have exhibited superiorities in construction of ordered ion channels for rapid Li-ion transport. Herein, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is employed to synthesize a unique type of boron-containing LCs based ABCBA type multiblock copolymers for the first time. The composite block copolymer electrolytes (BCPEs) are fabricated by introducing the copolymer electrolytes into glass fiber separator via solution-casting method. Noteworthily, LCs can not only provide ordered ion channels for efficient ion conduction, but also ameliorate the mechanical strength. Meanwhile, the nitrile groups with high polarity from LCs are able to further facilitate lithium salt dissociation and reinforce electrochemical stability of the system. Crucially, boron elements with electron deficiency can anchor anions and adsorb impurities to endow BCPEs with boosted ion transport capability and sufficient electrochemical stability. Consequently, the well-designed electrolyte shows high ionic conductivity of 1.13 × 10−4 S cm−1 (30 °C), and broadened electrochemical stability window of 4.85 V. Impressively, the assembled Li/LiFePO4 cells and even Li/LiMnxFe1-xPO4 high-voltage cells exhibit remarkable performances. This work provides a synthetic strategy of structure-controlled polymer electrolyte matrix and illustrates that the BCPEs are definitely a category of satisfactory electrolyte candidate for high-performance solid-state lithium-ion batteries.

Enhanced phonon transport in sI-type methane hydrate under uniaxial compression strain: Unveiling the opening of an advantageous channel

Unveiling the thermal transport mechanisms of natural gas hydrate under strain conditions is fundamental to the heat transfer of the hydrate reservoir during drilling and production. This work investigated the structural stability and phonon transport mechanisms of methane hydrate using equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations subjected to uniaxial compression strain. The results indicate that the stability of large cages within methane hydrates weakens under strain. However, the presence of methane molecules effectively stabilizes the cage structure, enabling it to remain intact even under significant deformation. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of methane hydrate demonstrates non-linear behavior, characterized by an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease with increasing uniaxial compression strain. Particularly, the thermal conductivity of methane hydrate attains a maximum value of 0.87±0.018 W⋅m−1⋅K−1 at a strain of -0.04. The results suggest that the elevated spectral energy density and the prolonged phonon lifetime contribute to the enhanced thermal conductivity of methane hydrate. Interestingly, it was observed that the overlapping of phonon vibration modes between water and methane molecules results in the suppression of the peaks and valleys when the strain reaches -0.04. This overlap eliminates the gap and opens up an advantageous channel for phonon transport, thereby enhancing the heat transport capability of methane hydrate. The opening of an advantageous channel for phonon transport results in an extended phonon lifetime and a subsequent increase in thermal conductivity. This study presents a novel perspective for comprehending the unusual thermal conductivity of methane hydrate under strain conditions.

Enhancing Sr-deficient Sr(Ti0.3Fe0.7)O3–δ Cathode Performance through Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3–δ Infiltration

The development of cathodes with improved polarization, aimed at reducing the operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), is an important avenue of research toward more efficient SOFCs. Sr(Ti0.3Fe0.7)O3–δ recently emerged as an active and stable cathode material; although its oxygen transport capability was shown to be further improved by introducing a Sr deficiency, the accompanying increased sinterability creates challenges in optimizing cathode microstructure. One facile approach may be single-step infiltration with highly active materials, such as Sr0.5Sm0.5CoO3–δ (SSC). However, there is limited knowledge regarding the impact of SSC on the electrochemical mechanisms within Sr-deficient Sr(Ti0.3Fe0.7)O3–δ . In this study, we systematically investigate the electrochemical characteristics of SSC-infiltrated Sr0.95(Ti0.3Fe0.7)O3–δ (STF) cathodes. Transmission line model-based impedance analysis provides a mechanistic understanding of STF and the role of SSC infiltrants in polarization improvement. The results reveal that SSC effectively reduces the resistance associated with key electrode processes, including oxygen diffusion, surface exchange, and dissociative adsorption/desorption. Consequently, using SSC infiltration, the power density of a Ni–Zr0.84Y0.16O2–δ (YSZ) anode-supported full cell with thin (∼2.5 μm) electrolyte increased from ∼1.88 to ∼2.47 W cm–2 at 800 °C.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis of dye-sensitized solar cells composed of electrospun composite photoanodes: A comparative study of natural and synthetic sensitizers

In this study, a transmission line model is applied to the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data of the fabricated dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) to evaluate the charge transfer mechanism through the cells. Natural dye from black plum (Syzygium cumini) fruit was used as a cell sensitizer (SC-DSSC) and compared its photovoltaic and electron transport capabilities to those of a cell using a synthetic sensitizer (N719-DSSC). TiO2/ZnO electrospun composite nanofibers were used as the semiconductor layer of the photoanode to enhance electron transfer. The EIS analysis revealed the role of electron resistances through shant, interfaces, and electrolyte solution by measuring the electron transfer kinetic parameters of each element. Based on the results, the SC-DSSC and N719-DSSC are appropriate photovoltaic cells because their ratios of effective electron diffusion length to photoanode thickness are 12.5 and 2.8, respectively. The EIS analysis showed that the electrospun composite nanofiber coated on the photoanode reduces the semiconductor layer's electrical resistance to the cell's total resistance. The extracted natural dye also boosted electron lifetime to 3.68 ms and diffusion coefficient to 54.3×10−6 m2/s while minimizing back-electron recombination at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface. Moreover, the semiconductor-electrolyte interface resistance is over 85% of the overall resistance for both DSSCs and controls electron transport through the cells, which is due to the dye-semiconductor binding intensity. Based on the photovoltaic data, the SC-DSSC cell efficiency was lower than N719-DSSC which is attributed to its higher electron transfer rate-controlling element. Thus, enhancing dye-semiconductor interactions will decrease the rate-controlling impedance and enhance cell performance.

Optimization of preparation conditions by response surface methodology for synthesis of titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide composite in dye-sensitized solar cells

This study aimed to address the need for alternative materials in the anode layer to enhance the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The synthesis of titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (TiO2/rGO) was carried out using the response surface methodology by face central composite design (RSM/FCC). This method allowed us to systematically evaluate the influence of two key factors, namely the weight percentage of precursor graphene oxide (GO wt%) and the L-ascorbic acid ratio, | on the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSCs. Our research is significant because it explores the synthesis of TiO2/rGO as a novel material for the anode layer in DSSCs. This material holds promise for improving device performance due to its unique properties, such as enhanced charge transport and light harvesting capabilities. Additionally, TiO2/rGO can serve multiple functions within the DSSCs device, acting not only as a charge transport layer but also potentially as a light scattering layer to increase photon absorption. The statistical analysis revealed that the GO wt% had a more significant influence on PCE compared to the L-ascorbic acid ratio. Furthermore, our simulation results demonstrated high validity and accuracy, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9988 and a residual standard error of less than 5 %. The optimized DSSCs-based TiO2/rGO anode achieved a remarkable PCE of 7.12 %, representing a 29 % improvement compared to the pure TiO2-based DSSCs anode. In summary, our study highlights the importance of synthesizing TiO2/rGO as a novel material for the anode layer in DSSCs and demonstrates its potential for significantly enhancing device performance. This study emphasizes these key points more prominently in the abstract to better convey the novelty and significance of our findings.

Strongly coupled C@MoSe2@OMWCNT heterostructure as an anode for sodium-ion batteries

MoSe2, with its extraordinary theoretical capacity, has emerged as a profoundly auspicious anode material for Sodium-ion Batteries (SIBs). However, the actual realization of SIBs encounters hurdles arising from insufficient electron and ion transportation capabilities, along with the irreversible transformation of Mo/Na2Se into MoSe2, eventually substituted by Mo/Se. In this investigation, By employing Mo-based complexes, we have achieved a triumphant synthesis of C@MoSe2@OMWCNT (oxidized multiwall carbon nanotubes) materials, wherein OMWCNTs serve as the fundamental substrate. Theoretical analysis has revealed that the utilization of OMWCNTs not only enhances the structural stability of the anode materials but also improves the electrical conductivity and Na+ ion mobility (the Na+ diffusion barrier: (MoSe2) 0.91 eV vs (C@MoSe2@OMWCNT) 0.41 eV) of the C@MoSe2@OMWCNT. These properties make C@MoSe2@OMWCNT a promising candidate for the development of high-performance SIBs. Furthermore, the Ex-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) examination, unveils the emergence of Se and MoSe2 within the C@MoSe2@OMWCNT. The findings indicate that the outer carbon coating layer efficiently prevents contact between Se and the electrolyte, thereby impeding the formation of polyselenides. When C@MoSe2@OMWCNT is employed as the anode for the SIB, it exhibits exceptional cycle stability, with a capacity of 303 mA h g−1 and 189 mA h g−1 after 500 and 3000 cycles, respectively, under a current density of 5 A g−1. Overall, this investigation provides valuable insights into the design and synthesis of advanced anode materials for SIBs, which could have significant implications for the development of next-generation energy storage devices.

A study of the effect of local scour on the flow field near the spur dike

The flow field near a spur dike such as down flow and horseshoe vortex system (HVS) are susceptible to the topographic changes in the local scouring process, resulting in variation of the sediment transport with time. In this study, large eddy simulations with fixed-bed at different scouring stages were conducted to investigate the changes in flow field. The results imply that the bed deformation leads to an increase in flow rate per unit area, which represent the capability of sediment transportation by water, in the scour hole. Moreover, the intensity of turbulent kinetic energy and bimodal motion near the sand bed induced by the HVS were also varied. However, the peak moments between the two sediment transport mechanisms were different. Hence, understanding the complex feedback mechanism between topography and flow field is essential for the local scour problem.