Transparent Sheets Research Articles

3D Printing and Easy Removal of Transparent Thin Polymeric Sheets and their Application in Solar Cells Encapsulation

3D printing of thin transparent sheets is challenging because transparency is compromised due to surface defects. Herein, the 3D printing of thin, transparent, and smooth polymeric surfaces is demonstrated with easy removal and potential application in solar cell encapsulation. Thin disk‐shaped objects are printed using a vat‐photopolymerization‐based 3D‐printing technique, and their transparency is measured. The disks are printed directly onto the build plate in three different orientations, whereas a modified build plate is used for each sample. The sample printed on the modified build plate exhibits the highest transparency (≈95%) and is the easiest to remove from the plate. Thin and transparent sheets are prepared with embedded TiO2 nanoparticles using this approach. TiO2 addition blocks the ultraviolet‐light wavelengths of 200–400 nm, which can reduce phonon generation in silicon solar cells and, thus, lower the panel surface temperature. The results demonstrate an 8 °C reduction in temperature, which can enhance the efficiency of silicon photovoltaics. The proposed method demonstrates the capability of 3D printing of transparent, smooth surfaces with easy removal of thin objects for various applications.

Different modes of attachment of graphitic carbon nitrides on glassy carbon electrode and their electrocatalytic activity

The present investigation reveals the attachment of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (GCNS) on glassy carbon (GC) electrode by adsorption, drop casting and potentiodynamic methods and their electrocatalytic activity. The bulk GCN was derived from urea and then converted into GCNS via water exfoliation aided by sonication. The GCNS was then directly attached to the GC electrode (GCNS-a) by immersing it in GCNS for 12 h. The initial adsorption of GCNS on the GC electrode is similar to Michael's like nucleophilic addition, and subsequent attachment may occur via π-π stacking. In the next mode of attachment, GCNS was fabricated by drop casting (GCNS-b) a known quantity of GCNS and dried at room temperature. In the third mode of attachment (GCNS-c), GCNS was fabricated on GC electrode by fifteen potential cycles in 0.1 M H2SO4 containing 1 mg mL−1 GCNS. The GCNS modified by these three different protocols were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The SEM studies reveal that the morphology of GCNS varies with respect to the mode of attachment. The GCNS modified by potential cycling shows termitarium like structure whereas sheet like structure and an aggregated transparent thin sheet were noticed for direct adsorption and drop casting methods, respectively. Among the three different modes of attachments, improved electroactive surface area (EAS) and less charge transfer resistance (RCT) value were obtained for GC/GCNS-c electrode. Further, the GCNS attached by potentiodynamic method exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic performance towards ascorbic acid (ASA), dopamine (DPA) and hydrogen peroxide (HDP) in contrast to GCNS modified by adsorption and drop casting methods. The elevated electrochemical activity was due to larger EAS and lower impedance of GCNS-c electrode. The oxidation current increased linearly increases when increasing the concentration of HDP from 100 nM to 1 mM and the limit of detection was 5.2 nM (S/N = 3). Further, GCNS-c electrode also selectively determines HDP in the presence of 500-fold higher concentration of major interferents.

Conserving Animation Cels: Reattaching Loose Paint Without Adhesive

ABSTRACT A collaborative research project between the Getty Conservation Institute and the Walt Disney Animation Research Library investigated storage and conservation treatment strategies for animation cels. Animation cels are transparent plastic sheets inked on the front and painted on the reverse. Common damage observed on aged cels is cracking, loss of adhesion, dislocations, and losses of the paint. In practice, flaking paint of animation cels is often removed and repainted rather than consolidated. Being reverse painted, paint consolidation of animation cels adds another layer of complexity to established approaches to paint consolidation. One important component of this study has involved developing minimally invasive treatments for reattaching delaminating paints, which involved studying paint condition, characteristics, and properties. This paper presents recent innovations in paint reattachment that rely on the intrinsic hygroscopic properties of the cel paint formulations. The new treatment is a multi-step approach that manipulates paint properties by using precise levels of relative humidity, established within a humidity chamber, in order to reactivate the paint and reattach it. A major advantage of this method is that a consolidant is not necessary. Method development and a case study procedure are presented in depth. The method developed is effective for cel paints with the same or similar formulations.

Nursing and management of early produced larvae of Thai pangas (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) using greenhouse concept

This experiment was conducted for the development of nursing techniques of early produced larvae of Thai pangus (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) using Greenhouse concept for a period of 40 days from 10th February to 20th March 2020. The experiment was designed into two treatments (i) Greenhouse pond (GP) and (ii) Control or open ponds (CP) having three replicates each. Greenhouse concept was used for increasing the temperature during the winter month for proper growth and survival of the spawn. For this purpose, three ponds were covered with transparent polyethylene sheet fastened into bamboo frame and three ponds with no such covering. All the nursery ponds were stocked at a density of 20 g hatchling/decimal with 3 days old P. hypophthalmus. After 40 days of nursing period, the highest mean final length, weight gain and survival rate of fry were found to be 9.75 cm, 12.44g and 73.19% in greenhouse pond where in Control ponds it was 6.39 cm, 7.22g and 58.08%, respectively. A significantly higher (p<0.05) mean gross production of 6.07 kg/ decimal was found in greenhouse pond where in Control ponds it was 2.80 kg/ decimal in 40 days of nursing period. Water quality parameters were found to be better with good primary production in the green house ponds due to retaining day light temperature by polyethylene sheet. Results from the present experiment indicated that greenhouse technique can be suitable for the nursing and management of early produced larvae of Thai pangas with proper growth and good survival rate.

Mock-Ups in Plastic Conservation Research: Processing and Aging of 3D Celluloid Specimens Simulating Historical Objects.

The preparation of mock-ups in heritage science studies represents a valid alternative for investigation purposes, avoiding extensive sampling of cultural heritage objects. This work presents for the first time the successful preparation of three dimensional (3D) mock-ups made of celluloid, considering a combination of historical industrial production strategies and small-scale lab facilities. Prefabricated transparent celluloid sheets were acquired and then shaped through compression molding for creating mock-ups with 3D geometries. These reflected common and representative shapes encountered in the collection of the Deutsches Museum. Visual inspection of the mock-ups allowed determining the best compression molding conditions. Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) confirmed the absence of molecular heterogeneity due to the processing method. Artificial aging of the mock-ups was conducted to reach degradation states comparable with naturally aged objects. ATR-FTIR investigation offered first insights into the induced artificial degradation. Ion chromatography (IC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses allowed to assess the extent of the artificial aging of the celluloid mock-ups and confirmed the occurrence of loss of camphor, denitration, and main chain polymer scission, the latter being the predominant decay path. The comparison with historical objects highlighted that the mock-ups are representative of moderately aged artifacts. As such, this study paves the way for implementing moderately aged celluloid 3D mock-ups in heritage science research, enabling in-depth testing for the scope of conservation.

THE EFFECT OF SUCRALFATE DRESSING IN DIABETIC FOOT ULCER PATIENTS

Introduction-Diabetic foot ulcers are most commonly occurring complication in patients of diabetes mellitus who have poor glycaemic control. It's also the common cause for osteomyelitis of foot, amputation of lower extremities. About 60% of patients develop neuropathy eventually leads to formation of foot ulcers. Staphylococcus is common infective organism which cause ulcers over the foot. Objective-To study efcacy of topical Sucralfate in healing of diabetic ulcer, in terms of number of days needed for healing, rate of reduction in mean ulcer surface area. Also, to assess the bacterial load by culture & sensitivity of wound swabs before and after application of Sucralfate and conventional dressing. Methodology-The present prospective study was conducted at Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College Hospital Research Institute, Kolhapur. Atotal of 30 patients from OPD & IPD with diabetic foot ulcers of Wagner grade- I&II having size less than 15x15cm were included in study. All patients were evaluated and investigated by a standard protocol for the management of the ulcer. The dressings were changed everyday morning in both groups for 6-weeks and appearance of the healthy granulation tissue is observed daily. The nal area is measured on 43rd day by planimetry using a transparent graph sheet and subjected to statistical analysis. Result-Sucralfate on daily application to wounds increases thickness of granulation tissue and promotes rapid epithelialization of second-degree burns. An ideal dressing that promotes chronic ulcer healing without any complications. Conclusions-The results of the study showed signicant effect in area of reduction, negative culture rate and weeks for recovery are seen in study group, suggesting that topical Sucralfate dressing can effectively increase the wound healing in diabetic foot ulcer compared to conventional dressing.

Comparison ofthe effects ofAloe vera gel and coconut oil onthe healing ofopen wounds inrats.

Inthis study, the effects ofAloe vera gel and coconut oil onwound healing were investigated and compared inrats. Forty-two Wistar albino rats were used during the experiment, inwhich they were operated onunder general anaesthesia tocreate two full-thickness open skin wounds (created with a 0.5cm diameter punch biopsy apparatus) onboth back sides of the median line. Atotal of42rats were divided into three groups of14animals each toreceive the topical application ofAloe vera gel (AVgroup- n=14), coconut oil (COgroup- n=14) and cold cream (CONT group- n=14). The medical applications were performed twice aday inall thegroups. Thewound borders were marked onatransparent sheet every day. Afterwards, this sheet was transferred tothemillimetre graph paper. Ondays0, 7, and 14, the unhealed wound area was measured inall the groups. Ondays7 and 14, seven rats ineach group were euthanised. Then, skin samples including the intact skin were taken from the wound sites for histopathological and biochemical evaluations. The topical application ofAloe vera gel showed asignificant increase inthe healing process oftheopen wounds interms ofthe clinical evaluation, histopathological and biochemical data averages when compared with the coconut oil and cold cream groups ofrats (P<0.05). The results obtained inthe present study demonstrate that Aloe vera gel may provide agood alternative for thetreatment ofopen wounds.

Intubation strategy in COVID-19 era: An observational study.

Aerosol protection equipment aim at protecting the anaesthesiologist, from aerosol-borne infections, namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2. We improvised the first-generation intubation box (IB) by increasing its dimensions, including heat and moisture exchanger with filter, suction catheter, and attaching arm sleeves to make a modified intubation box (MIB). The impact of IB, MIB and transparent sheets (TS) on the patient outcomes during airway management was evaluated. A significant difference in median (interquartile range in minutes) was observed in time to intubate between IB (4 [4-5]); TS (0.5 [0.3-0.5]) and MIB (0.3 [0.3-1.5]): P = 0.004); and airway devices; McCoy (0.5 [0.3-2]), CMac (0.5 [0.3-1.5]): P = 0.004. First-pass success was 100% with the TS, whereas more than three attempts were required with IB 66.7% and 5.2% with MIB. Video laryngoscope was associated with less airway-related adverse events (ARAEs). The need for mask ventilation (and hence possible aerosolisation) was maximum with IB. All the ARAEs resolved uneventfully. No breach of personal protective equipment was observed; none of the health-care professionals involved in patient care developed any symptoms suggestive of COVID-19. Video laryngoscope is favourable for managing airway in COVID-19 times. In view of the ongoing pandemic and added protection that it offers, it is worthwhile to include the MIB in the armamentarium for managing the airway of patients with COVID-19.

Caution Regarding Enclosures for Airway Procedures

Article| January 2023 Caution Regarding Enclosures for Airway Procedures Uday Jain, BSEE, MD, PhD, FASA Uday Jain, BSEE, MD, PhD, FASA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar ASA Monitor January 2023, Vol. 87, 29. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASM.0000911788.66274.ff Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Search Site Citation Uday Jain; Caution Regarding Enclosures for Airway Procedures. ASA Monitor 2023; 87:29 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASM.0000911788.66274.ff Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll PublicationsASA Monitor Search Advanced Search Topics: airway procedure, airway device Several enclosures for placement around the head and upper torso have been described during this pandemic (Anesth Analg 2020;131:e135-36; J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2021;35:966-67). They are usually made of frames covered by transparent sheets. The enclosures have access ports for the operator's arms, supplemental oxygen, and airway equipment. The enclosures do not form an airtight seal around the patient's head and torso. They provide partial source control by suctioning aerosol and infectious droplets. If suction devices currently available in hospitals are utilized, the enclosure may only slightly reduce interior pressures relative to the ambient pressure. Hopefully most infectious material remains inside the enclosure, but during doffing and disposal contaminated material may escape. Although an enclosure may reduce health care personnel (HCP) exposure, full personal protective equipment (PPE) is still required. No studies demonstrate safety, efficacy, or usability. What is unambiguous is that airway enclosures adversely affect visibility... You do not currently have access to this content.

FLOW VISUALIZATION AND FLOW PATTERNS IN A FLAT-PLATE POLYPROPYLENE PULSATING HEAT PIPE

The two-phase flow structure in a flat polymeric pulsating heat pipe (PHP) is studied experimentally by high-speed imaging and digital image processing. While flow patterns in tubular pulsating heat pipes can be studied by inserting a short transparent section in a certain position along the channel, in flat PHPs built using transparent plastic sheets one can visualize the entire flow field in the adiabatic region between the evaporator and the condenser. High-speed movies were enhanced by digital image processing to highlight the liquid-vapor interfaces. Different flow patterns were identified, and sorted into a simple flow pattern map.

Design and Analysis of flexible patch antenna on transparent PVC material substrate

Flexible substrates play a vital role in the design of wearable antennas. Analysis and fabrication of rectangular microstrip patch antenna have been demonstrated in this paper on a least explored flexible PVC-based transparent sheet. The substrate’s dielectric constant and loss tangent have been calculated by conducting a standard ring resonator test. The effect of bending on an antenna with different bending diameters along the x-axis and y-axis has been observed on Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) to verify the flexibility of substrate material for wearable applications.

Transparent Sheet Heater with Flexibility based on Poly (vinyl alcohol) Embedded with Sodium Tungstate

Transparent sheet heaters with flexibility (TSHF) exhibiting improved mechanical and thermal stability were made by adding sodium tungstate (NaW) into poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films by solution coating and solvent evaporation method. The prepared TSHFs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand the surface morphology better. Further UV-Visible measurement was carried out. The electric conductive properties were assessed by using the four-probe experiment. An infrared thermometer was used to measure the temperature of the TSHFs. The fabricated NaW/PVA hybrid TSHFs demonstrated elevated heating temperatures, 96 °C at a minimum input voltage of 6 V with a minimum response time (T&lt;40 sec), lower power consumption (162 °C cm2 W-1) and process stability after repeated use when compared to ITO/FTO heaters. The bending resistance of the NaW/PVA hybrid TSHFs was excellent. The change in sheet resistance after 1000 cycles of outer bending was less than 18%. The effective embedding of the NaW network in the transparent nascent PVA film's surface reduced surface roughness (Rrms &lt; 1 nm) and improved oxidation and moisture resistance. The produced TSHFs exhibited excellent heating qualities, with their transparency demonstrating remarkable flexibility. The potential uses of NaW/PVA include defogging windows and thermochromic.

Green, Sustainable Architectural Bamboo with High Light Transmission and Excellent Electromagnetic Shielding as a Candidate for Energy-Saving Buildings.

Currently, light-transmitting, energy-saving, and electromagnetic shielding materials are essential for reducing indoor energy consumption and improving the electromagnetic environment. Here, we developed a cellulose composite with excellent optical transmittance that retained the natural shape and fiber structure of bamboo. The modified whole bamboo possessed an impressive optical transmittance of approximately 60% at 6.23mm, illuminance of 1000 luminance (lux), water absorption stability (mass change rate less than 4%), longitudinal tensile strength (46.40MPa), and surface properties (80.2 HD). These were attributed to not only the retention of the natural circular hollow structure of the bamboo rod on the macro, but also the complete bamboo fiber skeleton template impregnated with UV resin on the micro. Moreover, a multilayered device consisting of translucent whole bamboo, transparent bamboo sheets, and electromagnetic shielding film exhibited remarkable heat insulation and heat preservation performance as well as an electromagnetic shielding performance of 46.3dB. The impressive optical transmittance, mechanical properties, thermal performance, and electromagnetic shielding abilities combined with the renewable and sustainable nature, as well as the fast and efficient manufacturing process, make this bamboo composite material suitable for effective application in transparent, energy-saving, and electromagnetic shielding buildings.

Design and evaluation of thermally conductive sheet structure to enhance the thermal stability of transparent OLED displays

In transparent organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, both optical and thermal properties strongly affect stable performance in various environmental conditions. Though many previous studies have focused on improving the thermal conductivity of the transparent material itself, the current value of 2.5 W/mK [J. Mater. Chem. C 4, 9697 (2016)JMCCCX2050-753410.1039/C6TC03318K] may not be enough to ensure reliable performance for transparent OLED displays. In this study, we aim to introduce a novel sheet structure based on line patterned thermally conductive material embedded in a transparent polymer sheet. After designing and fabricating the optimized sheet structure, its optical and thermal characteristics were evaluated experimentally. Finally, the thermal conductivity of the developed transparent sheet was measured to be 4.35 W/mK in the louver direction with a transmittance of 75%, improved color uniformity and reduced temperature deviation in the transparent OLED displays.

Synthesis of high-Tg fluorinated polyesters based on 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid

The polyesters derived from renewable resources with both high transparency and good heat resistance are urgently desirable. Destroying the crystallization of a material and achieving an amorphous state can ensure high transparency, while good heat resistance can be provided by rigid monomers. Herein, the fluorinated rigid diol 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-1,4-benzenedimethanol (TFBDO) was introduced into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA)-based copolyesters to synthesize a series of new bio-based polymers called poly(ethylene-1,4-cyclohexyldimethylene-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-1,4-benzenedimethanol 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PECFF) with different TFBDO contents via a two-step melt polycondensation. The number average molecular weight (Mn) of 24,200 ∼ 46,700 g/mol and the polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.28 ∼ 1.74 for synthesized PECFFs showed the high reaction activity as a rigid diol of TFBDO. As the increasing of tetrafluoro-1,4-benzenedimethanol unit, the Tg was improved from 91 °C for PECFF-15 to 118 °C for PECFF-75, and the thermal stability of Td,5% in nitrogen increased from 371 to 393 °C as well as the hydrophobicity, and gas barrier properties were also improved. When the content of the tetrafluoro-1,4-benzenedimethanol unit was up to 60 %, the copolyester PECFF-60 exhibited the Tg of 113 °C, Td,5% of 421 °C, Young’s modulus of 2460 MPa, and tensile strength of 71 MPa. Moreover, the surface water contact angle increased from 85° to 101° as well as the CO2 and O2 barrier properties improved 43.3-fold and 8.6-fold compared with PET. These studies have shown that the new bio-based polyester could be a potential application in many fields, such as transparent sheet in outdoor, architectural materials or electronic equipment, and non-food contact packaging.

Skin‐Like Transparent Sensor Sheet for Remote Healthcare Using Electroencephalography and Photoplethysmography (Adv. Mater. Technol. 11/2022)

Biocompatible Materials In article number 2200362, Teppei Araki, Tsuyoshi Sekitani, and co-workers develop a skin-like transparent sensor sheet that represents the ultimate imperceptible probe in terms of wearability and invisibility based on network control of nano- and micro materials. Integrated sensor system for the remote recording of biosignals using electricity and light offers the possibility of stress-free home healthcare applications in the future digital transformation society.

How to illustrate the principal of radiography using three monochromatic lights

A simple experimental method for illustrating the principle of radiography has been developed by simulating radiation with visible monochromatic lights. In our new method, an liquid crystal display of a tablet computer was used as a light source for monochromatic lights, which worked as a substitute for an x-ray or neutron source. And a figure (pattern) printed, with a colour printer, on a transparent sheet for an overhead projector was used for the object. Therefore, the method is safe and inexpensive, and has the merit that the students, especially junior/senior high school students, can engage in exploring their experiments through trial and error by themselves.

Improving condensing performance of a low-cost floating solar still by surface characteristic alteration

This work focuses on improving the performance of floating solar still by varying wettability and contact angle hysteresis of the cover surface. Static and dynamic characteristics of droplets on transparent PVC sheet and anti-fog film are measured and applied on a floating solar still prototype. The experimental result shows that wettability is insignificant to transmissivity and absorber temperature since the static contact angles for PVC (44.86°) and anti-fog (13.71°) are below the contact angle critical value (48.63°). However, low contact angle hysteresis found in the anti-fog film promotes the first sliding cycle phenomenon to occur and hence increases the water collection by 33.18%. To assess the quality of the distilled water for domestic use, a heterotrophic plate count (HPC) analysis was also conducted, showing a lower amount of microbial content in the distilled water. These findings can be further considered as a guideline in designing high-performance floating solar still.

Validation of thin layer drying models in solar-powered air-inflated grain dryer

Cereals are generally harvested at 20-23% moisture content to avoid shattering losses therefore it is necessary to dry the paddy to lower moisture contents (13-14% wb) for safe storage and further processing.A solar-powered airinflated grain dryer was designed, fabricated and tested for drying of paddy. Different combinations obtained from two different levels of upper transparent polyethylene sheet thickness (200 microns and 300 microns), inlet air velocity (1.5 m/s and 3 m/s) and grain bed depth (2cm and 4cm) were compared based on parameters of thermal efficiency, rise in temperature of drying air and amount of moisture removed per unit time. It was found that least square mean values of thermal efficiency, temperature rise in the drying air and drying rate of the developed dryer varied from 18.7-45.7%, 3.35-5.81°C and 0.36-0.98 kg/hour respectively. Upper transparent sheet thickness (300 micron), inlet air velocity (3 m/s) and grain bed depth (4 cm) have the highest least mean square values in the selected parameters and was selected for optimized operation of the dryer. Eight different thin layer drying models were compared according to their coefficient of determination to estimate drying kinetics as criteria for evaluating the goodness-of-fit. The effects of selected variables on the model constants and coefficients were predicted by the models. The page model fit well with the experimental data and satisfactorily describe the drying kinetics of Pusa Basmati (PB 1121) with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9995 and RMSE of 0.005464.

Low-Cost Printed Point-of-Care Electrochemical Sensors for Detecting Cortisol

Screen printing system has been used as one of the important technologies for developing ready to use portable biosensor devices. Screen printing allows the batch production of sensors on flexible substrates, textile materials and other wearable accessories. Owing to an exceptional performance such as flexibility, low cost, simple fabrication, and ability to translated into industrial scale production, screen printing technique advances the marketing potential of the electrochemical sensors. Unlike the advanced printing techniques, the screen-printing technique is less dependent on surface charge, particle size and the viscosity of the printing ink. In this work, we have attempted to develop a flexible electrochemical sensor for detecting cortisol levels using screen printing technique. Batches of three electrode sensor systems were designed and printed in uniform dimensions (2 cm x 2 cm). The mask for sensor design is fabricated using a transparent polyester sheet with an aid of XY cutter/plotter. Graphene ink was used to create working and counter electrodes, while the Ag/AgCl ink was used to create the reference electrode. A homemade silver ink stabilized with hydrogel network was used to create conductive tracks. A reagent-free detection of cortisol was demonstrated using a redox probe (methylene blue) tagged cortisol specific aptamer immobilized onto the working electrode. The variability between the sensor batches is also investigated. The functionality of the printed sensor was demonstrated for monitoring cortisol levels in human saliva samples. The printed sensing platform can also be integrated with wearable textile platform for monitoring cortisol levels in sweat.