Transparent Liquid Research Articles

Solitary bone cysts in children

Summary. Solitary bone cyst (SBC) is one of the most common childhood pathologies of the skeleton. According to different authors, SBC represents 21 % to 57 % of the benign tumors and tumor processes in the bones of children. SBC usually consists of a single chamber cavitary formation filled with a transparent liquid with a straw colored lining of varying thickness, which consists of connective tissue and single giant cells. There is no consensus on the etiopathogenesis of SBC, and the choice of treatment. There are no clear indications for conservative and surgical treatment of SBC. Some authors are inclined to use puncture (minimally invasive) treatments, while others choose more radical surgical methods. Both methods have the same relapse rate at up to 27 %. In this article, we analyzed the published data on the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and methods of treatment of SBCs in children.

1,2-Dimethoxyethane Determination in working air with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer

Under normal conditions, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) is a colorless and transparent liquid with a faint odor of ether, very soluble in water, charac-terized by a high vapor pressure. It belongs to the group of alkyl ethers solvents, derivatives of eth-ylene glycol. 1,2-Dimethoxyethane is used as an ex-cipient in preparing and processing industrial chemicals, in the production of fluoric polymers and as a solvent and cleaning agent in the microe-lectronics and printing industries. In the literature there are no data on the acute and chronic toxicity of 1,2-dimethoxyethane. However, long-term epidemiological studies on compounds of similar chemical structure suggest that human exposure to ethylene glycol alkyl ethers can ad-versely affect fertility and fetal development, and hematological parameters. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive method for determining concentrations of 1,2-dimethoxyethane in workplace air in the range from 1/20 to 2 MAC values, in accordance with the requirements of Standard No. PN-EN 482+A1: 2016-1. The study was performed using a gas chromato-graph (GC). A 7890B Agilent Technologies gas chromatograph with a 5977A mass spectrometry detector (MSD), HP PONA (50 m; 0,2 mm; 0,5 μm) capillary analytical column, auto sampler and Mass Hunter software was used for chromato-graphic separations. The method is based on the adsorption of 1,2-di-methoxyethane on charcoal, desorption with di-chloromethane and GC/MSD analysis of the re-sulting solution. Extraction efficiency of 1,2-di-methoxyethane from charcoal was 96.4%. Samples of 1,2-dimethoxyethane can be stored in refrigera-tor for up to 28 days. The use of a HP-PONA capil-lary column enabled selective determination of 1,2-dimethoxyethane in a mixture of dichloromethane, toluene, carbon disulfide, ethylene and propylene glycol and other compounds. The method is linear (r = 0.9999) within the inves-tigated working range from 5 to 200 μg/ml, which is equivalent to air concentrations from 0.5 to 20 mg/m3 for a 10-L air sample. The limit of quan-tification (LOQ) is 1,306 μg/ml. The analytical method described in this paper ena-bles selective determination of 1,2-dimethoxye-thane in workplace atmosphere in presence of other compounds at concentrations from 0.5 to 20 mg/m3 (1/20 ÷ 2 MAC value). The method is precise, accurate and it meets the criteria for proce-dures for measuring chemical agents listed in Standard No. PN-EN 482+A1: 2016-1. The method can be used for assessing occupational exposure to 1,2-dimethoxyethane and associated risk to work-ers’ health. The developed method of determining 1,2-di-methoxyethane has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see Appendix).

Evaporating pure, binary and ternary droplets: thermal effects and axial symmetry breaking

The Greek aperitif Ouzo is not only famous for its specific anise-flavoured taste, but also for its ability to turn from a transparent miscible liquid to a milky-white coloured emulsion when water is added. Recently, it has been shown that this so-called Ouzo effect, i.e. the spontaneous emulsification of oil microdroplets, can also be triggered by the preferential evaporation of ethanol in an evaporating sessile Ouzo drop, leading to an amazingly rich drying process with multiple phase transitions (Tan et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 113 (31), 2016, pp. 8642–8647). Due to the enhanced evaporation near the contact line, the nucleation of oil droplets starts at the rim which results in an oil ring encircling the drop. Furthermore, the oil droplets are advected through the Ouzo drop by a fast solutal Marangoni flow. In this article, we investigate the evaporation of mixture droplets in more detail, by successively increasing the mixture complexity from pure water over a binary water–ethanol mixture to the ternary Ouzo mixture (water, ethanol and anise oil). In particular, axisymmetric and full three-dimensional finite element method simulations have been performed on these droplets to discuss thermal effects and the complicated flow in the droplet driven by an interplay of preferential evaporation, evaporative cooling and solutal and thermal Marangoni flow. By using image analysis techniques and micro-particle-image-velocimetry measurements, we are able to compare the numerically predicted volume evolutions and velocity fields with experimental data. The Ouzo droplet is furthermore investigated by confocal microscopy. It is shown that the oil ring predominantly emerges due to coalescence.

The noise analysis of ghost imaging in transparent liquid

Ghost imaging with a fully spatially incoherent source in transparent liquid is investigated theoretically and numerically. The effects of water depth, refractive index of media and object position on noise property of ghost imaging in transparent liquid are studied by using classical optical theory. Based on simulation results, we find that for different media, ghost imaging with high quality can be obtained by selecting appropriate water depth and object position which may be helpful for underwater ghost imaging.

79‐4L: Late‐News Paper: Highly Transparent LCD using New Scattering‐type Liquid Crystal with Field Sequential Color Edge Light

We have developed highly transparent color liquid crystal display (LCD) using newly developed scattering‐type liquid crystal, which shows transparent state when voltage is not applied, with field sequential color (FSC) driving method without employing color filter and polarizer. Furthermore the light is directly introduced to the panel glass substrates from the edge of the substrates (not from back surface). At surface of the substrates, the light takes a total reflection by difference of refractive index between glasses and air. So the light propagates through the substrate. On the other hand, when a voltage as higher than a threshold voltage (Vth) is applied to liquid crystal (LC) layer, the light is scattered towards the viewers. This newly developed display has high transmittance (80%), wide color gamut and fast response time.

Transparent and Gas‐Permeable Liquid Marbles for Culturing and Drug Sensitivity Test of Tumor Spheroids

Transparent nanoparticle-based liquid marbles with high gas-permeability are prepared to culture tumor spheroids in 3D without the need of supplementary growth factor. The culturing process of spheroids from a population of cancer cells or a single cell in the transparent liquid marbles can be optically recorded continuously. Compared to monolayer cells and spheroids generated in multiwell plate, tumor spheroids cultured in the liquid marbles show enhanced viability under the treatment of chemotherapeutic drugs and small interfering RNA.

Electro-optical properties of normally transparent polymer dispersed liquid crystal cells with polymer wall and network structure

ABSTRACTNormally transparent-polymer dispersed liquid crystal (NT-PDLC) cells with polymer wall and network structure were developed using two kinds of UV curable monomers: one was bisphenol A dimethacrylate, used for polymer wall formation to secure mechanical stability, and the other was a reactive mesogen (RM) for the polymer network to yield high scattering of light. A two-step UV exposure method was applied for the structured NT-PDLC cells: the first UV exposure with a patterned mask for wall formation, and the second with no mask for the network. Parametric analysis of the E-O and mechanical properties of the NT-PDLC cells was carried out; monomer concentration, UV intensity, and time were selected as key parameters.

Volumetric bubble display

To develop a volumetric display of the kind we see in science fiction movies is a dream of many display researchers, including us. Here, we show a new volumetric display with microbubble voxels. The microbubbles are three-dimensionally generated in liquid by focused femtosecond laser pulses. The use of a high-viscosity liquid, which is a key part of the development of this idea, slows down the movement of the microbubbles, and, as a result, volumetric graphics can be displayed. This volumetric bubble display has a wide-angle view, simple refreshing, and no addressing wires, since the transparent liquid is accessed optically rather than electronically. It achieves full-color graphics composed of light-scattering voxels controlled by illumination light sources. Furthermore, a holographic laser drawing method based on a computer-generated hologram displayed on a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator controls the light intensity of the microbubble voxels with an increase in the number of voxels per unit time and the spatial shaping of the voxels.

Ghost imaging in transparent liquid

We give a proof-of-principle experimental demonstration of homogeneous medium ghost imaging. Compared with direct imaging, ghost imaging can reconstruct high-resolution imaging. The results may be helpful for underwater imaging. We discuss the effect from the depth of water on underwater ghost imaging. Ghost imaging through different transparent liquid is also studied. The analytical expression describing the effects of the refractive index of liquid on the point spread function of ghost imaging is derived, and the optimal resolution condition is analyzed. An increase of the refractive index of liquid can result in the raise of imaging resolution.

Electro-optical properties of vertically aligned polymer network liquid crystals for normally transparent light shutters

ABSTRACTThis study examined the electro-optical properties of black-background, normally transparent polymer network liquid crystal cells suitable for light shutters applicable to transparent flexible displays. The cells were fabricated using a polymer induced phase separation method from the mixture of negative liquid crystal, reactive-mesogen and black dye. A parametric study for key material and process parameters was carried out to determine the parameter dependence of the E-O properties and to achieve high E-O performance. The E-O properties were strongly dependent on RM concentration and UV exposure intensity, not on UV exposure energy. The optimal conditions for high E-O performance are described.

Effects of preoperative fasting and liquid-fasting time before caesarean section on blood glucose of puerperae with GDM and neonates

Objective To explore the effects of two kinds preoperative fasting and liquid-fasting time before caesarean section on blood glucose of puerperae with GDM before and after the operation, intra-operative complications and on blood glucose of neonates. Methods With prospective study method, 162 puerperae with GDM admitted to obstetrical department of Peking University First Hospital and received cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia between April 1st and Sep. 30th in 2015, were selected as the research object, and were divided into the control group (admitted on odd-numbered days) and the observation group (admitted on even-numbered days) . Puerperae in the control group were forbidden to eat solid food for 8 h and drink transparent liquid for 6 h before the operation, while those in the observation group were forbidden to eat solid food for 6 h and drink transparent liquid for 2 h before the operation. Puererae in two groups were compared about their preoperative blood glucose, incidence of intraoperative nausea and vomiting or aspiration, intra-operative quality of bleeding, postoperative exsufflation time and blood glucose half an hour after the operation, meanwhile, neonates in two groups were compared about their Apgar scores 1 min and 5 min after birth, and their blood glucose half an hour after birth. Statistical analysis was done by independent-samples t test, Mann-Whitney U test and χ2 test. Results Difference of preoperative blood glucose of puererae in two groups was statistically significant (P 0.05) . Conclusions The scheme of forbidding puererae from eating solid food for 6 h and drinking transparent liquid for 2 h before cesarean section can reduce the incidence of preoperative hypoglycemia, maintain a smooth post-operative blood glucose, reduce intraoperative bleeding without increasing the incidence of intraoperative complications like nausea, vomiting or aspiration, or hypoglycemia of the neonates. The new fasting and liquid-fasting scheme is safe and feasible, which makes it worth promoting in clinic. Key words: Cesarean section; Diabetes, gestational; Blood glucose; Fasting; Liquid-fasting

On the Durability and Wear Resistance of Transparent Superhydrophobic Coatings

Transparent liquid repellent coatings with exceptional wear and abrasion resistance are very demanding to fabricate. The most important reason for this is the fact that majority of the transparent liquid repellent coatings have so far been fabricated by nanoparticle assembly on surfaces in the form of films. These films or coatings demonstrate relatively poor substrate adhesion and rubbing induced wear resistance compared to polymer-based transparent hydrophobic coatings. However, recent advances reported in the literature indicate that considerable progress has now been made towards formulating and applying transparent, hydrophobic and even oleophobic coatings onto various substrates which can withstand certain degree of mechanical abrasion. This is considered to be very promising for anti-graffiti coatings or treatments since they require resistance to wear abrasion. Therefore, this review intends to highlight the state-of-the-art on materials and techniques that are used to fabricate wear resistant liquid repellent transparent coatings so that researchers can assess various aptitudes and limitations related to translating some of these technologies to large scale stain repellent outdoor applications.

Liquid whispering-gallery-mode resonator as a humidity sensor.

We experimentally demonstrate the high sensitivity of a novel liquid state, whispering-gallery-mode optical resonator to humidity changes. The optical resonator used consists of a droplet made of glycerol, a transparent liquid that enables high optical quality factor, doped with fluorescent material. As glycerol is highly hygroscopic, the refractive index and radius of the droplet change with ambient humidity. This produces a shift on the whispering gallery mode's wavelengths, which modulates the emission of the fluorescent material. This device shows an unpreceded sensitivity of 10-3 per relative humidity percent.

An Optical Path Length Modulator for Laser Diode Self-Mixing Interference

Transparent liquid flattening or stretching realizes optical path length modulation. A flat thin seal transparent cavity, one flank is an electromagnetic driving membrane and is filled over with transparent liquid. Vibration of the membrane makes the liquid compressing or stretching, changes the liquid layer thickness, i.e. the optical path length of light through the liquid layer. The liquid layer compressed is equivalent to increase membrane tension. The membrane has higher resonant frequency. The cavity diameter 10 mm modulation frequency is about 18 kHz.

Formulation aspects behind the development of a stable biphasic liquid dosage form with special reference to microemulsion

Biphasic liquid dosage have an associated limitation of poor physical stability and therefore it is said to be thermodynamically unstable. Moreover, this area is also of great interest among the researchers towards the improvement of the stability. Thus, development of microemulsion systems is of great interest among the researchers. A microemulsion is a system of water, oil and amphiphilic compounds (surfactant and co-surfactant) which is a transparent, single opticalisotropic and thermodynamical stable liquid. Microemulsions are readily distinguished from normal emulsions by their transparency, low viscosity and more fundamentally their thermodynamic stability. In this review article, the various aspects of pharmaceutical microemulsion were compiled together and the target audiences are specifically the M. Pharm and B. Pharm students so that their knowledge towards the subject concern can be enhanced and also at the same time can be motivated towards the publication.

Projectile Impact Resistance of UHPFRC Structures for Various Methods of Fresh Mixture Placement

This paper present results of an experimental investigation of the projectile impact resistance of ultra-high-performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) slabs. The paper also investigates transparent viscous liquid, based on the ultrasound gel, as an effective suitable tool to replace fresh mixture of ultra-high-performance concrete. The description of the viscous behaviour of both materials and optimisation of the ultrasound gel is shown. An arrangement of fibres in the UHPFRC mixture was demonstrated by the ultrasound gel with an addition of steel fibres. The influence of horizontal and vertical casting of thin slabs against penetration by a projectile was tested and described. The resistance to the penetration was investigated using full-metal jacket projectile with soft-lead core. The results indicated various penetration depths and crater diameters in the target specimens for both methods of casting. Various methods of casting resulted in various arrangement of fibres for both horizontally and vertically casted slabs. However, the protective capacity was guaranteed for both placement methods. The desired outcome was determination of the UHPFRC mechanical properties and projectile impact resistance, depending on the orientation of fibres which depended on the method of placement of the fresh mixture into the formwork. The direction of mixture placement into the formworks had a significant impact on achieved mechanical properties of the hardened concrete. Based on the present findings it was found that slabs from ultra-high-performance fibre-reinforced concrete casted horizontally appear to be more efficient in protection against projectile impact.

An Ionic Liquid Consisting of Crown Ether – Coordinated Hydronium Cation and Amide Anion

There are reports on ionic liquids (ILs) with strongly Lewis-acidic metal cations such as Li+ and K+ coordinated by ether-ligands to decrease charge density [1-2]. Crown ether 18-crown-6 (18C6) has a suitable cavity for encapsulation of K+ and hydronium ion (H3O+) [3-4]. Various compounds with H3O+ encapsulated by 18C6 ligand ([H3O+·18C6] cation) have been reported, the counteranions of which are such as hexafluorophosphate (PF6 –), tetrafluoroborate (BF4 –) and trifluoromethanesulfonate (TfO–; Tf = CF3SO2) ions [3-4]. However, their melting point are higher than 100 °C. Furthermore, as far as we know, nothing has been reported on [H3O+·18C6] complexes using bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (Tf2N–) anion. Here, we report ILs that consist of [H3O+·18C6] cation or [H3O+· dicyclohexyl-18C6 (Dh18C6)] cation and an amide anion. The IL comprised of [H3O+·18C6] cation or [H3O+·Dh18C6] cation and Tf2N– anion was synthesized by adding equimolar amount of 18C6 or Dh18C6 and HTf2N in water, followed by vacuum-drying. In the obtained samples, a characteristic infrared band appeared at 2200 cm–1 that was not observed in pure 18C6, was attributable to the first harmonic of symmetric bending mode (Figure 1) [5]. The H2O content of the 18C6 complex and the Dh18C6 complex was estimated to be 3.29 wt% and 2.61 wt% from Karl-Fischer titration, in good agreement with the ideal value (3.20 wt% and 2.68 wt%). From elemental analysis, infrared spectra and Karl-Fischer titration, the composition of the obtained complexes were concluded as [H3O+·18C6][Tf2N–] and [H3O+·Dh18C6][Tf2N–] (Figure 2). 1H NMR spectrum of [H3O+·18C6][Tf2N–] contained a sharp singlet near 11 ppm, characteristic of H3O+ encapsulated by 18C6. The melting point of [H3O+·18C6][Tf2N–] was 66–68 °C and [H3O+·Dh18C6][Tf2N–] was a yellowish transparent liquid at room temperature (RT) (Figure 3). At 70 °C, the viscosity and conductivity of [H3O+·18C6][Tf2N–] were 39.5 mPa s and 1.9 mS cm–1, while those of [H3O+·Dh18C6][Tf2N–] were 33.8 mPa s and 1.4 mS cm–1. In linear sweep voltammetry, potential for hydrogen production by [H3O+·18C6][Tf2N–] was similar to those of general protic liquids. The crown ether-coordinated hydronium amide IL may have potential application as electrolyte materials toward a new class of fuel cells. [1] T. Tamura et al., Chem. Lett., 39, 753 (2010). [2] Y. Song, H. Jing, B. Li, and D. Bai, Chem. Eur. J., 17, 8731 (2011). [3] R. Chénevert et al., Can. J. Chem., 60, 853 (1982). [4] G. S. Heo and R. A. Bartsch, J. Org. Chem., 47, 3557 (1982). [5] R. Chénevert et al., Can. J. Chem., 62, 2293 (1984). Figure 1

Electrodeposition of Platinum in Some Amide-Type Ionic Liquids Containing Bis(acetylacetonato)Platinum(II)

Platinum (Pt) is widely used as a catalyst for various chemical and electrochemical reactions, such as water electrolysis, fuel cell and hydrogenation of organic species. Pt nanoparticle is often employed for many chemical reactions including methanol oxidation, conversion of exhaust gas, and so on. Recently, aprotic ionic liquids have been expected to be alternative media for electrodeposition of metals due to their wide electrochemical potential window, acceptable ionic conductivity, and negligible vapor pressure. Electrodeposition of Pt from halogeno-Pt source has been reported in the amide-type ionic liquid so far.1 Bis(acetylacetonato)metal complexes have attracted intensive interest as a precursor for the preparation of metal nanoparticles. Recently, we have reported electrodeposition of palladium from bis(acetylacetonato)palladium(II) in an amide-type ionic liquid, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (BMPTFSA).2 In the present study, electrochemical behavior of bis(acetylacetonato)platinum(II) (Pt(acac)2) has been investigated in the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (TFSA–) ionic liquids composed of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium (BMP+), 1-hexyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium (HMP+) and 1-decyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium (DMP+). The ionic liquids were prepared by the metathesis reactions of LiTFSA with the dialkylpyrrolidinum bromides, BMPBr, HMPBr and DMPBr in deionized water, separated by solvent extraction, finally dried under vacuum at 100 °C for 24 hours. The water content of each ionic liquid was found to be < 10 ppm by Karl Fischer titration. Pt(acac)2 was dissolved to give pale yellow transparent liquids in BMPTFSA, HMPTFSA and DMPTFSA by agitating for several hours at 60 °C. Tetra-coordinated Pt(acac)2 complex was found to exist in the ionic liquids by UV-visible spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry measurements of a glassy carbon electrode were conducted in BMPTFSA, HMPTFSA and DMPTFSA containing 5 mM Pt(acac)2 at various temperatures. Cyclic voltammograms showed a well-defined cathodic current peak around –1.7 V. Potentiostatic cathodic reduction of the ionic liquids containing 5 mM Pt(acac)2 at –1.7 V at 130 °C resulted in formation of metallic Pt. Thus, the cathodic current peak around –1.7 V was assignable to reduction of Pt(acac)2 to Pt(0). The reduction of Pt(acac)2 was suggested to involve formation of some intermediate species of Pt by cyclic voltammetry. Granular shaped deposit was observed on the glassy carbon substrate by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after potentiostatic electrolysis in BMPTFSA containing 5 mM Pt(acac)2 at –1.7 V. The existence of Pt in the deposit was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The appearance of the electrolytes turned to reddish black from pale yellow, indicating formation of Pt nanoparticles in the ionic liquids after electrolysis.1-4 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the electrolytes after electrolysis confirmed formation and dispersion of Pt nanoparticles in the ionic liquids. The d-spacing values of the nanoparticles obtained in BMPTFSA, HMPTFSA and DMPTFSA were estimated to be 0.224, 0.229 and 0.225 nm, respectively, which were close to that of 0.227 nm for Pt(111). Pt nanoparticles obtained in the ionic liquids were suggested to form by disproportionation of the intermediate species of Pt. The average sizes (in diameter) of the Pt nanoparticles obtained after electrolysis in BMPTFSA, HMPTFSA and DMPTFSA were found to be 2.6 ± 0.7, 4.1 ± 1.2 and 4.3 ± 0.7 nm, respectively. Therefore, TFSA–-based ionic liquids could be promising media to prepare Pt and Pt nanoparticles with controlled size by electrolysis. Acknowledgement:Part of this work was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan.

Transmission and total internal reflection integrated digital holographic microscopy.

We develop a transmission and total internal reflection (TIR) integrated digital holographic microscopy (DHM) by introducing a home-made Dove prism with a polished short side. With the help of angular and polarization multiplexing techniques, the 2D refractive index distribution of a specimen adhered on the prism surface is determined using TIR-DHM. Meanwhile, the thickness profile is unambiguously calculated from the phase information using transmission DHM. This integrated microscopy is nondestructive and dynamic and can be used to simultaneously measure the index distribution and thickness profile of transparent or semi-transparent liquid or solid samples.

Degenerate four-wave mixing in transparent two-component medium considering spatial structure of the pump waves

In this paper we investigate spatial selectivity of the degenerate four-wave radiation converter in transparent liquid containing nanoparticles considering spatial structure of the pump waves. The bandwidth of the most efficiently converted spatial frequencies is associated with the rotation and divergence of the pump waves.