Transparent Liquid Research Articles

Gaussian probe beam with high spherical aberration for glucose concentration measurement.

We demonstrate that an optical probe beam with high spherical aberration used for glucose concentration measurements gives better sensitivity compared to a probe beam free of aberrations, under similar conditions. We place a singlet focusing lens at a large distance from a laser source with a Gaussian intensity profile to obtain a spherically aberrated probe beam with negligible truncation. The aberrated probe beam propagates through a transparent liquid sample. Intensity profiles of the transmitted beam are recorded by means of a homodyne profiler to perform the glucose concentration measurements accurately.

High intensity light pulses to reduce microbial load in fresh cheese.

The present study focused on the utilisation of High Intensity Light Pulses (HILP) treatment to preserve mozzarella cheese. First, the susceptibility of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Enterobacteriaceae to HILP (fluences from 0·39 to 28·0 J/cm2) in a transparent liquid was evaluated (in-vitro tests). Afterwards, the effects on inoculated mozzarella cheese were also assessed. Then untreated (Control) and HILP treated samples were packaged and stored at 10 °C for 2 weeks. Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. and pH were monitored during storage. In a transparent liquid (in-vitro tests) there was a significant microbial inactivation just with 2 s of treatment. On the inoculated cheese a relevant microbial reduction of about 1 log cycle was observed, according to the exposure to the treatments. For Pseudomonas spp. in particular, in the treated samples, the microbiological acceptability limit (106 cfu/g) was never reached after 2 weeks of refrigerated storage. To sum up, the efficacy of this treatment is very interesting because a microbial reduction was observed in treated samples. HILP treatment is able to control the microbial growth and may be considered a promising way to decontaminate the surface of mozzarella cheese.

P‐155: 17 inch High Performance Transparent Display using Newly Scattering‐type Surface Anchoring LC

We have developed a 17 inch colorful transparent liquid crystal display using newly scattering‐type SALC technology, which transparent state in low driving voltage, and polarizer free. The Pixel Per Inch of transparent display was 96. Finally, the 17 inch colorful transparent display using new scattering‐type technology has good visibility and transparency.

Characterization of Bamboo Nanocellulose Prepared by TEMPO-mediated Oxidation

The synthesis of TEMPO-oxidized bamboo cellulose nanofibrils (TOBCNs) was attempted using two locally available species in Thailand (Dendrocalamus asper and D. membranaceus). Bamboo powder was first delignified with NaClO2. The obtained bamboo holocelluloses (BHs) were then oxidized via a TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO system in water at pH 10 for 2 h. The effects of NaClO addition level on the weight recovery ratio, carboxylate content, and nanofibrillation yield were studied. At a higher level of NaClO addition, the weight recovery ratio of TEMPO-oxidized bamboo holocelluloses (TOBHs) decreased from 90% to 70%, while the carboxylate content of TOBHs increased up to 0.8 mmol/g to 0.9 mmol/g for both species. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated that C6-hydroxyl groups of cellulose were converted to negatively-charged carboxylate groups. After a gentle mechanical treatment with water, transparent liquid of TOBCNs were obtained after the removal of unwanted fraction, which gave a nanofibrillation yield of more than 90% at a NaClO addition level of 7.5 mmol/g to 15.0 mmol/g-BHs. Well individualized TOBCNs were successfully prepared and had a length of several microns and an average width of 5 nm to 7 nm under transmission electron microscopy. Thus, ultra-long TOBCNs are applicable for use as nano-reinforced polymer composites in non-food industries.

Radiation Attenuation and Stability of ClearView Radiation Shielding TM-A Transparent Liquid High Radiation Shield.

Radiation exposure is a limiting factor to work in sensitive environments seen in nuclear power and test reactors, medical isotope production facilities, spent fuel handling, etc. The established choice for high radiation shielding is lead (Pb), which is toxic, heavy, and abidance by RoHS. Concrete, leaded (Pb) bricks are used as construction materials in nuclear facilities, vaults, and hot cells for radioisotope production. Existing transparent shielding such as leaded glass provides minimal shielding attenuation in radiotherapy procedures, which in some cases is not sufficient. To make working in radioactive environments more practicable while resolving the lead (Pb) issue, a transparent, lightweight, liquid, and lead-free high radiation shield-ClearView Radiation Shielding-(Radium Incorporated, 463 Dinwiddie Ave, Waynesboro, VA). was developed. This paper presents the motivation for developing ClearView, characterization of certain aspects of its use and performance, and its specific attenuation testing. Gamma attenuation testing was done using a 1.11 × 10 Bq Co source and ANSI/HPS-N 13.11 standard. Transparency with increasing thickness, time stability of liquid state, measurements of physical properties, and performance in freezing temperatures are reported. This paper also presents a comparison of ClearView with existing radiation shields. Excerpts from LaSalle nuclear power plant are included, giving additional validation. Results demonstrated and strengthened the expected performance of ClearView as a radiation shield. Due to the proprietary nature of the work, some information is withheld.

STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF CURRENT-CARRYING LIQUID IN THE BATH OF DC ARC FURNACE BY AN EXTERNAL VERTICAL MAGNETIC FIELD ON A PHYSICAL MODEL

When an external vertical magnetic field is applied to a current-carrying melt in the bath of a DC arc furnace, volumetric electromagnetic forces arise that drive it. Flows of metal and slag occur in the bath of the DC arc furnace. This can lead to their efficient mixing, but can also carry negative aspects,for example, associated with an increase in wear oflining in the region of the bottom electrode. The processes of conductive mixing in the bath of the DC arc furnace during smelting of metals and alloys remain poorly understood, there arise both theoretical questions related to the nature of the flows in the bath under the action of external and intrinsic magnetic fields of a given intensity, and practical with the absence of simple and reliable sources of external magnetic fields. The purpose of this paper isto qualitatively test the capabilities of a physical model, to study the nature of currents of a current-carrying liquid under the action of an external vertical magnetic field, and to analyze the possibility of transferring simulation results to processes occurring in a five-ton bath of an industrial DC arc furnace. The principal possibility of studying the current flow behavior of a current-carrying melt under the influence of external magnetic fields on models using non-metallic electrically conducting transparent liquids is shown. In this work the authors have used a water solution of table salt, it allowed to estimate the velocity of the liquid on itsfree surface and near the bottom electrode using video. The physical modeling of the effect of an external vertical magnetic field on the current flowing current in a bath was carried out for different combinations of connecting the bottom electrode and different currents flowing through the bath. The current flowing current in the bath under the influence of an external vertical magnetic field was established when the central electrode or the bottom electrode is displaced from the axis of the bath. It was revealed that when the axis of the bottom electrode is displaced from the bath axis, the average rotation speed of the liquid in the horizontal plane increases. An estimate of the value of the vertical magnetic field strength (about 5 kA/m) is obtained, which should be accompanied by conductive mixing the metal bath of the five-ton steel-smelting arc furnace.

Flat-Panel See-Through Three-Dimensional Display Based on Integral Imaging Using a Transparent Polarized Point Light Source Array

This study proposes a technique to implement see-through three-dimensional (3-D) display based on point light source integral imaging. This display consists of an edge-lit light guide plate, a polarizer array, and a transparent liquid crystal display (LCD) panel without rear polarizer. The combination of the light guide plate and the polarizer array act as a transparent polarized point light source array (PLSA), and reconstructs the 3-D image with the elemental image array loaded on the LCD panel. The background rays passing through the gaps in the polarized PLSA carry the object information and implement see-through property. The experimental system is constructed based on 1-D integral imaging to verify the proposed method. The see-through and superposition capabilities of the proposed method are demonstrated.

Packing of sedimenting equiaxed dendrites.

The packing of free-floating crystal grains during solidification has a strong impact on the phase-change process as well as on the structure and the defects in the solidified material. The packing fraction is affected by the particular dendritic morphology of the grains and by their low inertia resulting from the small density difference between solid and liquid. Understanding the grain packing phenomenon during metal alloy solidification is not experimentally possible since packing is coupled to many other phenomena. We therefore investigate the packing of equiaxed dendrites on a model system, consisting of fixed-shape nonconvex model particles sedimenting in conditions hydrodynamically similar to those encountered in solidifying metals. We perform numerical simulations by a discrete-element model and experiments with transparent liquids in a sedimentation column. The combination of experiments and simulations enables us to determine the packing fraction as a function of (i) the grain morphology, expressed by a shape parameter, and (ii) the hydrodynamic conditions, expressed by the particle Stokes number.

A new, heavier-than-water silicone oil: A solution of perfluorohexyloctane in polydimethylsiloxane.

To pre p a re and explore new solutions of semifluorinated alkane in silicone oil, which have a specific gravity slightly higher than silicone oil and vitreous fluid (referred to in the following as heavier-than-water silicone oils (HWSs), and to investigate, in vitro, whether HWSs can be used to plug retina holes, while allowing dehydration of the subretinal space. HWS solutions were pre p a red with silicone oil 5000 and perfluorohexyloctane (F6H8). The stabiliy was investigated under different conditions. The viscosity was determined by means of a capillary viscometer. The surface and interface tension were measured using the ring method. HWSs are insoluble in an aqueous medium. Densiron68 (HWS 1.06) is a transparent homogeneous liquid which is slightly heavier (1.06 g/cm3) than water and has a refractive index close to that of vitreous liquid. Densiron68 (HWS 1.06) has a low viscosity (1480 mPas) and interface tension (40.82 mN/m), making it an effective tamponade in the surgical treatment of an inferior detached retina. In addition, the interfaces between Densiron68 and other perfluorocarbon liquids are clearly visible. However, the interface layer between Densiron68 and water is not clear. Finally, all HWSs are stable over the long term at ambient temperatures, as well as physically and thermally resistant. Due to its physiochemical properties, Densiron68 could meet the requirements for a heavier-than-water tamponade. (Eur J Ophthalmol 2005; 15: 627-37).

落球法测透明液体黏度系数实验的扩展研究

在匀速落球法测液体黏度的实验中，研究选取不同水平位置和不同垂直位置释放，小球以不同运动状态进入液体时对测定透明液体的黏滞系数的影响。 In uniform motion in a falling ball method, the experiment of measuring liquid viscosity analysis balls with different positions and different motion state into the liquid was conducted, and then the influence of the viscous coefficient of transparent liquid was determined.

Vortex Flows in the Liquid Layer and Droplets on a Vibrating Flexible Plate

In certain conditions, in the layers and droplets of a liquid on a vibrating rectangular flexible plate, vortex flows are formed simultaneously with the excitation of capillary oscillations on the free surface of the liquid layers and droplets. Capillary oscillations in the form of two-dimensional standing waves form Faraday ripples on the free surface of the liquid layer. On the surface of the vibrating droplets, at the excitation of capillary oscillations a light spot reflected from a spotlight source moves along a trajectory in the form of a Lissajous figure observed with a microscope. When vortex flows visualized with graphite microparticles appear in the layer and droplets of a transparent liquid, the trajectory of the light spot on the layer and droplet surface is a two-dimensional trajectory in the form of an ellipse or a saddle. This indicates that the generation of the vortex flows in a liquid at vibrations is due to capillary oscillations in the orthogonally related directions. In the liquid layer and droplets on the surface of the flexible plate, the vibrations of which are generated by bending vibrations, the vortex flows appear due to the plate vibrations and the capillary oscillations of the surface of a layer or a droplet of the liquid. On the free surface of the liquid, the capillary waves, which are parametrically excited by the plate bending vibrations, are additionally modulated by the same bending vibrations in the transverse direction.

Experimental and numerical investigation of acoustic pressures in different liquids

In an attempt to quantify the instantaneous pressure field in cavitating liquids at large forcing signals, pressures were measured in four different liquids contained in vessels with a frequency mode in resonance with the forcing signal. The pressure field in liquid metal was quantified for the first time, with maximum pressures of the order of 10–15 MPa measured in liquid aluminium. These high pressures are presumed to be responsible for deagglomeration and fragmentation of dendritic intermetallics and other inclusions. Numerical modelling showed that acoustic shielding attenuates pressure far from the sonotrode and it is prominent in the transparent liquids studied but less so in aluminium, suggesting that aluminium behaviour is different. Due to acoustic shielding, the numerical model presented cannot adequately capture the pressure field away from the intense cavitation zone, but gives a good qualitative description of the cavitation activity. The results obtained contribute to understanding the process of ultrasonic melt treatment (UST) of metal alloys, while facilitating further the guidelines formulation and reproducible protocols for controlling UST at industrial levels.

Transient response of a liquid injector to a steep-fronted transverse pressure wave

Motivated by the dynamic injection environment posed by unsteady pressure gain combustion processes, an experimental apparatus was developed to visualize the dynamic response of a transparent liquid injector subjected to a single steep-fronted transverse pressure wave. Experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure with a variety of acrylic injector passage designs using water as the working fluid. High-speed visual observations were made of the injector exit near field, and the extent of backflow and the time to refill the orifice passage were characterized over a range of injection pressures. A companion transient one-dimensional model was developed for interpretation of the results and to elucidate the trends with regard to the strength of the transverse pressure wave. Results from the model were compared with the experimental observations.

An Innovative Approach to Exploit the Reflection Spectroscopy of Liquid Characteristics.

Reflection spectroscopy, in the visible-near-infrared-shortwave infrared region (Vis-NIR-SWIR, 350-2500 nm), is a useful technology to extract chemical and physical properties of materials, but might be useless in identifying the spectral features of transparent or dark opaque liquids. Low reflectance values of a liquid reduce the ability to identify characteristic absorption features at specific wavelengths in the reflectance spectrum. In this study, we present a rapid and easy-to-use method to increase the measured reflectance spectrum and expose characteristic absorption features of a liquid. This was done by mixing the liquid with a white enhanced substance (WES). For this purpose, we used aluminum oxide (Al2O3) powder-a very bright (high albedo) substance and featureless across the entire Vis-NIR-SWIR region. The reflectance spectrum of the mixture-liquid and WES-was measured using a spectroradiometer. This procedure enabled to identify characteristic spectral features of the liquids that would have not been observed in the reflectance spectrum measured from the liquid alone.

1 × 4 optical switch based on electrowetting

AbstractIn this paper, we report a 1 × 4 optical switch using deformable liquid droplet. The deformation is produced by the electrowetting on dielectric phenomenon. The device consists of a dyed oil and a transparent conductive liquid sealed in a transparent cylinder. The top glass cover of the device has four independently addressable electrodes for the actuation of the liquid dome in each direction. In the voltage‐off state, incident light is absorbed by the dyed liquid. When the voltage is applied to the liquid, the dome of the transparent liquid is uplifted and then spreads to four different directions because of the effect of electrostatic force. Accordingly, the transparent liquid pushes the dyed oil out to form a light path. The device with simple structure can freely control multiple switch apertures through changing the driven voltage. In addition, we analyze the electro‐optical characteristics such as transmittance, response time (open time ~110 ms, close time ~160 ms), contrast ratio (~661:1).

Investigation of heat and mass transfer processes by the method of structured laser radiation caustics

This paper is devoted to investigation of possibilities of using the caustic method for determination of optical inhomogeneities parameters, which arise by heat and mass transfer processes. Conditions of the caustics appearance are considered for longitudinal probing of the diffusion layer of liquid by plane and cylindrical laser beams. Experimental visualization of dynamics of change in the caustics position is presented for various parameters of inhomogeneous media. New method for determination of surface temperature of a cooled body placed in transparent liquid is described.

TECHNOLOGICAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE WATER EXTRACTS FROM THE LEAVES OF LINGONBERRY

In urological practice there is a sufficient demand for herbal medicinal preparations, of which the most widely used drugs are derived from arbutin-containing herbs. These medicines have diuretic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity.
 Currently, in connection with the decrease in number of production departments and pharmacies, water extraction can be made by the consumer at home from powdered medicinal herbs in filter bags and from packaged shredded medicinal plant raw materials in batches according to the instructions on the package.
 The object of the study was the aqueous extract obtained from the leaves of lingonberry.
 The article presents the study of manufacturing technology of water extracts from lingonberry leaves with the establishment of quality indicators in them. Investigated water extract obtained from raw materials packaged in bundles according to the instructions on the package, filter packages according to the instructions on the packaging of packaged raw materials in batches according to the method of State Pharmacopea XIII. The following were analyzed in the obtained water extracts: description, authenticity, dry residue, pH, content of phenolglucoside - arbutin. The research results were processed statistically.
 All of the studied aqueous extracts were transparent dark brown liquid that had a bitter, astringent taste characteristic of leaves of lingonberry. Dry residue in an aqueous extract, depending on the composition and technology was 0,65, 0,8% and of 1,93%. The content of arbutin was 0,43, 0,39 and 0,99%, pH of water extracts made from the crushed leaves of lingonberry, had close values of 5,03, 4,95 and, while in the extracts from powdered of lingonberry leaves in filter bags had pH value of 5,35, which may be attributed to the influence of the material of the filter bag. For the first time technologo-analytical study of the water extracts obtained at different technologies, established indicators of quality.

透明、白、黒表示が可能な透明液晶ディスプレイ(ディスプレイ材料・製造技術シンポジウム)

透明、白、黒表示が可能な透明液晶ディスプレイ(ディスプレイ材料・製造技術シンポジウム)

An extraordinary tabletop speed of light apparatus

A compact, low-cost, pre-aligned apparatus of the modulation type is described. The apparatus allows accurate determination of the speed of light in free propagation with an accuracy on the order of one part in 104. Due to the 433.92 MHz radio frequency (rf) modulation of its laser diode, determination of the speed of light is possible within a sub-meter measuring base and in small volumes (some cm3) of transparent solids or liquids. No oscilloscope is necessary, while the required function generators, power supplies, and optical components are incorporated into the design of the apparatus and its receiver can slide along the optical bench while maintaining alignment with the laser beam. Measurement of the velocity factor of coaxial cables is also easily performed. The apparatus detects the phase difference between the rf modulation of the laser diode by further modulating the rf signal with an audio frequency signal; the phase difference between these signals is then observed as the loudness of the audio signal. In this way, the positions at which the minima of the audio signal are found determine where the rf signals are completely out of phase. This phase detection method yields a much increased sensitivity with respect to the display of coincidence of two signals of questionable arrival time and somewhat distorted shape on an oscilloscope. The displaying technique is also particularly suitable for large audiences as well as in unattended exhibits in museums and science centers. In addition, the apparatus can be set up in less than one minute.

SIMPLE BONE CYST AS RADIOGRAPHIC FINDING OF ORTHODONTIC RECORDS: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: CLINICAL CASE REPORT

This study aims to report the treatment of simple bone cyst incidentally found during orthodontic evaluation. A 15-year-old female patient was referred to the oral medicine service by the orthodontist because of a cystic lesion in the 44 periapical region that presented normal response to sensitivity tests. It was performed a preoperative CT scan examination to establish the real extension of the lesion. Digital planning elected the best access surgical point. During the surgical assessment, transparent liquid was present inside the cavity. Fine needle aspiration of the lesion gathered material to cytologic examination that only reported bloody content. Surgical exploration revealed an empty cystic cavity. Vigorous curettage was performed to create a repair blood clot. This patient was followed-up for 3 years by periodic CT examination and showed regression of the lesion. After remission of the lesion, she was referred back to orthodontic treatment.