Port Transmission Research Articles

Channel add-drop filter based on dual photonic crystal cavities in push-pull mode.

We demonstrate an add-drop filter based on a dual photonic crystal nanobeam cavity system that emulates the operation of a traveling wave resonator, and, thus, provides separation of the through and drop port transmission from the input port. The device is on a 3×3 mm chip fabricated in an advanced microelectronics silicon-on-insulator complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (SOI CMOS) process (IBM 45 nm SOI) without any foundry process modifications. The filter shows 1 dB of insertion loss in the drop port with a 3 dB bandwidth of 64 GHz, and 16 dB extinction in the through port. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first implementation of a port-separating, add-drop filter based on standing wave cavities coupled to conventional waveguides, and demonstrates a performance that suggests potential for photonic crystal devices within optical immersion lithography-based advanced CMOS electronics-photonics integration.

Compact rat‐race ring coupler with meander high‐impedance transmission line and port impedance matching

A novel compact rat-race ring coupler with meander high-impedance transmission line and port impedance matching is presented in this Letter. First, a ring coupler with high port impedance is designed using meander lines. Secondly, an impedance matching section is designed to match the high port impedance to ordinary 50 Ω. The proposed coupler effectively reduces occupied area to 16.8% of conventional one. The design is validated both by simulation and measurement.

Flexible and miniaturized power divider

A new flexible and miniaturized power divider (PD), based on the Wilkinson PD topology, is carried out in this paper. Flexibility and size reduction are achieved simultaneously thanks to both an open-stub loading the input port and additional transmission lines (TLines) connecting the output ports to the isolation resistance. Design equations and rules are given. As a proof-of-concept, two PDs working at 2.45 GHz were fabricated and measured. Then, on the basis of the previous developments, a 1:4 power-dividing feeding network was realized. It highlights the high performance and flexibility of the proposed PD. Agreement between simulation and measurement results is very good, for PDs as well as for the feeding network, thus validating the proposed approach. This concept is straightforward to be applied at higher frequencies, in particular in the millimeter-wave range on CMOS technologies, where flexibility in the choice of the TLines characteristic impedances and size reduction are mandatory.

A Three-Way Reconfigurable Power Divider/Combiner

In this paper, a three-way reconfigurable power divider/combiner is proposed based on novel switch element with matching network (SEMN) and reconfigurable impedance transformer network (RITN). A good matching performance and a high isolation of the SEMN with one p-i-n diode can be obtained by the parasitic inductance and reverse capacitance of the p-i-n diode involved in matching circuits. With different parameters of one p-i-n diode under forward bias and reverse bias, the reconfigurable impedance matching can be obtained by the RITN with a simple structure. By using four RITNs and nine SEMNs, the three-way reconfigurable power divider/combiner can provide seven different states in the three-path mode, the two-path mode, and the single-path mode. For verification, a 5-GHz three-way reconfigurable power divider/combiner is designed and fabricated. In the three-path mode, measured insertion losses from port 1 to transmission ports (port 2, port 3, and port 4) are less than 0.74 dB and the isolations between transmission ports are higher than 32.1 dB. In the two-path mode with three states, the measured insertion losses are less than 0.93 dB; the isolations between transmission ports, transmission ports and isolation ports, and port 1 and isolation ports are higher than 27.5, 35.1, and 30.5 dB, respectively. In the single-path mode with three states, the measured insertion losses are less than 1.13 dB; the measured isolations between transmission ports and isolation ports are higher than 28.8 dB, and the isolations between port 1 and isolation ports are higher than 28.2 dB at the design frequency.

Evaluation of Optimal Access Location and Capacity of DG for Insertion in distribution System with Condensed Power Losses showing improved Critical Bus Voltage Stipulation

This paper intent to enhance the revenue of optimally planned distributed generation (DG) insertion in distribution system in terms of condensed active and reactive power losses, improved critical bus voltage and system voltage profile which may undeniably ensures aided load expansion and system stability. The novelty of this paper is a multi-objective approach based on two port transmission parameters for optimally determining the size and access point for DG insertion in distribution system. To validate the proposed method the results obtained are compared with already published Analytical Method and the well known Exhaustive Load Flow method. The Comparative study presented has shown that the proposed method leads existing methods in terms of its ease, reduced computational time and handling less number of variables. Despite of that cross verification of results with multi-objective approach assures the optimality of estimated parameters with improved efficiency. To exhibit the utility of the method, it is implemented on standard IEEE 16 bus, 33 bus and 69 bus test radial distribution systems. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB environment for execution of the proposed algorithm.

Design and auto-screening of a K-Band GaAs MMIC multi-function power amplifier

This paper introduces the design and auto-screening of a K-band multi-function power amplifier (MFPA). The proposed MFPA is fabricated using 0.25μm GaAs pHEMT technology and has a center operation frequency at 22.5GHz with 1GHz bandwidth. It consists of three ports: Transmission port, Receiving port and Common port. The transmission channel which starts from Transmission port and ends at Common port provides a linear gain greater than 21dB, a 19dB power gain and over 40% power added efficiency (PAE) at 2dB compress point with 0dBm input power. The receiving channel, from Common port to Receiving port, has an insertion loss of less than 1.3dB. The isolation between the transmission channel and the receiving channel is better than 20dBc. A piece of auto-screening software is presented here as well to characterize and screen the designed MFPA which is able to accelerate the test three times faster.

Design of Reliable Serial Port Transmission Mechanism Based on Zigbee

In order to ensure the reliable transmission of important data between the host computers in fields of industrial control based on Zigbee. We designed a reliable serial transmission mechanism. The core of the mechanism is as follows: first identified the data packet with a sequence number, if the receiving node received a data packet, then compared the sequence number in the data package with expected sequence number, and determined whether to receive the data package and sends it to the host computer. Three values of the variable represented three kinds of status respectively, namely, data has been successfully sent, received duplicate packet and serial port is busy. Receiving node returned status identifier and other information to sending node. According to the statuses of data has been successfully sent or received duplicate packet, sending node would set the send status to allow transmitting new data. As to the case serial port is busy, the sending node would resend the old data package later. Experimental results show that this system is stable and reliable, with good adaptability.

Synthesis and Characterization of Plasmonic Resonant Guided Wave Networks

Composed of optical waveguides and power-splitting waveguide junctions in a network layout, resonant guided wave networks (RGWNs) split an incident wave into partial waves that resonantly interact within the network. Resonant guided wave networks have been proposed as nanoscale distributed optical networks (Feigenbaum and Atwater, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 104, 147402) that can function as resonators and color routers (Feigenbaum et al. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 25584-25595). Here we experimentally characterize a plasmonic resonant guided wave network by demonstrating that a 90° waveguide junction of two v-groove channel plasmon polariton (CPP) waveguides operates as a compact power-splitting element. Combining these plasmonic power splitters with CPP waveguides in a network layout, we characterize a prototype plasmonic nanocircuit composed of four v-groove waveguides in an evenly spaced 2 × 2 configuration, which functions as a simple, compact optical logic device at telecommunication wavelengths, routing different wavelengths to separate transmission ports due to the resulting network resonances. The resonant guided wave network exhibits the full permutation of Boolean on/off values at two output ports and can be extended to an eight-port configuration, unlike other photonic crystal and plasmonic add/drop filters, in which only two on/off states are accessible.

세라믹을 이용한 유전체 도파관 듀플렉서

본 논문에서는 세라믹을 이용한 유전체 도파관 듀플렉서를 제안한다. 송신단과 수신단 대역 통과 필터를 설계한 후, 상호 간섭이 최소화되도록 결합하여 듀플렉서를 완성한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 안테나단 설계 방법으로는 분배기를 이용하여 투과 손실을 결정하고, 간섭을 피하기 위해 송수신 필터의 공진기 길이를 보정한다. 제작시 상대 유전율이 9.46인 세라믹을 이용하였으며, SMD 형태로 PCB에 표면 실장이 가능하도록 한다. Ceramic dielectric waveguide duplexer was developed. Duplexer was designed in order to minimize the muture interferences between transmission port and receive port of bandpass filter. The design method for antenna port was determined by the transmission loss and calibrated the length of resonator of recriving filter. We used the ceramic powder of dielectric constant 9.46 and installed SMD type on PCB board.

Design of DC Power Line Communication System Using Time-Division Multiplexing

This work investigates a power line communication (PLC) in a DC power management system comprising master-slave control networks. Microcontroller-based master and slave units are designed with serial ports for communication with a controller and a transmission port to couple the signal to modems at both ends. However, coupling data signals to power line through modulation interfacing circuits is a challenging task. In this work, we used time-division multiplexing (TDM) technique to divide into two timings, Powering Time and Communication Time, on the DC power line and can reduce the complexity of the master-slave network and noise effect on the power line.

Full duplex reflection amplifier tag

The authors describe a reflection amplifier adapted to have both a reflection and a transmission port. The amplifier uses a single silicon bipolar transistor and demonstrates a reflection gain of 13 dB, transmission gain of 10 dB and 3.4 dB noise figure at 5.25 GHz. The added feature of transmission gain in the reflection amplifier permits practical implementation of full duplex microwave radiofrequency indentification (RFID) tag operation. By using a simple subcarrier modulation scheme full duplex RFID operation utilising this amplifier is demonstrated. These results indicate that for 27 dBm (0.5 W) effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) transmit power it should be possible to obtain approximately 8 m downlink range and 25 m uplink range.

Broadband three-section symmetrical directional couplers with reduced coupling coefficient requirements

A new class of broadband symmetrical directional couplers has been investigated. The proposed couplers consist of three coupled-line sections with the middle coupled-line section connected between two identical coupled-line sections in such a way that the coupled and transmission ports of the resulting three-section directional coupler are exchanged in comparison to the well-known three-section symmetrical directional coupler. By choosing coupling coefficients and electrical lengths it is possible to achieve an equal-ripple coupling characteristic. Theoretical analysis has been performed and the properties of the proposed directional couplers are compared to the well-known multisection couplers. The presented theoretical analysis has been verified by the design. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:639–645, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27401

Investigation of In-Band OSNR Monitoring Technique Using Power Ratio

We propose and demonstrate an in-band optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) monitoring technique using the output power ratio (PR) of the nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) theoretically and experimentally. Operation point (OP) is investigated to be the input average power which corresponds to the first maximum of the power ratio curve. The monitoring performances using PR are proved to be better than those just using one output port of NOLM for on-off keying (OOK) and differential phase-shift-keying (DPSK) signals with different duty cycles: non-return-to-zero (NRZ), carrier-suppressed return-to zero (CSRZ), return-to-zero (RZ) with 50% and 33% duty cycle (RZ 50 and RZ 33) at 40 Gb/s. For 80 Gb/s RZ-differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) signal, we obtained 12.16 dB maximum power variation and 13-39.8 dB monitoring range experimentally. The power ratio scheme can improve the contrast ratio by 7.05 dB and the monitoring range by 13.8 dB compared with that just using the transmission port. The tolerance to residual chromatic dispersion of the monitoring performance is investigated to be less than 1.7 ps/nm. The experimental validations are consistent with the theoretical analyses. The proposed scheme can be used in ultra-speed transmission systems.

A NOVEL DUAL-BAND MULTI-WAY POWER DIVIDER USING COUPLED LINES

In this paper, coupled lines are used in the design of a dual band planar multi-way Bagley polygon power divider to reduce the size is proposed. For the input port matching and transmission characters are afiected by the even mode impedance only, analysis of the multi-way Bagley polygon power divider and equivalent circuit based on coupled lines, closed form design equations are presented with even mode impedance, and odd mode impedance is obtained arbitrarily. To validate the design procedure, two dual band three- way Bagley polygon power dividers are designed, simulated, and fabricated using coupled lines with areas of 3.17cm 2 and 2.53cm 2 , and the corresponding conventional divider with areas of 17.86cm 2 and 11.74cm 2 , respectively. When coupled lines are used, the layout is more compact with a reduction in size of more than nearly 80% compared to the conventional design.

Extraction of Transmission Parameters for Siting and Sizing of Distributed Energy Sources in Distribution Network

This paper introduces a novel method for sitting and sizing the grid connected distributed generator (DG) for installation in distribution system at any input load condition, which is based on two port transmission equations, named as modified transmission parameters (MTP) method by considering the loss minimization as a constraint. If properly organized, with the help of various transmission parameters optimal DG allocation with minimum transmission losses, contribution of DG as well as the main supply source to each load, type of DG required to handle the existing power flow scenario, and operating power factor at which DG should operate can be easily investigated. Apart from this the author has also investigated the worst location for DG installation and referred to it as Consecutive Bus. The method has been tested on two test distribution systems with varying sizes and intricacy and the results have been compared with the two established methods reported earlier. Relative study presented has shown that the proposed method leads existing methods in terms of its simplicity, computational time, and handling less number of variables.

Based on Serial Port Class Implements of SCM and PC Serial Communication Program Design

In this article, Using the latest Visual studio.net 2005 supplied C # serial class implements PC and single-chip microcomputer of serial communication. Summarizes the card the integrated function of the integrated management system, and probes into how to use C# serial kind of design for serial communication program, through the C# serial class in one card the specific application of integrated management system, and analyzes the application of C# serial kind characteristics, proved the C# serial class can make serial communication program design flexibility, can improve the reliability of the data in the serial port transmission. The actual operation shows that this kind of programming method is stable, reliable and practical.

Add-Drop Filter Based on Microfiber Mach–Zehnder/Sagnac Interferometer

In this paper, we investigate and experimentally demonstrate a Mach-Zehnder/Sagnac loop mirror interferometer (MZ-SI) fabricated from microfiber. We introduce a simple fabrication technique to assemble a miniatured MZ-SI from a single microfiber which can be used as an add-drop filter. The through and drop port transmission spectra of this microfiber structure are analyzed and they are in agreement with the theoretical model. The pattern of interference in the transmission spectra can be controlled by manipulating the parameters of this microfiber structure.

E-Band Wideband MMIC Receiver Using 0.1 µm GaAs pHEMT Process

In this paper, the implementations of a gallium arsenide (GaAs) pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor process for a low noise amplifier (LNA), a subharmonically pumped (SHP) mixer, and a single-chip receiver for 70/80 GHz point-to-point communications are presented. To obtain high-gain performance and good flatness for a 15 GHz (71 GHz to 86 GHz) wideband LNA, a five-stage input/output port transmission line matching method is used. To decrease the package loss and cost, 2nd and 4th SHP mixers were designed. From the measured results, the five-stage LNA shows a gain of 23 dB and a noise figure of 4.5 dB. The 2nd and 4th SHP mixers show conversion losses of 12 dB and 17 dB and input P1dB of -1.5 dBm to 1.5 dBm. Finally, a single-chip receiver based on the 4th SHP mixer shows a gain of 6 dB, a noise figure of 6 dB, and an input P1dB of -21 dBm.

GROUND-PURITY INSPECTION FOR A GROUP OF ROBOTIC CLEANERS

The main purpose of this paper is to create a mechanism that can automatically inspect ground cleanliness of a group of mobile cleaning robots. A single-chip Microcontroller PIC18F4520 is used as a control core in the robot. The robot driven by two DC motors is equipped with two ultrasonic-ray-distance-detectors to calibrate the robot’s movement via the detected angle between the wall and the robot. In addition, a vertical movement mechanism used to lift and put down the sample-gathering device is actuated via a motor-driven cam system. Moreover, a sample specimen of the ground impurity gathered by white gummed tape will be scrolled by a motor to a specified position for further photographic processing. The captured image will then be transmitted back to the remote pc –the master pc– for image analysis and cleanliness classification via a wireless network and a series port transmission protocol. Consequently, experimental results reveal that robot-inspected ground-cleanliness using image processing (a gra...

Survivable power efficiency oriented integrated grooming in green networks

The wide interests in the power savings of IP over wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) optical networks have recently risen in both academic and industrial communities. In an effort to tackle this problem, the hybrid grooming (traffic grooming along with an optical bypass) approach has been presented to reduce the power consumed by the entire network infrastructure, including the transmission ports of routers and optical-electrical-optical (OEO) conversions. However, the related works pay little or no attention to the power consumed to ensure the resiliency of the overall network. Meanwhile, the power consumed by components used for establishing lightpaths is not simultaneously taken into account. One survivable network with the higher power efficiency thereby save more power with hybrid grooming, require the lower power consumption of establishing lightpaths and exhibit the shorter recovery time. For the first time, this paper proposes the evaluating models of both survivable power ratio and protection switching time. We subsequently compare two green and survivable grooming heuristics, known as Single-hop Survivable Grooming with considering Power Efficiency (SSGPE) and Multi-hop Survivable Grooming with considering Power Efficiency (MSGPE). Simulation results demonstrate that, MSGPE obtains the higher power efficiency and resiliency although it has the slightly higher time complexity in comparison to SSGPE. Furthermore, it is effective to exploiting waveband merging in our MSGPE to form integrated grooming for further port savings.