Transmission Oils Research Articles

Traffic as a Source of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Snow

Snow samples collected in northern Sweden at a road intersection and an airport indicated that traffic is a source of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPs) in the outdoor environment. Analysis of snow samples taken at distances of 2, 100, and 250 m from the road intersection showed that the total amount of OPs declined as distance increased. Of the 11 analyzed substances, tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) dominated in the snow samples from the intersection, with levels of 170, 130, and 110 ng/kg snow at distances of 2, 100, and 250 m. Similar amounts of TCPP were found at the airport (100-220 ng/kg). These levels are approximately twice as high as the level found in the reference snow sample from a remote area (70 ng/kg). A possible explanation for the higher levels of TCPP found close to the road intersection is that it may be emitted from the interior of cars via their ventilation systems. Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was identified in lubricants and in waste oil from vehicles, and thus, leakage of transmission and motor oils is a probable source of TPP found at the sampled sites. Ten OPs were detected in the three samples from the airport, of which tributyl phosphate (TBP) was the most abundant, at levels 3 orders of magnitude higher than in the reference sample, that is, 25 000 compared to 19 ng/kg. The main source of TBP at the airport was traced to aircraft hydraulic fluid. Analysis of background air and deposition samples indicated that some OPs are subject to long-range air transportation.

Investigation of Stick-Slip Effects in Wet Friction Drive Elements

Up to now, the suitability of uniform tractor transmission oils (UTTO) for truck and building machine drive, brake and hydraulic systems were often investigated in expensive onvehicle or specific laboratory rig tests. Present work describes the layout and adoption of a test rig for application-oriented testing of wet brake system elements. The results gained from the tribometer experiments were compared with on-vehicle tests.

Lubricants with Ultradisperse Diamond–Graphite Powder

Use of a solid additive–filler — ultradisperse diamond–graphite powder (UDP–DG) — in lubricants is proposed for increasing the efficiency of operation of tribological couplings. The particle size is 2–12 nm and the specific surface is under 400 m2/g. It is manufactured from explosives with an insufficient oxygen balance. The results of laboratory and bench studies and industrial tests confirm the high efficiency of UDP–DG as a multifunctional additive to motor, transmission, and industrial oils, plastic lubricants, and coolants for processing metals by cutting and pressure. Key words: tribocoupling, lubricant, highly disperse additives, ultradisperse diamond–graphite powder, motor oil, industrial oil, transmission oil, coolant.

Features of a technique of tests of transmission oils in view of secondary structures

The developed method, as against existing, enables designers of tribosystems select the most effective Petroleum Products, with reference to conditions of their work in units of transmission.

Physical sensors for water-in-oil emulsions

Abstract For many applications, the detection of water content in an oily base liquid is of crucial importance. Typical examples are automotive oils, e.g. engine and transmission oils, where water content in the order of a few percent needs to be detected. In this contribution, we analyze the suitability of permittivity and viscosity sensors for this application. It turns out, that permittivity sensors yield a clear indication of the water content in the oil being moreover to first order independent of the exact permittivity of the contaminating water. On the other hand, the output of microacoustic viscosity sensors, in contrast to conventional rotational rheometers, is hardly influenced by the water content as long as the droplet size is larger than the penetration depth of the evanescent microacoustic wave. Thus, they can be used for continued monitoring of the base oil’s viscosity even in case of an apparent water contamination.

Influence of the structure of polysulphide additives on the shiftability of manual transmissions

AbstractThe shiftability of manual transmissions is known to be strongly affected by the nature of the transmission oil. When conventional sulphur—phosphorus (SP) additives are used in the oil, gear clashing, sticking, and other problems occur. As reported previously, these problems are caused mainly by the polysulphide used in the SP additives. This paper reports on a study of the effect of the structure of the polysulphide's hydrocarbon chain on the synchromesh characteristics. It is found that polysulphides with long hydrocarbon chains have high kinematic friction coefficients and low static friction coefficients. It is also shown that this phenomenon occurs because of the adsorption of the polysulphide on to the copper alloy of which the gear synchroniser ring is made. By using a polysulphide with a long hydrocarbon chain it is possible to develop transmission oils that have superior load‐carrying capacity and better shiftability even when compared with the latest transmission oils that contain metallic detergents.

Detection of trace levels of water in oil by photoacoustic spectroscopy

We have demonstrated the feasibility of non-destructively analyzing trace levels of water in petroleum-based transmission and hydraulic oils and in a synthetic polyol ester engine-lubricating oil using photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) at a wavelength of 2.93 μm. Using the method of standard additions, detection limits of 45, 60, and 515 ppm were obtained for water in the transmission, hydraulic, and synthetic engine oils, respectively. Lower sensitivity for water in the synthetic polyol ester oil was due to a 0.16 μm shift in the water absorption maximum from the wavelength used for the other oils. A detection limit of 62 ppm was also observed for analysis of water in standard reference material (SRM) 8507 from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which is a petroleum oil having a nominal water content of 77 ppm. The results for the petroleum-based oils exceed the current best detection limits of approximately 100 ppm obtained using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and compare favorably with the desired detection limits for water in oil of 10–50 ppm. Factors involved in implementing this technology in on-line sensors are discussed.

Synthetics basics: Polyalphaolefins — base fluids for high‐performance lubricants

AbstractPolyalphaolefins or PAOs are saturated oligomers manufactured via the catalytic oligomerisation of alphaolefins. An oligomeric mixture is obtained which is then hydrogenated and distilled to produce a range of PAOs. These synthetic fluids are differentiated and graded by their viscosities at 100°C. PAOs are mainly used as high‐performance functional base fluids in engine lubricants, gear oils, hydraulic oils, automatic transmission oils, compressor/pump oils, and greases.Automotive engine (crankcase) lubricants represent the biggest market for PAOs and here they compete with petroleum‐based oils. When compared to mineral oils, PAOs exhibit a number of inherently superior physical and chemical properties, such as greater fluidity at low temperature, lower volatility, a higher viscosity index, a lower pour point, better oxidative/thermal stability, low toxicity, and biodegradable low viscosity grades.This combination of properties means that PAOs enhance the formulator's ability to produce high‐performance lubricant oils. Some examples of performance benefits obtained from PAO‐based formulations have been shown to match and even exceed the performance of higher cost traditional ester‐based oils when tested under the new Japanese Automobile Standards Organisation (JASO) FC two‐stroke specifications. Low viscosity automotive engine oils, which can only be formulated with PAOs, can produce a fuel saving of >2% when tested under US Federal Test Procedure (USFTP) 75.

ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Arylcarbonyloxy‐Substituted Thietanes as Additives to Transmission Oils.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Nickel fine particles' adsorptive-catalytic mechanism

The tribological properties of metal fine particles added to lubricants containing soluble organic additives were investigated. The adsorptive catalytic mechanism of nickel-containing fine particles was proposed and proved experimentally. The principal opportunity for lowering the soluble organic additive concentration in motor and transmission oils while simultaneously increasing their tribological characteristics was shown.

Improvement of the stability of gear and transmission oils in the presence of water

i. A. Ali, F. Lockwood, E. E. Klaus, et al., ASLE Trans., 22, 267-276 (1979). 2. S.K. Naidu, E. E. Klaus, and J. L. Duda, Ind. Eng. Chem., Prod. Res. Dev., 23, 613619 (1984). 3. A.K. Klimov, V. I. Ivanov, Yu. I. Turskii, et al., Khim. Tekhnol. Topl. Masel, No. 2, 48-50 (1979). 4. T.A. Ismagilov, M. M. Kukovitskii, and V. S. Martem'yanov, Neftekhimiya, No. 4, 553558 (1984). 5. A.K. Klimov, V. A. Baranov, Yu. I. Turskii, et al., Khim. Tekhnol. Topl. Masel, No. 5, 33-35 (1982).

Hydrolytic stability of gear and transmission oils

Water entering crankcases or gearboxes is frequently a source of premature deterioration of the service properties of the oil. Water contamination of oil results in the formation of stable emulsions with viscosities considerably lower than that of the oil, leading to changes in the liquid friction regime, loss of homogeneity of the lubricant, and poorer lubricity [I]. It was shown in [2] that water deactivates antiwear, antiscoring, and antifoam additives, and lowers the efficiency of oxidation inhibitors.

Evaluation of antipitting properties of gear and transmission oils

Evaluation of antipitting properties of gear and transmission oils

Features of viscosity determination on gear and transmission oils in Rheotest viscometer

Features of viscosity determination on gear and transmission oils in Rheotest viscometer

Future helicopter transmission oils

AbstractFor many years helicopter transmissions have shown low reliability relative to planned overhaul lives and to other comparable lubricated systems. Reasons for this include the extremely wide range of conditions encountered by the lubricant in helicopter transmissions and also the requirement that, in many cases, the oil be common to both transmission and gas turbine engines.Recently acquired understanding of lubrication mechanisms shows that potential exists both for improved performance and for the ability to cater for higher temperatures by the development of new helicopter transmission oils based on synthetic lubricants.This paper discusses the particular lubricating problems associated with helicopter transmission lubrication and describes test methods and formulation approaches to improving such lubricants.

Universal corrosion inhibitor for gear and transmission oils

Universal corrosion inhibitor for gear and transmission oils

Prediction of protective efficiency of gear and transmission oils

A method for use in predicting the corrosion protection life of transmission components based on the establishment of a correlation between the level of transmission oil protective properties as determined under laboratory conditions and protective life of the component is proposed. Relationships that can be used to predict the storage life of automotive vehicle transmission components are obtained from calculations. Graphs are plotted for prediction of storage life of automotive vehicle transmission components under various conditions. The method developed here can also be used in formulating requirements for the level of protective properties of new oils or corrosion inhibitors.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПОВЕРХНОСТНЫХ СТРУКТУР ПРИ ТРЕНИИ В СИНТЕТИЧЕСКИХ МАСЛАХ

The interaction of transmission oils based on pentaerythritol esters and organosiloxane liquids with a surface of AISI 420S steel was studied. It was found that during friction, the lubricant interacts with the iron of the steel surface, resulting in the formation of protective surface films of sulfur and silicon compounds. The features of formation of protective surface films during friction with lubricants based on pentaerythritol esters and organosiloxane liquids are determined. It is noted that the formation of protective films when using a lubricant composition of pentaerythritol esters occurs with the participation of nonoxidized iron, and when using organosiloxane liquids with the participation of iron oxide, the main element of the metal counterbody.

Classification of transmission oils as the first stage in product unification

Classification of transmission oils as the first stage in product unification

Trends in the development and application of gear and transmission oils in the USA

Trends in the development and application of gear and transmission oils in the USA