Transmission Of Antibiotic Resistance Research Articles

Comparison of culturable antibiotic-resistant bacteria in polluted and non-polluted air in Beijing, China

BackgroundAir pollution has been a serious health issue in Beijing for years. Airborne antibiotic-resistant bacteria could be a potential health crisis as reserve of antibiotic resistance transmission in environment. The composition and antibiotic resistance pattern of culturable bacterial community and how these are affected by air pollution remain unclear. ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the compositions and antibiotic resistance patterns of culturable bacteria in polluted and non-polluted weather conditions in Beijing. MethodsAir samples were collected indoors and outdoors during polluted and non-polluted weather using six-stage Andersen Samplers. For each isolated bacterium, the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified, sequenced, and blasted against the National Center for Biotechnology Information database Antibiotic resistance was conducted by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. ResultsBacterial concentration in polluted weather was significantly higher than in non-polluted weather, both indoors and outdoors (P < 0.05). Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) were dominant in both weathers but gram-negative bacteria (GNB) were more abundant in polluted weather than non-polluted weather both indoors and outdoors. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria occupied 23.7% of all bacterial isolates, 22.4% of isolates from polluted weather and 27.8% of isolates from non-polluted weather. Penicillins were resisted by 72.4% and 83.3% of isolates from polluted and non-polluted weather, respectively. ConclusionsThe bacterial concentration was significantly higher in polluted weather, compared to non-polluted weather. Polluted weather is correlated with changes in the bacterial composition in the air, with a greater abundance of GNB. Penicillins was resisted by over 70% of bacterial isolates. The abundance of MDR bacteria suggested potential risks for human health.

Effect of hydraulic conditions on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in water supply systems

The incidence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in tap water leads to potential risks to human health and draws more and more attention from the public. However, ARGs harbored in drinking water remain largely unexplored. In this study, a simulated water supply system was designed to study the effects of different pipe flow rates on the transmission of antibiotic resistance in water supply systems. We observed that the biofilm in low flow rate pipeline (0.1 m/s, 0.3 m/s) had higher concentration of both antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs, while high flow rate (0.5 m/s and 0.7 m/s) resulted in low relative abundance of ARB and high relative abundance of ARGs in biofilms. The results showed that the high flow rate led to an abundance in non-culturable bacteria and a scarcity of nutrients in the biofilm, giving rise to its antibiotic resistance. High-throughput sequencing pointed out that the high content of Caulobacteraceae and Paenibacillus were determined in biofilms of high flow rate pipelines. Similarity analysis of microbial community composition of inlet water (IW), biofilms and outlet water (OW) showed that the composition of microbial community in OW was more similar to that in biofilms than in IW. Genera of bacteria in biofilms and OW (Brevundimonas, Brevibacillus and Pseudomonas) which had relationship with sulⅠ, sulⅡ in biofilms (P < 0.05) had higher relative abundance than that in IW. Different flow rate conditions had an impact on the biomass, microbial community, ARB and ARGs composition of biofilms. Thus, the detachment of biofilms can increased the antibiotic resistance of the water.

Shape Follows Function: Gastrointestinal Signals for Enterococcal Colonization

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) is a major cause of nosocomial infections. A new study by McKenney et al. (Cell Host Microbe 2019;25:695-705.e5) reports that VRE undergo a morphotype switch in response to lithocholic acid (LCA) to facilitate gastrointestinal (GI) tract colonization. This metabolic cue is a potential target to decrease VRE colonization and subsequent transmission of antibiotic resistance.

VERA: agent-based modeling transmission of antibiotic resistance between human pathogens and gut microbiota.

The resistance of bacterial pathogens to antibiotics is one of the most important issues of modern health care. The human microbiota can accumulate resistance determinants and transfer them to pathogenic microbiota by means of horizontal gene transfer. Thus, it is important to develop methods of prediction and monitoring of antibiotics resistance in human populations. We present the agent-based VERA model, which allows simulation of the spread of pathogens, including the possible horizontal transfer of resistance determinants from a commensal microbiota community. The model considers the opportunity of residents to stay in the town or in a medical institution, have incorrect self-treatment, treatment with several antibiotics types and transfer and accumulation of resistance determinants from commensal microorganism to a pathogen. In this model, we have also created an assessment of optimum observation frequency of infection spread among the population. Investigating model behavior, we show a number of non-linear dependencies, including the exponential nature of the dependence of the total number of those infected on the average resistance of a pathogen. As the model infection, we chose infection with Shigella spp., though it could be applied to a wide range of other pathogens. Source code and binaries VERA and VERA.viewer are freely available for download at github.com/lpenguin/microbiota-resistome. The code is written in Java, JavaScript and R for Linux platform. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Self-medication: Is a serious challenge to control antibiotic resistance?

According to the WHO, “Self-medication is an element of self-care based on selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognized illnesses or symptoms.” Antibiotics are necessary drugs in developing countries where most of the death due to infectious diseases. Growth of pathogen resistance in human to antibacterial drugs mainly due to the antibiotic self-medication and is a major reason for the transmission of antibiotic drug resistance. Self-medication with antibiotics can lead to irrational drug use, which exposes patients to drug interactions, development of drug resistance, and difficulties in diagnosing different diseases. Inadequate dose, less duration of treatment, and the often regarded as the irrational drug use practices in self-medication practice. Therefore, standard guidelines for the antibiotic use should be framed to reduce the human pathogen resistance along with proper educational programs in the community level to improve the knowledge of the patients about the adverse effects and consequences of self-medication practice. The review mainly focused to discuss the prevalence, commonly treated illnesses, source of antibiotic choice, antibiotic usage, causes of self-medication, consequences, the influence of resistance on economy and health of public, and different challenges. This paper also discusses the current scenario of antibiotic resistance and newer antibiotic development.

Prevalence and transmission of antibiotic resistance and microbiota between humans and water environments

The transmission routes for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microbiota between humans and water environments is poorly characterized. Here, we used high-throughput qPCR analyses and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to examine the occurrence and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes and microbiota in both healthy humans and associated water environments from a Chinese village. Humans carried the most diverse assemblage of ARGs, with 234 different ARGs being detected. The total abundance of ARGs in feces, on skin, and in the effluent from domestic sewage treatment systems were approximately 23, 2, and 7 times higher than their abundance in river samples. In total, 53 ARGs and 28 bacteria genera that were present in human feces could also be found in the influent and effluent of rural sewage treatment systems, and also downstream of the effluent release point. We identified the bacterial taxa that showed a significant association with ARGs (P < 0.01, r > 0.8) by network analysis, supporting the idea that these bacteria could carry some ARGs and transfer between humans and the environment. Analysis of ARGs and microbiota in humans and in water environments helps to define the transmission routes and dynamics of antibiotic resistance within these environments. This study highlights human contribution to the load of ARGs into the environment and suggests means to prevent such dissemination.

Prevalence and distribution of antibiotic resistance in marine fish farming areas in Hainan, China

Antibiotic resistance represents a global health crisis for humans, animals, and for the environment. Transmission of antibiotic resistance through environmental pathways is a cause of concern. In this study, quantitative PCR and culture-dependent bacteriological methods were used to detect the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the quantity of culturable heterotrophic antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in marine fish farming areas. The results indicated that sul and tet family genes were widely distributed in marine fish farming areas of Hainan during both rearing and harvesting periods. Specifically, sul1 and tetB were the most dominant ARGs. The total abundance of ARGs increased significantly from the rearing to the harvesting period. A total of 715 ARB strains were classified into 24 genera, within these genera Vibrio, Acinetobacter, Pseudoalteromonas, and Alteromonas are opportunistic pathogens. High bacterial resistance rate to oxytetracycline (OT) was observed. The numbers of OT- and enrofloxacin-resistant bacteria dropped significantly from rearing the period to the harvesting. The co-occurrence pattern showed that Ruegeria and tetB could be indicators of ARB and ARGs, respectively, which were found in the same module. Redundancy analysis indicated that salinity was positively correlated with the most dominant ARB, and was negatively correlated with the most dominant ARGs. These findings demonstrated the prevalence and persistence of ARGs and ARB in marine fish farming areas in China.

Overview of resistance mechanisms in Campylobacter

Campylobacter is a major cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. While mortality is low when people was infected with Campylobacter, morbidity imparted by post-infectious sequelae such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and irritable bowel syndrome is significantly noteworthy. Although fluoroquinolones and macrolides were the first line drug for the treatment of Campylobacter infections, there is a tough challenge in clinical treatment with high antimicrobial resistant rate and multi antimicrobial resistance arise. Based on the latest literature acquired in this work, we have chosen five classes of antibiotics always used in clinical, and discussed antibiotic resistance mechanisms and transmission of Campylobacter, in order to provide proper therapy both in the veterinary and human populations, and support basis data for the development of new drugs.

Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Colonising the Gut of Adult Rural Population in South India

Background: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) colonisers act as a reservoir for transmission of antibiotic resistance and are a source of infection. Exposure to antibiotics by the commensal flora renders them resistant. Antibiotic consumption and hospitalisation are two major factors influencing this. We studied, antibiotic-resistant bacteria colonising rural adult population who had restricted access to health care and presumably had low consumption of antibiotics. Aim: Detection of multidrug resistance genes of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL-CTX-M), AmpC β-Lactamase (CIT), Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and New Delhi Metallo β-lactamase (NDM) in Enterobacteriaceae colonising the gut of adult population in a South Indian rural community. Methodology: Faecal samples of 154 healthy volunteers were screened for Enterobacteriaceae resistant to commonly used antibiotics by standard methods, followed by phenotypic detection of ESBL by double disk synergy method, AmpC by spot inoculation and carbapenemases by imipenem and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid + imipenem combined E-test strips and modified Hodge test. Polymerase chain reaction was done to detect blaCTX-M, blaCIT, blaKPC-1 and blaNDM-1 genes coding for ESBL, AmpC, KPC and NDM, respectively. Results: Colonisation rate of enteric bacteria with MDR genes in the community was 30.1%. However, phenotypically, only ESBL (3.2%) and NDM (0.65%) were detected. While the genes coding for ESBL, AmpC and NDM were detected in 35.6%, 17.8% and 4.4% of the MDR isolates, respectively. Conclusions: Carriage of MDR strains with a potential to express multidrug resistance poses a threat of dissemination in the community. Awareness for restricted use of antibiotics and proper sanitation can contain the spread of resistant bacteria.

Para-probiotics for Preterm Neonates-The Next Frontier.

Current evidence supports the use of probiotics in preterm neonates for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis, mortality and late onset sepsis. Despite the strong evidence, the uptake of this intervention has not been universal due to concerns including probiotic sepsis, pro-inflammatory response and transmission of antibiotic resistance. Critically ill extremely preterm neonates with potentially compromised gut integrity are at higher risk of probiotic sepsis due to translocation. In most countries, probiotics are sold as food supplements with poor quality control. The traditional definition of probiotics as “live microorganisms” has been challenged as many experts have questioned the importance of viability in the context of the beneficial effects of probiotics. Paraprobiotics (ghost probiotics), are defined as non-viable microbial cells (intact or broken) or crude cell extracts (i.e., with complex chemical composition), which, when administered (orally or topically) in adequate amounts, confer a benefit on the human or animal consumer. Current evidence indicates that paraprobiotics could be safe alternatives to probiotics in preterm neonates. High-quality pre-clinical and clinical studies including adequately powered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are warranted in preterm neonates to explore this new frontier.

Antibiotic resistance of lactis acid bacteria and the risk of its transmission with fermented dairy products

Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is a global health problem that affects not only on humane and veterinary medicine, but also on food products. The food chain can be by transmission of antibiotic resistance from bacterial populations to animals and humans. Literary data on the current state of the problem of antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in Ukraine and in the world are given in the review. Possible ways of transferring resistance to antibiotics through fermented dairy products are shown. The main aspects of the danger of transmission of antibiotic resistance genes through the LAB and fermented dairy products are revealed. The main modern approaches to the definition of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms with the use of classical and modern research methods are described. The article provides the main sources of information on the safety of use of LAB as starter cultures and probiotics for the production of fermented dairy products. The hypothesis of the resistance gene's reservoir suggests that LAB can be a reservoir of sustainability genes, and the subsequent transfer of such genes to pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes transposed horizontally is inadmissible for lactobacilli, which are used as commercial bacterial agents for the production of fermented dairy products. According to the literature data, the absence of acquired antimicrobial resistance has become an important criterion for assessing the safety of lactobacilli, which are used as starting cultures for the production of fermented dairy products or probiotics. It has been established that it is obligatory to study the antibiotic resistance gene in addition to clinical and laboratory methods of studying the antibiotic resistance of LAB. To minimize the formation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in food products of plant and animal origin it is possible by careful monitoring of residues of antibiotics in raw materials and finished products. This will prevent the entry of antibiotic resistant strains into the natural cycle.

«One Health» approach: transfer of antimicrobial resistance from animals to humans

Antimicrobials are valuable therapeutics whose efficacy is seriously compromised by the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The current science provides overwhelming evidence that antibiotic use is a powerful selector of resistance that can appear not only at the point of origin but also nearly everywhere else. The latter phenomenon occurs because of the enormous ramifications of horizontal gene transfer. A mounting body of evidence shows that antimicrobial use in animals, including the nontherapeutic use of antimicrobials, leads to the propagation and shedding of substantial amounts of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria — both as pathogens, which can directly and indirectly infect humans, and as commensals, which may carry transferable resistance determinants across species borders and reach humans through multiple routes of transfer. These pathways include not only food but also water and sludge and manure applications to food crop soils. Continued nontherapeutic use of antimicrobials in food animals will increase the pool of resistance genes, as well as their density, as bacteria migrate into the environment at large. The lack of species barriers for gene transmission argues that the focus of research efforts should be directed toward the genetic infrastructure and that it is now imperative to take an ecological approach toward addressing the impacts of NTA use on human disease. The study of animal-to-human transmission of antibiotic resistance therefore requires a greater understanding of the genetic interaction and spread that occur in the larger arena of commensal and environmental bacteria. The provision of antibiotics to food animals encompasses a wide variety of nontherapeutic purposes that include growth promotion. The concern over resistance emergence and spread to people by nontherapeutic use of antimicrobials has led to conflicted practices and opinions. Considerable evidence supported the removal of nontherapeutic antimicrobials in Europe and North America, based on the «precautionary principle». Still, concrete scientific evidence of the favorable versus unfavorable consequences of nontherapeutic antimicrobials is not clear to all stakeholders. Substantial data show elevated antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with animals fed nontherapeutic antimicrobials and their food products. This resistance spreads to other animals and humans-directly by contact and indirectly via the food chain, water, air, and manured and sludge-fertilized soils. Modern genetic techniques are making advances in deciphering the ecological impact of nontherapeutic antimicrobials, but modeling efforts are thwarted by deficits in key knowledge of microbial and antibiotic loads at each stage of the transmission chain. Still, the substantial and expanding volume of evidence reporting animal-to-human spread of resistant bacteria, including that arising from use of nontherapeutic antimicrobials, supports eliminating antibiotics use in order to reduce the growing environmental load of resistance genes.

Human, animal and environmental contributors to antibiotic resistance in low-resource settings: integrating behavioural, epidemiological and One Health approaches.

Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is recognized as a One Health challenge because of the rapid emergence and dissemination of resistant bacteria and genes among humans, animals and the environment on a global scale. However, there is a paucity of research assessing ABR contemporaneously in humans, animals and the environment in low-resource settings. This critical review seeks to identify the extent of One Health research on ABR in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Existing research has highlighted hotspots for environmental contamination; food-animal production systems that are likely to harbour reservoirs or promote transmission of ABR as well as high and increasing human rates of colonization with ABR commensal bacteria such as Escherichia coli However, very few studies have integrated all three components of the One Health spectrum to understand the dynamics of transmission and the prevalence of community-acquired resistance in humans and animals. Microbiological, epidemiological and social science research is needed at community and population levels across the One Health spectrum in order to fill the large gaps in knowledge of ABR in low-resource settings.

Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus Species Isolated from Chicken in Turkey.

The aim of the present work was to provide information about Enterococcus strains isolated from pre-packaged chicken samples in Ankara (Turkey), focusing on their prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, and antibiotic resistance. We report the first study on the occurrence of antibiotic resistant enterococci in pre-packaged chicken samples in Ankara. A total of 97 suspicious enterococcal isolates were identified from 122 chicken samples. All isolates were identified to species level by phenotypic and molecular methods. In the 16S rDNA sequence analysis, Enterococcus faecium (61.85%) and Enterococcus faecalis (38.15%) were found to be the most frequently detected Enterococcus spp. Of the 97 isolates tested for hemolytic activity, 12.37% enterococcal strains were β-hemolytic. β-Hemolysin was most prevalent among E. faecium (58.33%) compared to E. faecalis (41.66%). Disk diffusion method was used for determining of antibiotic resistance. The analysis of the antimicrobial resistance of the 97 Enterococcus isolates revealed that the resistance to kanamycin (98.96%), rifampicin (80.41%) and ampicillin (60.82%) was most frequent. Furthermore, resistance to erythromycin (38.14%) and ciprofloxacin (34.02%) was also observed. The frequencies of resistance to tetracycline (9.27%), penicillin G (8.24%), and chloramphenicol (3.09%), gentamicin (2.06%) and streptomycin (1.03%) were low. None of the isolates was resistant to vancomycin. Multi-drug resistance was found in 97.93% of Enterococcus strains. E. faecium strains showed a more resistant phenotype than E. faecalis strains according to the antibiotic resistance levels. The results of this study indicated that chicken meat is a potential reservoir for the transmission of antibiotic resistance from animals to humans.

Spatial and temporal variation in the community prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Bangladesh: an integrated surveillance study protocol

IntroductionIncreasing antibiotic resistance (ABR) in low-income and middle-income countries such as Bangladesh presents a major health threat. However, assessing the scale of the health risk is problematic in the absence...

The effect of environmental factors and migration dynamics on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in estuary environments

Understanding the antibiotic resistance transmission mechanisms and migration dynamics of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in the natural environment is critical given the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to examine the fate of sulfonamide-resistant fecal bacteria (E. coli) in an estuary ecosystem and to explore the role and contribution of environmental factors in this process. The prevalence of sulfonamide-resistance status of E. coli was analyzed over different seasons in two estuary systems. Environmental factors and disturbance indices of anthropogenic activities were evaluated by detecting antibiotic concentrations, heavy metal abundance and other physicochemical parameters. The abundances of antibiotic-resistant E. coli were significantly attenuated during land-sea migration suggesting that estuary environments play a natural mitigation role in the contamination of freshwaters by antibiotic-resistant E. coli. Additionally, environmental factors and disturbance indices of anthropogenic activities significantly correlated with the distribution and migration of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in the estuaries. Lastly, simulation experiments suggested differential adaptability between antibiotic-resistant and non-resistant E. coli towards environmental changes in estuary environments. Meanwhile, our results indicate that low concentrations of antibiotics will not increase the competitive advantage of resistant E. coli in estuaries.

Experimental Epidemiology of Antibiotic Resistance: Looking for an Appropriate Animal Model System.

Antibiotic resistance is recognized as one of the major challenges in public health. The global spread of antibiotic resistance is the consequence of a constant flow of information across multi-hierarchical interactions, involving cellular (clones), subcellular (resistance genes located in plasmids, transposons, and integrons), and supracellular (clonal complexes, genetic exchange communities, and microbiotic ensembles) levels. In order to study such multilevel complexity, we propose to establish an experimental epidemiology model for the transmission of antibiotic resistance with the cockroach Blatella germanica. This paper reports the results of five types of preliminary experiments with B. germanica populations that allow us to conclude that this animal is an appropriate model for experimental epidemiology: (i) the composition, transmission, and acquisition of gut microbiota and endosymbionts; (ii) the effect of different diets on gut microbiota; (iii) the effect of antibiotics on host fitness; (iv) the evaluation of the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in natural- and lab-reared populations; and (v) the preparation of plasmids harboring specific antibiotic resistance genes. The basic idea is to have populations with higher and lower antibiotic exposure, simulating the hospital and the community, respectively, and with a certain migration rate of insects between populations. In parallel, we present a computational model based on P-membrane computing that will mimic the experimental system of antibiotic resistance transmission. The proposal serves as a proof of concept for the development of more-complex population dynamics of antibiotic resistance transmission that are of interest in public health, which can help us evaluate procedures and design appropriate interventions in epidemiology.

Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Transmission in the Beef Production System

Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Transmission in the Beef Production System

Antibiotic Resistance-Susceptibility Profiles of Streptococcus thermophilus Isolated from Raw Milk and Genome Analysis of the Genetic Basis of Acquired Resistances.

The food chain is thought to play an important role in the transmission of antibiotic resistances from commensal and beneficial bacteria to pathogens. Streptococcus thermophilus is a lactic acid bacterium of major importance as a starter for the dairy industry. This study reports the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 representative antimicrobial agents to 41 isolates of S. thermophilus derived from raw milk. Strains showing resistance to tetracycline (seven), erythromycin and clindamycin (two), and streptomycin and neomycin (one) were found. PCR amplification identified tet(S) in all the tetracycline-resistant strains, and ermB in the two erythromycin/clindamycin-resistant strains. Hybridisation experiments suggested each resistance gene to be located in the chromosome with a similar genetic organization. Five antibiotic-resistant strains -two resistant to tetracycline (St-2 and St-9), two resistant to erythromycin/clindamycin (St-5 and St-6), and one resistant to streptomycin/neomycin (St-10)- were subjected to genome sequencing and analysis. The tet(S) gene was identified in small contigs of 3.2 and 3.7 kbp in St-2 and St-9, respectively, flanked by truncated copies of insertion sequence (IS) elements. Similarly, ermB in St-6 and St-5 was found in contigs of 1.6 and 28.1 kbp, respectively. Sequence analysis and comparison of the largest contig showed it to contain three segments (21.9, 3.7, and 1.4 kbp long) highly homologous to non-collinear sequences of pRE25 from Enterococcus faecalis. These segments contained the ermB gene, a transference module with an origin of transfer (oriT) plus 15 open reading frames encoding proteins involved in conjugation, and modules for plasmid replication and segregation. Homologous stretches were separated by short, IS-related sequences, resembling the genetic organization of the integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) found in Streptococcus species. No gene known to provide aminoglycoside resistance was seen in St-10. Four strain-specific amino acid substitutions in the RsmG methyltransferase were scored in this strain; these might be associated to its streptomycin/neomycin resistance. Under yogurt manufacturing and storage conditions, no transfer of either tet(S) or ermB from S. thermophilus to L. delbrueckii was detected. The present results contribute toward characterisation of the antibiotic resistance profiles in S. thermophilus, provide evidence for the genetic basis of acquired resistances and deepen on their transference capability.

Whole-genome sequencing reveals transmission of gonococcal antibiotic resistance among men who have sex with men: an observational study

ObjectivesDrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae are now a global public health threat. Direct transmission of antibiotic-resistant gonococci between individuals has been proposed as a driver for the increased transmission of resistance, but...