Transmission Coefficients Research Articles

Detailed Investigation of Mechanical and Radiation Shielding Efficacy of TeO2-ZnO-Bi2O3-Nb2O5Glasses

This study presents a comprehensive examination of the glass systems consisting of TeO2, ZnO, Bi2O3, and Nb2O5. The objective is to assess their suitability as radiation shielding materials and analyze their mechanical characteristics. Analysis of TZBN1's mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) was conducted using FLUKA modeling and XCOM. The findings indicated that TZBN1 had the highest Mean Absolute Change (MAC) at low energy levels (0.02 MeV), measured 38.547 cm2/g. These findings suggest that TZBN1 has a more favorable photoelectric effect interaction. Over energies beyond 20 MeV, TZBN4 has exceptional performance in comparison to other samples, with a mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of 0.043996 cm2/g. These findings suggest an improved capacity to provide protection against high-energy photons. The density of the glass substrates is an essential factor, and TZBN4 exhibits a peak density of 6.15 g/cm³. Consequently, it exhibits a reduced gamma-ray transmission factor (TF), thereby underscoring its efficacy in mitigating gamma radiation. Based on the Makishima and Mackenzie model, TZBN1 exhibits the greatest Young's Modulus, measured at around 814.67 kJ/mol per PD. These findings suggest that TZBN1 exhibits the highest level of mechanical strength and stiffness among the glasses examined. In contrast, TZBN4 exhibits the lowest Young's Modulus of 453.47 kJ/mol per PD, making it potentially appropriate for certain applications that need flexibility. The results underscore the importance of glass chemical composition in tailoring materials for radiation protection and mechanical robustness. The glasses composed of TeO2, ZnO, Bi2O3, and Nb2O5, namely TZBN4, are regarded as very promising for applications that need efficient shielding against high-energy photons, while also providing material flexibility and strength. This paper presents a substantial framework for selecting and creating glass materials for the goal of providing safe shielding in the domains of medicine, industry, and nuclear facilities.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Tinea Capitis Among Primary School Children in the Grand Lomé Region (Togo), 2021: A Cross-Sectional and Case-Control Study Approach.

Tinea capitis is an infectious dermatosis frequent in children, causative fungi variable over time and space. The risk factors associated with this disease are still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of tinea capitis among schoolchildren in Lomé (Togo), identify the fungal species involved and assess the associated risk factors. It was a cross-sectional and case-control study conducted in primary schools in Lomé from November 2020 to April 2021. All pupils presenting tinea capitis suspected lesions have been sampled, and the scraping and hair were examined by direct microscopy in KOH solution and cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Positive children were matched by age and sex with those without symptoms for case-control study. Out of the 15,087 pupils enrolled, 465 had positive cultures for dermatophytes, corresponding to the tinea capitis prevalence of 3.08% (95% CI [2.59-3.57]). Trichophyton mentagrophytes (81.86%) and Trichophyton soudanense (13.12%) were the majors isolated dermatophytes. The risk factors were mostly living in households with domestic animals, showering less than twice a day, having a history of ringworm, having similar lesions in the same household and sharing personal hygiene items. This study highlights the low prevalence of tinea capitis in schoolchildren in Lomé (Togo), the causative species dominated by T. mentagrophytes and emphasises the importance of environmental and behavioural factors in the mycosis transmission. Implementing preventive measures addressing the identified factors could help to reduce the prevalence of this disease.

Sum rate optimization in STAR-RIS assisted multiuser massive MIMO-OFDM VLC systems

Visible Light Communication (VLC) offers a promising solution for future networks, leveraging existing lighting infrastructure in indoor environments. However, VLC requires a direct line of sight to function which can be limiting. Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) is a new technology that can bend light and radio waves, addressing this limitation in VLC. RIS come in three types: passive which reflects signals, active that boosts and reflects signals, and Simultaneous Transmission and Reflection (STAR)-RIS which can both reflect and transmit signals simultaneously. STAR-RIS offers the most control over the signal. In this paper, we propose a new multi-user VLC system with a massive Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) architecture, leveraging STAR-RIS to optimize data rates and improve coverage, particularly in non-line-of-sight scenarios. We formulate a system model and solve a convex optimization problem to determine the optimal transmission and reflection coefficients for STAR-RIS elements, aiming to maximize the total sum rate for all users. By employing maximum ratio transmission precoding, we minimize interference among users and demonstrate significant performance gains. Simulation results show that our proposed energy splitting-based STAR-RIS configuration outperforms traditional mode selection and time switching approaches with fixed or random coefficients, yielding substantial improvements in data rates and user experience. This study offers the first detailed exploration of STAR-RIS in VLC systems, highlighting its potential for future high-speed, multi-user communication networks. Our findings set the stage for further research into optimizing VLC systems using STAR-RIS, particularly in complex environments with non-line-of-sight users and massive MIMO-OFDM configurations.

Avian Influenza: Lessons from Past Outbreaks and an Inventory of Data Sources, Mathematical and AI Models, and Early Warning Systems for Forecasting and Hotspot Detection to Tackle Ongoing Outbreaks.

The ongoing avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak, one of the most widespread and persistent in recent history, has significantly impacted public health and the poultry and dairy cattle industries. This review covers lessons from past outbreaks, risk factors for transmission, molecular epidemiology, clinical features, surveillance strategies, and socioeconomic impacts. Since 1997, H5N1 has infected over 900 individuals globally, with a fatality rate exceeding 50%. Key factors influencing infection rates include demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and ecological variables. The virus's potential for sustained human-to-human transmission remains a concern. The current outbreak, marked by new viral clades, has complicated containment efforts. This review discusses how to integrate technological advances, such as mathematical modeling and artificial intelligence (AI), to improve forecasting, hotspot detection, and early warning systems. We provide inventories of data sources, covering both conventional and unconventional data streams, as well as those of mathematical and AI models, which can be vital for comprehensive surveillance and outbreak responses. In conclusion, integrating AI, mathematical models, and technological innovations into a One-Health approach is essential for improving surveillance, forecasting, and response strategies to mitigate the impacts of the ongoing avian influenza outbreak. Strengthening international collaboration and biosecurity measures will be pivotal in controlling future outbreaks and protecting both human and animal populations from this evolving global threat.

The Effect of Technical Operational Parameter on the Performance Stability of RF-Power Transfer for Cyclotron DECY-13 in Yogyakarta

Abstract Radio Frequency (RF) power transfer needs special condition in order to achieve high transmission coefficient, the matching condition between source and load must be met. In this case there are 3 important technical operation parameters, namely conductivity of cooling water, vacuum pressure, and magnetic field. They have influence on the impedance of the RF-generator load. An RF-generator of the frequency of 77.76 MHz having power up to 10 kW has been used in the construction of self-built cyclotron DECY-13 by BRIN in Yogyakarta. The experiment showed the increasing of power reflectivity up to 61% by rising of water conductivity 16%, i.e. 0.97 µS/cm, that used for cooling of the entire system inside the cyclotron chamber. The results also showed that the homogeneity of magnetic field from 1,5 to 2,0 ppm has changed the detected of impedance to be ~10 Ω at its real part and ~5 Ω at its imaginary part, by using network analyser based on Schmidt Chart analysis. On the other hand, the effect of vacuum pressure starting at 10−3 mbar to high vacuum have no significant effect on its real and imaginary parts of impedance.

Resiliency Evaluation of Sheltering in a Net-zero Energy House During Summer Power Outage

This study examines the growing issue of power outages caused by natural disasters and proposes the use of net-zero energy houses (ZEH) as a safe alternative to traditional shelters. A ZEH, equipped with an independent energy system, can maintain essential living standards such as thermal comfort and 24-hour air conditioning during a summer power outage, reducing the risk of heatstroke. The research tested a ZEH in Japan, confirming its ability to support critical household appliances like refrigerators, lighting, and water heaters for up to 72 hours. This demonstrates the ZEH's potential for offering safe, comfortable shelter during emergencies while addressing problems like poor sanitation and lack of privacy found in typical shelters. The experimental ZEH is located in Shizuoka, Japan, is a steel structure, and has a floor area of 110.94 m2 and overall heat transmission coefficient (UA) of 0.48 W/m2ཥK. The ZEH was equipped with a 5.1 kW photovoltaic system and 5.6/11.2 kWh storage battery (BT), which produced an output of up to 2.0/4.0 kVA. A ZEH with a 5.6 kWh BT can provide for ventilation and living/dining room/kitchen air conditioning (AC), refrigerator, television, lighting, mobile phone charging, rice cooker, microwave, electric kettle, and heat pump water heater during a 72-h power outage. The ZEH with a 11.2 kWh BT can also provide bedroom AC and high-load home appliances for lunch and dinner, in addition to a 5.6 kWh BT. The use of AC in a self-supporting circuit maintained the thermal environment at a low heat stroke risk.

Investigation of hydrodynamic characteristics of an oyster reef under regular waves

Oyster reef living shorelines are popular solutions to mitigate coastal hazards while providing ecosystem services, and their hydrodynamic characteristics deserve further examination. This paper reports an experimental and numerical study of the hydrodynamic behavior of a bagged oyster shell (BOS) reef under regular waves. The dependence of the pore pressure within the reef and the hydrodynamic coefficients on the reef height, length, porosity, and wave parameters are investigated. The results show that the normalized maximum pore pressure ps_m∗ decreases from the seaside of the BOS reef to its leeside and decreases with increasing dimensionless reef length. With increasing wave steepness, ps_m∗ fluctuates with an overall increasing trend. With increasing BOS reef porosity, ps_m∗ decreases at seaside locations and increases at leeside locations; simultaneously, the wave reflection coefficient Kr and the wave dissipation coefficient Kd decrease, and the wave transmission coefficient Kt increases. With increasing wave steepness for a given wave period, Kr and Kt tend to increase, but Kd exhibits the opposite trend. As the dimensionless reef height and length increase, Kt decreases and Kd increases. Multivariate nonlinear regression and genetic programming-based symbolic regression methods are individually used to derive two formulas for predicting the wave transmission coefficient, with the formula from the latter method being found to give a higher prediction accuracy.

Reduction in wave shoaling over a linear transition bottom using a porous medium

Wave shoaling, which involves an increase in wave amplitude due to changes in water depth, can damage shorelines. To mitigate this damage, we propose using porous structures such as mangrove forests. In this study, we use a mathematical model to examine how mangroves, acting as a porous breakwater, can reduce wave shoaling amplitude. Shallow water equations are used as the governing equations and are modified to account for the presence of porous media. To measure the wave reduction generated by the porous media, the wave transmission coefficient is estimated using analytical and numerical approaches. The separation of variables method and the staggered finite volume method are utilized for each approach, respectively. The numerical results are then validated against the previously obtained analytical solutions. We then vary the friction and porosity parameters, influenced by the presence and extent of porous media, to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing wave shoaling.

Physical modelling study on wave damping induced by an idealized floating kelp farm

A physical modelling study was carried out to investigate random wave damping promoted by an idealized floating kelp farm. The experimental conditions spanned intermediate water depths and both linear and nonlinear water waves. Unlike previous studies of wave damping promoted by vegetation, the floating kelp farm was placed close to the water surface with a ratio between vegetation height and water depth close to 0.25. The wave transmission coefficient induced by the floating kelp farm ranged between 0.56 and 0.96. This coefficient decreased for longer floating kelp farms and it was a function of the ratio between kelp farm length and incident wavelength and of the relative wave depth. Spectral analysis showed that wave damping was not frequency-dependent for wave frequencies close to the peak frequency. The wave transmission coefficients of a floating kelp farm with about 100 culture lines and with an extension of approximately 200 m were similar to those of submerged detached breakwaters with a relative crest freeboard smaller than -0.4. Furthermore, the bulk drag coefficient of near-surface idealized floating kelp farms can be modelled as a function of the Keulegan-Carpenter number. This study highlights the potential viability of nature-based solutions such as floating kelp farms for coastal protection.

Optimal control analysis on the spread of COVID-19: Impact of contact transmission and environmental contamination

The study investigates the intricate dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, with a particular focus on both close-contact interactions and environmental factors. Using advanced mathematical modeling and epidemiological analysis, explored the effects of these transmission pathways on the spread of COVID-19. The equilibrium points for both the disease-free and endemic states calculated and evaluated their global stability. Additionally, the basic reproduction number (R0) is derived to quantify the transmission potential of the virus.To ensure model accuracy, numerical simulations are performed using MATLAB, utilizing daily COVID-19 case data from India. Parameter values are sourced from existing literature, with certain parameters estimated through fitting the model to observed data. Crucially, the model incorporates environmental transmission factors, such as surface contamination and airborne spread. The inclusion of these factors provides a more comprehensive understanding of the virus’s spread, demonstrating the importance of interventions like use of face masks, environmental sanitization, vaccine efficacy, availability of treatment resources underappreciated when focusing solely on direct human contact. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the impact of different parameters on R0, with results visualized through heat maps to identify the most influential factors.Furthermore, Pontryagin’s maximum principle is employed to develop an optimal control model, enabling the formulation of effective intervention strategies. By analysing both interpersonal and environmental transmission mechanisms, this study offers a more holistic framework for understanding SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The insights gained are critical for informing public health strategies, emphasizing the necessity of addressing both direct contact and environmental sources of infection to more effectively manage current and future outbreaks.

Design of Biomaterial Absorber using coconut shell charcoal for 38 GHz frequency

Abstract Activated carbon derived from coconut shells has gained significant attention as an effective and sustainable absorber material. The process involves carbonizing coconut shells to create a carbon-rich base, followed by activation through heat and steam, leading to a porous structure with a vast surface area. In this research, coconut shell charcoal is used to make an absorber for microwave application. We used relative permittivity (ε) 3.178, relative permeability, (µ) 1.215 and dielectric loss tangent (σ) 0.0719 to simulate the material based of coconut shell charcoal. We investigate the absorption in terms of design and the size of the proposed absorber in the frequency region of 26.5 GHz to 40 GHz (Ka band). The optimal absorption was achieved with a transmission factor of -29.22 dB and -52.94 dB in both simulation and measurement. The absorption percentage > 99 % for the flat design of the coconut shell charcoal design with the thickness of 16.9 mm.

Optical parameters extraction of soil and its microplastics contamination using terahertz spectroscopy

The primary focus of this study investigates the potential of continuous-wave terahertz frequency-domain spectroscopy(CW-THz-FDS) as a rapid, non-destructive technique for detecting microplastic contamination in soil. Focusing on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as a model microplastic, we prepared soil mixtures with varying LDPE concentrations (1 %,5 %,10 %,15 % by weight). We used a THz-FDS system operating between 0.1 and 0.7 THz to analyze the optical properties (transmission coefficient, attenuation and refractive index) of these mixtures and LDPE samples separately. Notably both soil and LDPE particles were of micrometer scale. Our results revealed distinct, concentration-dependent variations in these properties. The refractive index for the higher concentration (15 %) ranged from 2.2 to 2.3, while the attenuation coefficient varies between 10 and 14 cm−1. Crucially, we identified polylactic acid [PLA] as a suitable sample holder material due to its high transmission in the THz range. Consequently, this study suggests that terahertz spectroscopy can be a promising technique for detecting microplastic contamination in soil, offering a non-destructive and sensitive method for environmental monitoring.

Gelatin-Coated High-Sensitivity Microwave Sensor for Humidity-Sensing Applications.

In this paper, the humidity-sensing characteristics of gelatin were compared with those of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at L-band (1 ~ 2 GHz) microwave frequencies. A capacitive microwave sensor based on a defected ground structure with a modified interdigital capacitor (DGS-MIDC) in a microstrip transmission line operating at 1.5 GHz without any coating was used. Gelatin is a natural polymer based on protein sourced from animal collagen, whereas PVA is a high-sensitivity hydrophilic polymer that is widely used for humidity sensors and has a good film-forming property. Two DGS-MIDC-based microwave sensors coated with type A gelatin and PVA, respectively, with a thickness of 0.02 mm were fabricated. The percent relative frequency shift (PRFS) and percent relative magnitude shift (PRMS) based on the changes in the resonant frequency and magnitude level of the transmission coefficient for the microwave sensor were used to compare the humidity-sensing characteristics. The relative humidity (RH) was varied from 50% to 80% with a step of 10% at a fixed temperature of around 25 °C using a low-reflective temperature and humidity chamber manufactured with Styrofoam. The experiment's results show that the capacitive humidity sensitivity of the gelatin-coated microwave sensor in terms of the PRFS and PRMS was higher compared to that of the PVA-coated one. In particular, the sensitivity of the gelatin-coated microwave sensor at a low RH from 50% to 60% was much greater compared to that of the PVA-coated one. In addition, the relative permittivity of the fabricated microwave sensors coated with PVA and gelatin was extracted by using the measured PRFS and the equation was derived by curve-fitting the simulated results. The change in the extracted relative permittivity for the gelatin-coated microwave sensor was larger than that of the PVA-coated one for varying the RH.

Effect of Bi2O3 in Bi2O3-SrO-ZnO-B2O3 glass: structural, mechanical, optical, and gamma ray shielding modifications

The effect of Bi2O3 in Bi2O3-SrO-ZnO-B2O3 glasses has been evaluated in this study. The density of the glasses increased from 5.127 g/cm³ to 6.214 g/cm³ as Bi2O3 concentration increased from 35% to 50%. The rise in molar mass and molar volumes points towards the opening of the network. The structural modifications increased the elastic moduli from 30.110 to 30.944 GPa for Young modulus; 17.653 to 17.860 GPa for bulk modulus; 13.242 to 13.662 GPa for shear modulus and 35.309 to 36.077 GPa for longitudinal modulus, respectively. The FTIR spectra indicate the conversion of BO4 to BO3 with increasing Bi2O3 concentration which accounts for the increase of the non-bridgingoxygens (NBOs). The band gap energy decreases from 3.165 to 3.020 eV with increasing Bi2O3 content. The transmission factors (TF) and other relevant parameters were evaluated for four different thicknesses of the glasses (0.5, 1, 1.4 and 2 cm). The 0.5 cm thick glass retained the highest TF when compared to other thicknesses. The TF for 0.5cm thick glass is about 70%, and drops to about 20% for 2 cm thickness, which confirms that at 2 cm thickness, the glass materials shield better than 0.5, 1 and 1.4 cm. Furthermore, the addition of Bi2O3 causes a decrease in TF, so the glass with a high Bi2O3 content shields gamma radiation better than those with a low Bi2O3 content. The half value layer (HVL) values reduce as the Bi2O3 content is increased at all examined energies, confirming that the glass sample with highest Bi2O3 content has the superior shielding capability compared to the remaining examine glasses.

Monte Carlo dosimetry study of newly designed shielded applicators for intensity modulated brachytherapy of cervical and vaginal cancers

IntroductionThe utilization of metal shields in intensity-modulated brachytherapy (IMBT) enables the modulation of the dose, resulting in improved conformance to the tumor while simultaneously reducing the doses to organs at risk (OARs). Utilizing higher-energy sources like 60Co in IMBT for cervical and vaginal cancers has consistently posed challenges. This study evaluates the dosimetric aspects of modified applicators designed for IMBT using 60Co and 192Ir sources.Materials and MethodsGATE, a Geant4-based simulation code, was utilized to model and simulate four distinct applicators. The clinical applicators were redesigned to place the structure of the source tube and the shield while keeping the general characteristics unchanged. These shields were evaluated by calculating transmission factors (TFs) and the dose homogeneities were also determined.ResultTransmission factors for the IMBT technique in redesigned intrauterine applicators and tungsten shields for iridium and cobalt sources were at least 12.8 and 65.4%, and these values were obtained for the intravaginal applicator at 0.2 and 7.0%, respectively. The dose homogeneities for all combinations of radionuclide-shield were within a 15% range of the non-IMBT applicators.ConclusionThis study has quantitatively evaluated the dosimetric effect of tungsten shields in the IMBT technique for cervical and vaginal cancer using cobalt sources. 192Ir compared to 60Co resulted in higher effectiveness for the designed intrauterine and intravaginal shields. while implementing tungsten shields in the redesigned applicators against the 60Co source may not offer complete protection, it does show promising results in reducing the dose to organs at risk.

Device for detection of activity-dependent changes in neural spheroids at MHz and GHz frequencies

Intracellular processes triggered by neural activity include changes in ionic concentrations, protein release, and synaptic vesicle cycling. These processes play significant roles in neurological disorders. The beneficial effects of brain stimulation may also be mediated through intracellular changes. There is a lack of label-free techniques for monitoring activity-dependent intracellular changes. Electromagnetic (EM) waves at frequencies larger than 1x106 Hz (1 MHz) were previously used to probe intracellular contents of cells, as cell membrane becomes “invisible” at this frequency range. EM waves interact with membranes of intracellular organelles, proteins, and water in the MHz – GHz range. In this work, we developed a device for probing the interaction between active neurons’ intracellular contents and EM waves. The device used an array of grounded coplanar waveguides (GCPWs) to deliver EM waves to a three-dimensional (3D) spheroid of rat cortical neurons. Neural activity was evoked using optogenetics, with synchronous detection of propagation of EM waves. Broadband measurements were conducted in the MHz-GHz range to track changes in transmission coefficients. Neuronal activity was found to reversibly alter EM wave transmission. Pharmacological suppression of neuronal activity abolished changes in transmission. Time constants of changes in transmission were in the seconds – tens of seconds range, suggesting the presence of relatively slow, activity-dependent intracellular processes. This study provides the first evidence that EM transmission through neuronal tissue is activity-dependent in MHz – GHz range. Device developed in this work may find future applications in studies of the mechanisms of neurological disorders and the development of new therapies.

The study of temperature properties of I.H.P. structure and its application for filters on surface acoustic waves

The results of investigation of temperature properties of I.H.P.-structures on multilayer lithium tantalate/silicon dioxide film/silicon substrate used to improve the characteristics of surface acoustic wave devices are presented. Finite element modeling of the test structures was performed in COMSOL software and the temperature frequency coefficient was calculated. A comparison of the calculated transmission coefficient of a resonator filter on a conventional 36°YX-cut lithium tantalate monocrystal substrate and an I.H.P.-filter at different temperature values is presented. The possibility of minimizing the temperature coefficient of frequency by selecting the thickness of the substrate layers is shown. Comparison of the obtained results with the known data showed good agreement. The practical significance consists in the use of modeling results and calculated parameters in the development of various classes of devices on multilayer substrates, including those with I.H.P.-structures.

Transmission coefficient and probability of intersubband transitions in [formula omitted] superlattices: Effect of non-parabolicity

Our study investigates optical transition energies in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum multiwell infrared photodetectors. These devices exploit transitions within subbands, necessitating accurate theoretical predictions to optimize their performance. We first determine the energetic positions of conduction minibands and investigate how band non-parabolicity influences the width of these minibands. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of non-parabolicity on transition probabilities within the quantum wells. Additionally, our study explores the transmission coefficient, which exhibits a decrease with increasing barrier height. This phenomenon affects electron transmission efficiency and is associated with quantum reflection processes. Higher barrier heights require greater energy for electrons to traverse, influencing device functionality. Understanding these factors is crucial for advancing the design and performance of GaAs/AlGaAs quantum multiwell photodetectors, offering insights into their operational limits and potential optimizations.

Extended transfer matrix method for electron transmission in anisotropic 2D materials: Interplay of strain and (a)periodicity of potentials

We extend the conventional transfer matrix method to include anisotropic features for electron transmission in two-dimensional materials, such as breaking reflection law in pseudo-spin phases and wave vectors, which are not usually considered appropriately in the literature. This method allows us to study transmission properties of anisotropic and stratified electrostatic potential media from a wide range of tunable parameters, which include strain tensor and gating. We apply the extended matrix method to obtain the electron transmission, conductance, and Fano factor for the interplay of a uniaxially strained graphene sheet with external one-dimensional aperiodic potentials. Our results suggest the possibility of visualizing this interplay from conductance measurements.

SIR models with vital dynamics, reinfection, and randomness to investigate the spread of infectious diseases

We investigate SIR models with vital dynamics, reinfection, and randomness at the transmission coefficient and recruitment rate. Initially, we conduct an extensive analysis of the autonomous scenario, covering aspects such as local and global well-posedness, the existence and internal structure of attractors, and the presence of gradient dynamics. Subsequently, we explore the implications of small nonautonomous random perturbations, establishing the continuity of attractors and ensuring their topological structural stability. Additionally, we study scenarios in which both the transmission coefficient and the recruitment rate exhibit time-dependent or random behavior. For each scenario, we establish the existence of attractors and delineate conditions that determine whether the disease is eradicated or reaches an endemic state. Finally, we depict numerical simulations to illustrate the theoretical results.