Transmission Belt Research Articles

Advanced Calculation Model of V-Belt Temperature Field

In the process of continuous high-strength operation of the harvester, structure aging, surface hardening, brittle fracture, and other features appear on V-belt due to temperature rise, which seriously affects the service life of the belt and stability of the whole machine. To predict the temperature distribution of V-belt and improve its service life, an advanced calculation method of temperature field suitable for multiwheel is proposed. First, on the basis of analysing the heat source of the transmission belt, the values of internal friction and external friction are calculated based on AVL Excite Timing Drive (AVL Excite TD). Secondly, two-dimensional temperature field finite element calculation model is established by analysing the heat balance equation, determining the heat flow distribution coefficient and heat convection conditions. Then, to verify the calculation model of the temperature field, the experimental setup and instrumentation are built based on Controller Area Network-bus (CAN-bus) technology. At last, multi-condition tests are designed in this paper. The experiment results show that the maximum difference between the model calculated value and experiment is 4.77 ℃ in unsteady state, and 0.15 ℃ in steady state. Therefore, the multiwheel V-belt temperature field calculation model developed in this paper can realize the accurate calculation of the temperature field under steady state conditions. It has a very important guiding significance for reasonable selection of operating parameters and improvement of service lifetime of belt.

Deep Learning for Plastic Waste Classification System

Plastic waste management is a challenge for the whole world. Manual sorting of garbage is a difficult and expensive process, which is why scientists create and study automated sorting methods that increase the efficiency of the recycling process. The plastic waste may be automatically chosen on a transmission belt for waste removal by using methods of image processing and artificial intelligence, especially deep learning, to improve the recycling process. Waste segregation techniques and procedures are applied to major groups of materials such as paper, plastic, metal, and glass. Though, the biggest challenge is separating different materials types in a group, for example, sorting different colours of glass or plastics types. The issue of plastic garbage is important due to the possibility of recycling only certain types of plastic (PET can be converted into polyester material). Therefore, we should look for ways to separate this waste. One of the opportunities is the use of deep learning and convolutional neural network. In household waste, the most problematic are plastic components, and the main types are polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. The main problem considered in this article is creating an automatic plastic waste segregation method, which can separate garbage into four mentioned categories, PS, PP, PE-HD, and PET, and could be applicable on a sorting plant or home by citizens. We proposed a technique that can apply in portable devices for waste recognizing which would be helpful in solving urban waste problems.

Post-communist Chief Justices in Slovakia: From Transmission Belts to Semi-autonomous Actors?

The aim of this article is to conceptualize the role of Central European (CE) chief justices and explore whether they have managed to become autonomous actors after the fall of communism. We do so by focusing on Slovakia, which was the first country in Central Europe that experienced a semi-authoritarian regime in the mid-1990s, adopted a Euro-model of the judicial council during the EU accession, and features a formally powerful Chief Justice. Based on the analysis of the turnover in Slovak Chief Justices since the 1990s, we argue that Slovak Chief Justices have not become fully autonomous actors, despite the Euro-model of the judicial council and EU membership, as Slovak politicians still consider the position of the Chief Justice strategically important and are willing and able to interfere with them. More specifically, selection of the Chief Justice has become an arena for political battle between external pressures from the politicians and oligarchs and internal sectoral interests from within the judiciary. So far, Slovak political leaders always managed to install their own Chief Justice informally, although they have been challenged by coalitions formed among representatives of the judiciary. This has had severe repercussions for the rule of law in Slovakia, especially during the era of Chief Justice Stefan Harabin. Beyond Slovakia, recent examples of ousting and dismissing chief justices in Hungary and Poland, even if sometimes blocked, show that also in other CE countries some political leaders consider chief justices an important element of their strategy to contain the judiciary and to rule by law. In order to understand this wide-scale problem, we identify seven factors that affect the role of the Chief Justice in the post-communist Europe. This set of factors should encourage others to study Chief Justices from comparative perspective.

Simplified and Precise Design of Crossflow Turbine Power Transmission Components

Despite the merits of small hydropower (SHP), coupled with the perennial inadequate and unreliable electricity supply in SSA, the huge SHP potential in the region is hugely untapped. This is largely attributed to the lack of adequate technical components for the development of SHP turbines, which are: technical personnel, and production facilities in the region. The hydraulic power possessed by flowing water in SHP resources can be harnessed and transformed into usable electrical energy via the deployment of a hydro turbine plant. Commonly used hydro turbines include crossflow (CFT), Pelton, Turgo, and Francis turbines. Amongst these turbines, CFT is mostly applied in low head sites and has efficiency ranging from 70–85%. The CFT power transmission subsystem is considered vital to its performance; the shaft, which transmits the generated motion to drive the alternator, is the most critical part of the CFT transmission subsystem and it requires careful design and production processes. This study centres on the development of a simplified systematic design process for power transmission shaft, pulley, and belt, to facilitate CFT power generation efficiency. .Further, the study is geared towards boosting CFT technology capacity domestically for the benefit of local production. The hydrological properties of the Ayiba SHP site in Osun state, Nigeria, were adopted for this work as a case study. The head and power for this resource are 11.8 m and 122.4 kW, respectively, and are served as the fundamental parameters for the design of the power transmission subsystem. The design computation shows that a shaft of diameter 65 mm and a D-type of V-belt with a corresponding pulley will be required to transmit the generated turbine power to the alternator. A 3-D model was created based on the design values and this was used to validate the integrity of the shaft by static stimulation. The simulation result, which is based on von Mises was satisfactory as the highest stress obtained in the shaft was 205 N/mm2; resulting in a 2.6 factor of safety.

Engines need transmission belts: the importance of people in technology transfer offices

Over the last 20 years, universities and Public Research Organizations have increased their efforts to transfer their research results towards industrial applications in order to generate economic and social impact. Among many different actions, new technology transfer offices (TTOs) have been set up and existing ones strengthened. The present paper intends to evaluate the effects of a specific policy action launched by the Italian Patent and Trademark Office (UIBM) within the Italian Ministry of Economic Development (MISE), aimed at increasing the number of employees in TTOs to foster technology transfer in general and the valorization of intellectual property rights more specifically. Our results suggest that the impact of the UIBM policy action has been positive and that in some specific situations the impact was stronger. Our results therefore contribute to the technology transfer literature and can have implications for both academic research and decisions regarding investments in human resources in university TTOs.

Design and Construction of Bamboo Stripping machine for Bamboo Basketry

Handicraft of bamboo weaving has been a tradition that has been inherited for a long time, by using bamboo strips to weave into shapes to make tools and appliances. The bamboo strips are from dividing the longitudinal bamboo trunks into thin strips. In which most farmers will make the strips by hand by using a big knife or sharp objects. As a result, it takes a long time to prepare the bamboo strips to be used in the weaving work. There is also a risk of accidents from the use of sharp objects, including the size of the bamboo strips that is not the same size. This research aims to design and construct bamboo strips by dividing the research into 2 steps: 1) designing and constructing bamboo strips and 2) testing the operation of the stripping machine. The designed machine can be easily moved because it is a small and lightweight machine which is designed using a single-phase electric motor with a voltage of 220 volts, 250 watts, etc. Power to drive the roller through the transmission belt to convey bamboo parts through two 7-degree sets of blades with sharp angles that are placed horizontally. The first blade acts to separate the bamboo parts with the bamboo strips and the second blade acts to sharpen the bamboo strips. The results of the working test of the stripping machine by adjusting the blade angle at 1 and the level into 4 values that are 3, 4, 5, and 6 degrees, it was found that the machine was able to produce bamboo strips in size 1.47, 1.20, 1.97 and 2.27 mm, respectively. The size of the punching line is suitable for weaving containers such as round bamboo basket, wicker basket, and bamboo basket, etc.

Do local union strategies explain the (unexpected) union pay premium in China?

PurposeThe authors investigate the extent to which differences in provincial union legislation have impacts on the union earnings premium.Design/methodology/approachContent analysis of provincial union regulations of 25 provinces is conducted to create two indices: one reflecting the degree of stringency of the local requirement that unions be established in a timely fashion and the other reflecting requirements for employers to negotiate wages with the union. The authors use individual level data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) of 2010 to estimate the union earnings premium.FindingsThe authors find that unionised workers in China receive an earnings premium ranging from 6.4 to 9.6%, which is in range of other studies (but not all) for China that tend to find a (perhaps surprising) union wage premium in spite of the fact that unions tend to be “company unions” designed to foster stability and growth and to serve as a transmission belt for the wishes of the Party rather than bargaining for the benefit of their members. The authors also find that provincial requirements to establish unions in a timely fashion enhance the impact of unions on the earnings of their members, but provincial requirements to negotiate wages dampen the effect of unions on the earnings of their members. Reasons for these results are discussed.Originality/valueDespite this lack of independence of the Chinese unions, research continuously finds that Chinese unions have effects that are surprisingly similar to those of unions in Western countries. This paper drills deeper into the underlying mechanisms to see if local union strategies, exemplified by provincial union legislation, can explain the unexpected union effects on compensation. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper to do so. Moreover, the authors use individual-level data in contrast to most studies on China that use firm or provincial level aggregate data.

Design and Development of Engine Driven <i>Warqe</i> (<i>Ensete Ventricosum</i>) Decorticating Machine

Warqe processing is carried out dominantly by women using traditional tools such as a bamboo scraper and wooden plank. The processing practice of warqe into food remained traditional and inefficient. The decortication process through which the separation of fiber and core takes place has been time consuming, much energy demanding and cause drudgery, and unhygienic due to the use of traditional decorticator that consisting of bamboo scraper and wooden plank. In light of the above, effort was made to develop mechanical warqe decorticator in order to improve the processing performances. The objective of this work was to design, fabricate the essential components, assemble, test and evaluate the performance in terms of decortication efficiency, throughput capacity, reliability, simplicity, safety, and cost. The functional parts of the machine included drum beater, breastplate, reduction gears, diesel engine, collecting box, chain and sprocket, feeding table, pulleys, transmission belts, rollers, engine seat, and bearings. The machine was manufactured using locally available materials to minimize cost. The design can further be improved to have better decorticating efficiency and throughput and low cost through the use of materials like aluminum and plastics rather than stainless steel and there is also the possibility of improving on the design and fabrication in view simplifying for mass production which can also attract private manufacturers.

Dynamic behaviour modelling of an internal combustion engine water pump transmission belt drive

Dynamic behaviour modelling of an internal combustion engine water pump transmission belt drive

Dynamic behaviour modelling of an internal combustion engine water pump transmission belt drive

Belt drives are commonly used in various types of transmissions to link two or more rotating shafts. In order to transmit the motion, an effective grip on the pulley has to be set by imposing a pre-load on the belt. Moreover, the dynamics of the system is strongly affected not only by the geometrical and inertial properties but also by the imposed belt tension force as a functional parameter affecting the vibration characteristics. In the present work, it is presented an integrated methodology, experimental and numerical, to determine the dynamic behaviour of a water pump drive in a high-performance internal combustion engine.

GROUPS OF INTEREST IN THE RUSSIAN SOCIAL POLICY: THE EXAMPLE OF ALL-RUSSIAN SOCIETIES OF DISABLED, BLIND, DEAF

There is a research gap in the study of interest groups in the social sphere, arguing the possibility of examination the activities of all-Russian public organizations of the disabled, blind, and deaf in interaction with the state authorities in the Russian system of social protection of disabled people. The context of reforming the social sphere in Russia is important because it is suggesting the opposite to conservative principles the transition to market relations and effective management of institutions of social protection. The researchers consider public organizations created in the USSR as of “the power transmission belts” of the state, however these actors may represent interest groups preserving the conservative practices in the social sphere. The aim of the article is to verify whether all-Russian public associations of people with disabilities are interest groups in Russian social policy. The investigation compares the actions of conservative nongovernmental organizations with the theoretical characteristics of interest groups. To argue that the selected actors promote certain interests in the social protection system, a review of the research literature of characteristics of interest groups was conducted. Then, the characteristics were traced in the statutory activities of the investigated organizations. The analysis of the legislation and statutory activities of All-Russian organizations of people with disabilities revealed the possibilities of the organizations to influence political decision-making in relation to persons with disabilities, as well as to contribute to the persistence of the conservative course of social policy, despite the introduced innovations in Russian legislation.

US Policy of Regime Change: Interplay of Systemic Constraints, Leaders' Perceptions, and Domestic Pressures

How are the systemic constraints transformed through the transmission belt of leader's idiosyncrasies and domestic pressures in order to result in the outcome, which is the pursuance or non-pursuance of regime change policy by the United States? This study analyses the foreign policy decision making of President Bush vis-a-vis Iraq, President Obama vis-a-vis Libya, and President Trump vis-a-vis Iran. It raises the following questions: What is the US policy of regime change, and why and how has it pursued this policy? Why were the US policies different in Iraq, Libya, and Iran, and what have been the implications of these policies upon the region as a whole? While using neoclassical realism as the theoretical paradigm and using qualitative content analysis, this study hypothesizes that the interplay of systemic and domestic level variables results in the foreign policy outcomes in the form of action or inaction towards a particular issue.

Electrostatic sensors – Their principles and applications

Over the past three decades electrostatic sensors have been proposed, developed and utilised for the continuous monitoring and measurement of a range of industrial processes, mechanical systems and clinical environments. Electrostatic sensors enjoy simplicity in structure, cost-effectiveness and suitability for a wide range of installation conditions. They either provide unique solutions to some measurement challenges or offer more cost-effective options to the more established sensors such as those based on acoustic, capacitive, optical and electromagnetic principles. The established or potential applications of electrostatic sensors appear wide ranging, but the underlining sensing principle and resultant system characteristics are very similar. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the electrostatic sensors and sensing systems that have been developed for the measurement and monitoring of a range of process variables and conditions. These include the flow measurement of pneumatically conveyed solids, measurement of particulate emissions, monitoring of fluidised beds, on-line particle sizing, burner flame monitoring, speed and radial vibration measurement of mechanical systems, and condition monitoring of power transmission belts, mechanical wear, and human activities. The fundamental sensing principles together with the advantages and limitations of electrostatic sensors for a given area of applications are also introduced. The technology readiness level for each area of applications is identified and commented. Trends and future development of electrostatic sensors, their signal conditioning electronics, signal processing methods as well as possible new applications are also discussed.

Rancang Bangun Mesin Pencacah Limbah Kotoran Sapi

Cattle farms produce waste which consisted of cow excrement in the form of solid, liquid, gas or cattle feed residual. Utilization of cow manure waste into organic compost requires proper processing technology which includes the technology of solid manure pulverizing and the technology of mixing raw materials. This research focuses on designing a cattle dung waste pulverizer. The methods used are numerical calculations, simulations using the Fusion 360 software, and fabrication based on Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA). The main parts of the design include pulverizer, engine frame, cover (input and output hoppers), diesel motor, transmission belt and pulley. The safety factor obtained for the frame section was 4,645, for the cover section was 11.3, and for the counter section was 2,009 with assumptions of uniform load distribution of 20000 N. The power required for the design was 6.6 HP. The cattle dung waste pulverizer was built and tested using a diesel motor with a maximum power of 13 HP. The cattle dung waste pulverizer's capacity was 1500 kg/hour.

The Technological Revolution, Segregation, and Populism – A Long-Term Strategic Response

Covid-19 is a threat, but it also creates opportunities for serious thought about the future. Given deep structural problems which have enabled populism to become embedded in England, there is a need to think of a longer-term transformation: not whether but how and where the state comes back in, and how relations between state, markets and planning, city-regions, innovation and universities are reconfigured. Historically, the two major populist movements in the advanced world (American in the late C19th and Germany et al in the 1930s) occurred as a consequence of massive technological changes; the movements were not primarily located in the big cities, and they involved those in previously established but now declining occupations. Populism only disappeared as those populations reduced in size and as those areas changed function or declined much further. Responding to the ICT revolution, populism in England (the subject of this paper) locates today in Rodriguez-Pose’s ‘places that don’t matter’ (PDMs), and is reinforced by the deep educational/residential segregation of contemporary society with 50% higher education participation and graduate-intensive big cities. But England seems stuck here and major ‘pathologies’ in the neo-liberal framework are responsible. These include higher education as a competitive market, the separation of cycles and growth in macroeconomic policy, and the reliance on markets with arms-length regulation and de facto absence of government from a shareholder-value maximising private sector. Policy is still short-term and largely made in Westminster despite city-regions. A long-term policy transformation is necessary to restart the ‘transmission belt’ of the ICT revolution. We need developing long-term plans based on city-regional agglomerations, into which core city networks linking knowledge-based companies, research universities and city-regional administrations are integrated; with expanding travel-to-work areas incorporating the ‘places that don’t matter’; and supported by a research-oriented economic policy.

Why don’t citizens give governments credit when they deliver on electoral pledges?

Why don’t citizens give governments credit when they deliver on electoral pledges? This article develops an original analytical framework that addresses this important but under-researched question. It focuses on the concept of ‘credit claiming’, which is the opposite of ‘blame shifting’, and draws together existing research to identify a number of significant hurdles that governments must overcome in order to gain recognition for achievements. It highlights the challenges which policymakers face in communicating with citizens in an increasingly mediatised public sphere, and the extent to which their credit claiming efforts rely on the media as a ‘transmission belt’. It concludes that in liberal democracies governments are fighting an uphill battle to gain citizens’ support and secure trust in broader democratic institutions and the political system as a whole.

Prioritizing professionals? How the democratic and professionalized nature of interest groups shapes their degree of access to EU officials

AbstractInterest groups are key intermediary actors between civil society and public officials. The EU has long emphasized the importance of interacting with representative groups that involve their members. Additionally, there is an increasing trend toward the professionalization of groups that invest in organizational capacities to efficiently provide policy expertise. Both member involvement and organizational capacity are crucial features for groups to function as transmission belts that aggregate and transfer the preferences of their members to policymakers, thus reinforcing the legitimacy and efficiency of governance systems. Yet, not all groups have these organizational attributes. This paper quantitatively examines the effects of interest groups’ investment in member involvement and organizational capacity on the level of access to EU Commission officials. The results indicate that member involvement does not pay off in terms of higher levels of access. In contrast, groups with high organizational capacities have more meetings with public officials of the Commission.

Treasury Growth Dividends

I propose a specific use for the Treasury-issued ‘Digital Greenbacks’ (DGBs) and associated system of TreasuryDirect Digital Wallets that I have proposed elsewhere. I propose that these be issued as equitably distributed ‘Treasury Growth Dividends’ (TGDs) under normal circumstances, and deployed as a countercyclical policy lever under abnormal circumstances of deepening deflation or heightening inflation. This use of DGBs offers three highly attractive prospects: first, an equitable distribution of the proceeds of capital and labor investment nation-wide; second, a far more efficient, ‘leak-proof’ monetary policy transmission belt for countercyclical money modulation; and third, a mode of such countercyclical action that is ‘debt-free.’

Izquierdas y cultura militante en el frente minero: Perú 1928-1930

La militancia como correa de transmisión bidireccional entre Partido-sindicato-bases mineras de la Sierra Central del Perú, posibilitó la elaboración de una estrategia de cooptación revolucionaria, solventada por su estrategia espacial, sus redes, formas orgánicas, tradiciones de resistencia minera y tácticas inéditas de lucha. Presentamos cómo la corriente socialista y el sindicalismo clasista arraigaron en dicho proletariado, bajo la conducción de José Carlos Mariátegui.

Medios de comunicación y esfera pública: el caso del tratamiento por la prensa española de las políticas públicas en torno a la ley de extranjería

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar, desde una metodología de análisis de contenido mixto, cuantitativo y cualitativo, cómo la prensa contribuye a la conformación de la esfera pública, a partir del estudio del caso del tratamiento de las políticas públicas en torno a la ley de extranjería española. Para lograrlo, se va a poner especial atención a la selección que hacen los seis diarios analizados de sus fuentes, las categorías temáticas que se presentan y los discursos predominantes, más o menos proclives al fenómeno migratorio, que prevalecen en ellos. Resultado de este estudio de caso, que abarca el periodo 2003-2016, se observará una preferencia mayoritaria de las fuentes oficiales sobre las de la sociedad civil, y una clara relación entre la tipología de las fuentes preferidas por cada uno de los seis medios analizados con las temáticas que se presentan y el tipo de discurso sobre la inmigración predominante. En definitiva, la prensa va a ejercer un papel de mera correa de transmisión de los mensajes oficiales, con lo que se pone en tela de juicio el rol mediador que aquella debería tener en una sociedad democrática, contribuyendo así decisivamente a la conformación de una esfera pública plural.