Transmission Belt Research Articles

Stabilizing the Neighbourhood? The EU’s Contribution to SSR in Georgia

Abstract. This article examines how the European Union (EU) has contributed to Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Georgia. SSR is a relatively new concept, which aims at creating a secure environment that is linked with democratic norms and institutions and which encompasses all the sectors and actors related to a state’s security and not only defence or intelligence forces. The European Security Strategy (ESS) identifies SSR as one of the main new possible missions of the EU’s foreign policy. Looking at the diverse EU programmes undertaken in Georgia and norms transference, the paper evaluates to what degree the EU has contributed to Georgian SSR, especially since the 2003 Rose Revolution. It is argued that in SSR the EU acts mainly as a ‘transmission belt’ of international norms and through bilateral ad hoc programmes. These results also show how the EU has increased its profile as a security provider, especially in the support of Georgian border management, and how the EU can become a security provider in areas of soft security such as judicial and law enforcement or police reform.

Online assessment of power transmission belt geometry by using laser triangulation and profile parameterisation

We present a method that enables an automated assessment of the geometrical dimensions of power transmission belts and the detection of surface defects and small deviations from the ideal shape that are difficult to detect with a visual inspection. The method is based on the acquisition of belt surface profiles using a laser triangulation and automated profile assessment based on a custom-developed algorithm. The algorithm uses a novel approach to profile segmentation, featuring a template that defines the expected profile shape in advance and so, allows a faster implementation of the algorithm. It enables an automated calculation of the basic geometrical dimensions, which define the profile shape in the technical drawing and are important for online quality control in the production line. A macrolanguage was developed for a rapid and flexible definition of the mathematical operations used in the calculation of the profile's dimensions and thus, an adaptation to the requirements of a particular application. We demonstrate the use of the automatic belt profile geometry assessment on randomly chosen samples.

Time-dependent constitutive modeling of drive belts—II. The effect of the shape of material retardation spectrum on the strain accumulation process

This is the second paper in the series addressing the constitutive modeling of dynamically loaded elastomeric products such as power transmission belts. During the normal operation of such belts certain segments of the belt structure are loaded via tooth-like cyclical loading. When the time-dependent properties of the elastomeric material “match” the time-scale of the dynamic loading a strain accumulation (incrementation) process occurs. It was shown that the location of a critical rotation speed strongly depends on the distribution (shape) of the retardation spectrum, whereas the magnitude of the accumulated strain is governed by the strength of the corresponding spectrum lines. These interrelations are extremely non-linear. The strain accumulation process is most intensive at the beginning of the drive belt operation, and is less intensive for longer belts. The strain accumulation process is governed by the spectrum lines that are positioned within a certain region, which we call the Strain Accumulation Window (SAW). An SAW is always located to the right of the spectrum line, L i , at log (ω λ i )=0, where ω is the operational angular velocity. The width of the SAW depends on the width of the material spectrum. Based on the following analysis a new designing criterion is proposed for use in engineering applications for selecting a proper material for general drive-belt operations.

Value transmissions between parents and children: Gender and developmental phase as transmission belts

This study applied the gender role model of socialization theory, the developmental aging theory, and the topic salience perspective to the investigation of parent–child value transmissions. Specifically, we examined whether the bi-directionality and selectivity of value transmissions differed as a function of parents' and children's gender and children's developmental phase (adolescence versus emerging adulthood). Transmissions between parents and children from 402 Dutch families on the topics of work as duty and hedonism were studied across a 5-year period using structural equation modeling. As expected, we did not find convincing support for the general models of gender socialization and developmental aging. Instead, parent–child value transmissions appeared to be qualified by value salience. Particularly, high salience of work as duty for fathers was related with great paternal involvement in transmissions on this value orientation and high salience of hedonism for sons and adolescents was linked to transmissions from these groups to parents.

S1101-1-2 μ-V特性を用いた摩擦伝動ベルトの伝達性能予測(伝動装置の基礎と応用セッション1)

It has already reported in previous paper that the performance of a factional power transmission belt such as flat or V-ribbed belts at 2 % slippage can be analytically predicted and the results well coincide with the measured ones. In this report it is shown that the performance curve relating slip ratio and transmitted torque can be obtained by using the analytical expression and μV characteristics relating friction coefficient and slip velocity.

Social democrats and the new partisan politics of public investment in education

This paper studies the impact on public education spending of social democratic participation in government. By means of a pooled time-series analysis of spending in OECD democracies, it is shown that social democrats have increased public spending primarily on higher education. This finding is at odds with simple class-based models of partisan preferences (Boix) that predict a preference for non-tertiary education. As an alternative, the notion of a ‘new politics of public investment in education’ (Iversen) is presented. From this perspective, political parties are not merely transmission belts for the economic interests of social classes, but use policies and spending strategically to attract and consolidate voter groups. By increasing public investment in tertiary education, social democrats cater to their core electoral constituencies (for example, by expanding enrolment) and, at the same time, new middle-class constituencies to escape electoral dilemmas and reforge the cross-class alliance with the middle class.

A 4WD Omnidirectional Wheelchair with Enhanced Step Climbing Capability

In developing an omnidirectional wheelchair tilted to climb single high steps, we enhanced standard step climbing by introducing a four-wheel drive (4WD). One pair of front and back wheels is connected by transmission belts to rotate in unison with a drive motor, i.e., synchrodrive transmission. To avoid wheel slippage as the mechanism turns, two omniwheels are installed in front and two regular tires in back, enabling the front wheels to slide freely sideways while the two back wheels continuously contact the ground. A third motor on the 4WD platform rotates the chair at the center of the mobile base around the vertical axis. The 4WD enhances step climbing over that of standard wheelchairs, but back wheels limit the step height climbed, meaning that front wheels climb higher steps than back wheels. We analyzed 4WD statics to clarify differences in front and back wheel step climbing, finding that drive torque caused the difference and that this influence depends on the wheelbase and vehicle weight distribution ratio of the front and back wheel axes. We varied the load distribution ratio among wheels to maximize back wheel step climbing. To do so, we developed chair tilting with a linear drive and an inclination sensor. The linear drive changes the chair's tilt angle for keeping the wheelchair statics and to vary positioning of the center of gravity (COG) to enable back wheels to climb steps more efficiently. To confirm the effectiveness of chair tilting in this scheme, we tested step climbing in experiments in which a prototype wheelchair carrying a user climbed a 90 mm step, but the back wheels failed when chair tilting was disabled.

Party politics as usual? The role of political parties in EU legislative decision-making

Scholars have raised doubts about the ability of political parties to fulfil their traditional role as ‘transmission belts’ between citizens and legislators in the EU. We discuss how the different institutional environment of the EU affects the assumptions and predictions of theories of political parties developed for the national context and discuss how political parties can influence EU legislative decision-making. We distinguish between partisan effects in the electoral and legislative arena, and argue for a clear distinction between the effects of national parties, national party delegations and transnational party groups when studying EU party politics. The empirical literature shows that, whereas parties play a role in most institutions, they are not always the dominant players, and their effect varies both across and within these institutions.

Nanomaterial Modifications on Conductivity of Coal Conveyer Belt

By analyzing the macro electrical properties and the microscopic structure from SEM of nanomaterials modified mine transmission belt samples. The influences of the filling process of inorganic nano particle-filled rubber and PVC polymer on the physical properties of coal transmission belt is reviewed, as well as PTC and NTC effect on the stability of the physical properties and stability of materials. Influence of nano-materials and polymer materials for rubber and temperature changes in the plastic filled refining process. Crosslinker and major filler changes in the amount and filled plastic chain time on the conductivity of coal conveyer belt is studied. Influence of cure temperature. Cure time on the mechanical performance is studied. The microscopic mechanism of macro conductivity change of conveyer belt is discussed.

Political Blogs: Transmission Belts, Soapboxes, Mobilizers, or Conversation Starters?

ABSTRACT This paper makes an initial attempt to situate political blogging alongside other forms of political participation by asking the question: how do political bloggers actually use their blogs? More specifically, this paper relies on a detailed content analysis of 5,000 less popular and 5,000 A‐list political blog posts over the course of the 2004 campaign in order to determine whether political bloggers use their blogs primarily as “soapboxes,” “transmission belts,” “mobilizers,” or “conversation starters.” The results presented here suggest that although political blogs are used to make opinion statements far more often than they are used to mobilize political action, to request feedback from readers, or to pass along information produced by others, blog use changes significantly in response to key political events. To be more precise, less popular political bloggers were significantly more likely to mobilize political action on Election Day, and all bloggers—regardless of popularity—showed a greater propensity to seek feedback from their readers on the days of the presidential debates and in the weeks immediately following the election. Political blogging, in short, is a complex form of political participation that blends hypertext links, opinionated commentary, calls to political action, and requests for feedback in different ways at different moments in time.

Carlisle Companies Inc.

AbstractRubber Products (MIC: 11.6 SIC: 3011 NAIC: 326211)Carlisle Companies is a holding company with five segments: Construction Materials, which includes its construction materials business that produces and sells rubber, FleeceBACK® and thermoplastic polyolefin roofing systems for non‐residential low‐slope roofs; Industrial Components, which is comprised of its tire and wheel and its power transmission belt businesses; Transportation Products, which is comprised of its trailer business that produces and sells truck trailers; Specialty Products, which include its on‐highway and off‐highway motion control systems business; and General Industry, which includes its foodservice, wire and cable, and refrigerated truck body businesses.

3142 摩擦伝動ベルトμ-V特性のプーリ回転有無による差異について(S34-5 伝動装置の基礎と応用(5) ベルト,チェーン,トラクションドライブ,CVT,21世紀地球環境革命の機械工学:人・マイクロナノ・エネルギー・環境)

3142 摩擦伝動ベルトμ-V特性のプーリ回転有無による差異について(S34-5 伝動装置の基礎と応用(5) ベルト,チェーン,トラクションドライブ,CVT,21世紀地球環境革命の機械工学:人・マイクロナノ・エネルギー・環境)

International Economic Integration and Environmental Protection: The Case of China

This paper tests propositions advanced in previous theoretical literature about the impact of international economic integration via trade and investment on environmental protection with a case study of China. We hypothesize that instead of leading to additional environmental degradation, increased openness to trade and foreign investment results in an overall improvement in environmental quality by acting as a transmission belt for superior regulatory standards and environmental technology from China's key export markets. Additionally, pressure for enhanced environmental regulation and product standards from principal developed-world importers of Chinese goods may induce Chinese firms to self-regulate rather than attempting to reduce the cost of their exports by lowering environmental standards. Statistical analysis of the variation in environmental performance across China's regions from 1996 to 2004 lends support to this hypothesis, indicating that rather than leading regions to engage in a “race to the bottom” with the lowering of environmental standards, increased trade and investment encourages more stringent policy enforcement and compliance.

On the 'Low-Tide' of Transmission Belts in North Korea

On the 'Low-Tide' of Transmission Belts in North Korea

French Corporate Governance in the New Global Economy: Mechanisms of Change and Hybridisation within Models of Capitalism

This article analyses the implications of the internationalisation of capital markets, and the influx of Anglo-Saxon institutional investors, for the French model of capitalism. Its central contention is that the global convergence thesis misrepresents contemporary evolutions because it pays insufficient attention to mechanisms of change within models of capitalism. Secondly, framing analysis in terms of hybridisation and fragmentation of national models, rather than convergence, offers greater explanatory purchase over the French model, constitutes a more accurate characterisation, and helps avoid the ‘convergence or persistence’ impasse within models of capitalism analysis. In exploring French corporate governance, it emphasises the importance of specifying the role of institutional mechanisms as transmission belts of change as a precursor to an assessment of how far shifts in international political economic context bring about changes within French capitalism. Focusing on financial market regulation regime, new legislation in corporate governance and company law, and the market for corporate control as three key potential mechanisms of change, it finds that pre-existing norms and structures endure, mediating the nature of a national political economy's articulation with the international context. Hybridisation and recombination of capitalist institutions drawn from different models provide a far more persuasive account than convergence.

Carlisle Companies Inc.

AbstractRubber Products (MIC: 11.6 SIC: 3011 NAIC: 326211)Carlisle Companies is a holding company with five segments: Construction Materials, which includes its construction materials business that produces and sells rubber, FleeceBACK® and thermoplastic polyolefin roofing systems for non‐residential low‐slope roofs; Industrial Components, which is comprised of its tire and wheel and its power transmission belt businesses; Transportation Products, which is comprised of its trailer business that produces and sells truck trailers; Specialty Products, which include its on‐highway and off‐highway motion control systems business; and General Industry, which includes its foodservice, wire and cable, and refrigerated truck body businesses.

Creative internationalization: widening the perspectives on analysis and policy regarding international R&D activities

Internationalization in RD it is changing its geographical balance, as it is shifting somewhat to the Far East, and its nature, increasing the global quest for talent and good research conditions as well as for low cost R&D. This paper focuses on the European perspective, i.e. it discusses current challenges Europe faces vis-a-vis trends in industrial R&D, but the findings and arguments are more general ones. It argues that our perspective on internationalization is still shaped too much by a zero sum-rationale, whereby one location wins R&D capacity that another location loses. It develops a cost–benefit matrix in order to capture the overall costs and benefits of international R&D activities more broadly. The paper argues that more creativity is needed, that our perspective needs to be broadened to tackle all variables conditioning international activities in R&D (including local conditions of demand and discourse) and to stress the importance of the absorption of global knowledge by as many actors within an innovation system as possible. On the basis of recent survey data the paper furthermore concludes that public research should be thought of as a trans-national transmission belt of knowledge and as the prime factor that shapes the attractiveness and effectiveness of a location for business R&D. Finally, it is argued that policy schemes geared towards international R&D need to accept and tackle the issue of co-ordination of governance and to take advantage of the flexible possibilities offered at the European level, beyond the logic of the European Framework Programme.

Carlisle Companies Inc.

AbstractRubber Products (MIC: 11.6 SIC: 3011 NAIC: 326211)Carlisle Companies is a holding company. Co. has five segments: Construction Materials, which include its construction materials business that produces and sells rubber, FleeceBACK® and thermoplastic polyolefin roofing systems for non‐residential low‐slope roofs; Industrial Components, which is comprised of its tire and wheel and its power transmission belt businesses; Transportation Products, which is comprised of its trailer business that produces and sells truck trailers; Specialty Products, which include its on‐highway and off‐highway motion control systems business; and General Industry, which includes its foodservice, wire and cable, and refrigerated truck body businesses.

Transnational theories of order and change: heterodoxy in International Relations scholarship

ABSTRACTIn this article I argue that the very meaning of ‘inter-national relations’ is emerging as a focus of debate in International Relations, particularly among the critical traditions in the discipline. No longer seen as a mere study of peace and war, IR is viewed as a component of general pan-disciplinary theories or order and change. The international sphere is perceived, accordingly, no longer as a system in its own right, but rather as a gigantic transmission belt, and a huge communication device transmitting and diffusing ideas, practices, rules, norms and institutions throughout the world. The article examines the implications of such an approach on IR theory. In addition, the article revisits the works of Hegel, Marx and the French School of Regulation to demonstrate how they developed an empirical theory of international diffusion.

A case of empire envy? German Jesuits meet an Asian mystic in Spanish America

This essay deals with the hagiographic afterlife of Catarina de San Juan, the seventeenth-century slave from Asia who became a renowned mystic in colonial Mexico, in writings by German Jesuits, notably Joseph Stöcklein’s popular Welt-Bott. Why and how was Catarina de San Juan’s story told for a German-speaking audience in Central Europe? The specific German appropriations of her vita suggest that missionary writings could serve as a transmission belt for ‘colonial fantasies’, linking the early modern period when the Holy Roman Empire did not have colonies to the modern period when the German Nation acquired colonial holdings in the Pacific.