Transmission Belt Research Articles

Evaluating the efficiency of functionalized zinc oxide based curing system for polychloroprene composites and analyzing its effect on curing, physical, and morphological properties for the application in specialty power transmission belts

Polychloroprene rubber (CR) is one of the most abundantly used elastomer in power transmission belt section due to its excellent oil resistance, weather resistance, antistatic and dynamic properties. However, due to the negative impact of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) used with CR rubber towards marine environment, it is necessary to minimize the use of ZnO in CR based rubber compounds. Functionalized-ZnO(F–ZnO) being emerged as a suitable replacement for regular ZnO in rubber compounding, the effect of F–ZnO on the curing, mechanical and morphological properties of polychloroprene (CR) based composites to use in power transmission belt applications are evaluated in this work. The curing properties of F–ZnO based composites were characterized using various techniques and results were reported as a comparison with the properties of conventional ZnO (C– ZnO) based CR composites. Properties of various ZnO were analyzed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) studies. The replacement of C–ZnO with F–ZnO help to reduce 80 % of Zn content from the end products without effecting the cure time and cross-link density of the same. 5 PHR of C– ZnO from regular compound is replaced with 1 and 3 Phr of F–ZnO and its effect on power transmission belt properties were analyzed thoroughly.

Energy and exergo-environmental analysis of a refrigerator-Stirling/Photovoltaic system for cold production

The Stirling refrigerator is a device capable of using green energies such as solar power. In this work, a refrigerator-Stirling/photovoltaic system is proposed to harness solar energy for cold production. The system consists of photovoltaic (PV) panels that capture solar energy and convert it into electricity, and a transmission belt linking the motor to the Stirling beta refrigerator to use the electricity for cooling purposes. The system is modeled on the basis of finite-dimensional thermodynamics, taking into account the refrigerator's internal and external irreversibilities. In addition, the wiring loss, dust coverage and shading of the photovoltaic system and the mechanical power loss of the Stirling refrigerator are taken into account in this model. Power equality has been considered as a system constraint. Finally, the effects of operational and design parameters on system performance are investigated. A numerical code is written in Matlab. The effects of PV module efficiency, Stirling regenerator efficiency and PV derating factor on system performance are quantified, also the optimum operating parameters obtained. The refrigerator-Stirling/photovoltaic has a high COP and a low cooling capacity, in contrast to the refrigerator-Stirling/Dish-Stirling. The optimum solar electric COP and maximum cooling rate are 0.7063 and 1413 W respectively at an optimum panel area of 2 m2. Optimum exergy efficiency is 38.5 % at fv = 0.1, ecological coefficient of performance (ECOP) is 20.3 % at N = 48 rot.s−1, optimum exergy destroyed is 33.31 W at K1 = 21.5 W.K−1. This system can be used to preserve vaccines in hospitals.

The Loci of Power and Connection: a framework for exploring the democratic relationships of civil society organisations

This article constructs a framework for understanding the activities of interest groups and other civil society organisations (CSOs) in relation to their democratic connections with people and communities. This is achieved by considering whether CSOs engage with people in terms of decision-making in a manner that is centralised or decentralised, counterposed with the nature of the connection, be it relational or transactional. The resulting LOPAC (Loci of Power and Connection) framework highlights four types of CSO activity, each of which has potential democratic utility and drawbacks: (1) Bare Essentials—decentralised engagement, transactional connection; (2) Crowd Control—centralised engagement, transactional connection; (3) Honeycomb—decentralised engagement, relational connection; and (4) Closed Doors—centralised engagement, relational connection. The framework is connected to key discussions within the literature, in particular around the legitimacy of CSOs, how CSOs act as transmission belts for citizens’ interests to reach those in power, and the ongoing professionalisation of the sector. The framework aims to assist scholars, practitioners, and policymakers to understand the democratic implications of the complex decisions that CSOs make on a day-to-day basis. Furthermore, the framework aids in understanding what areas CSOs can focus on when they find that their modes of engagement are inadvertently having impacts contrary to their democratic aims.

Letters without Words: Working with Adolescents with Severely Traumatized Parents

ABSTRACT The ability of parents to mentalize, i.e. to recognize that their children are independent psychological beings with their own thoughts, desires and intentions that motivate their behavior, is of critical importance for healthy child development. Parents who have had traumatizing experiences are often preoccupied with their own self-regulation, with their frightening inner images and with ruptures in their self-experience, which can compromise their parenting. Trauma-associated self- and relationship regulation disorders are passed on via various “transmission belts.” Atmospheric moments, fantasies, feelings and thoughts of traumatized parents, the nature and quality of the relationship and specific interactions with their children, lead to the traumatic events manifesting themselves between the parents and their children. The trauma processes affect parents’ ability to mentalize and, as a result, their children are also unable to adequately develop their mentalization competences. Traumatized parents who remain silent about their history are particularly challenging for their adolescent children and their search for belonging and identity. Mentalization-oriented psychotherapists which integrate psychoanalytic concepts and approaches in their interventions in various settings (family sessions, work with parents, individual psychotherapy) can help to process and resolve transgenerational transmission processes. Two case studies illustrate the theoretical considerations.

Nylon 66 short fiber reinforcement in EPDM power transmission belting: A path to enhanced mechanical performance

AbstractV‐belts are commonly used to transmit power between two distant pulleys. Therefore, a strong reinforcement for dimensional stability and thermomechanical properties are essential in power transmission belts. The influence of resorcinol formaldehyde resin (RFL) treated nylon short fibers in EPDM peroxide‐cured formulations was investigated, with concentrations ranging from 0 to 30 parts per hundred rubber (phr) in increments of five. The incorporation of nylon short fibers resulted in improved tensile and mechanical properties in EPDM vulcanizates. Specifically, the tensile stress at 100% elongation increased by 177% to (10.8 MPa), and the improvement in tear strength to 16.2% (75.7 N/mm) was observed. Among other functional requirements in a weak rubber like EPDM, enhanced tear strength is significant for its application in power transmission. Substantial reinforcement between the fiber‐elastomer matrix was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy, as evidenced by increased storage modulus (E′). Notably, there were no considerable effects on the curing rate or low‐temperature properties. Significant improvement in heat stability is observed through thermogravimetric analysis. These enhancements in mechanical and thermal properties might play a role in increased durability and performance in actual V‐ribbed belt applications.Highlights This manuscript describes the effect of treated nylon 66 short fiber on EPDM V‐belt compound. A significant increase in storage modulus, tear strength, and thermal stability. A belt is made using the experimental formulation and it meets the performance requirement. Low fiber content (<15 phr) compounds are unsuitable for dimensional stability. High fiber content (>25 phr) compounds pose processing challenges.

TRANSMISSION BELTS PERFORMANCE IN NORMAL AND HEAVY-DUTY CONDITIONS

The main purpose of this article was to study the behavior of vehicle transmission belts in conditions similar to real ones, which can appear during their use. Transmission belts can be classified into several categories, but depending on their function, can be belts that work in dry conditions or immersed in oil. In this study, were analyzed both types of transmission belts. The samples were subject to different physical-mechanical tests: determination of hardness, density, thickness, abrasion, flex resistance, tensile strength and percentage extension and also to various conditions like, high and low temperature, immersion in liquids (oil, toluene, diesel). All the tests were performed before and after exposure, according to actual standards in ICPI accredited laboratory. Microscopy studies were done before and after the exposure to various factors, in order to appreciate the damage degree. Also, chemical specific analyses were made for determining the transmission belts composition. The findings from this study provide important insights into the behavior of transmission belts under different operating conditions.

Determination of Dynamic Mechanical Properties on Addition of Carbon Black-Nanosilica Hybrid Fillers in NR-SBR Blends with Special Reference to Power Transmission Belt Applications

Next to tyres, power transmission belts are one of the most complicated rubber products which is having a constant increase for demand in the market. Due to this high demand along with the requirement to meet certain special operating conditions, it is necessary to improve the belt properties continuously. In the last few decades, nanotechnology evolved as a suitable method for enhancing the properties of various rubber products without impacting the environment. Nanofillers which are having unique morphology along with excellent properties help to reduce the dependency in petroleum products and in turn make the products more sustainable. Even though, studies related to the usage of nanotechnology in the power transmission belt division are very limited. So, in this study, the effect of nanosilica on the dynamic mechanical properties of the natural rubber- (NR-) styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) blends is thoroughly studied with special reference to power transmission belt applications. The developed composites were analysed to ensure the rheological, mechanical, and morphological properties in comparison with the controlled samples. The nanosilica-based belt properties were analysed in reference with regular carbon black-filled belts, and a 15% improvement in belt life was obtained for newly developed belts.

Design Development and Construction of Solar Powered Fresh Juice Extracting Machine

One of the greatest problems of fruit farmers in Nigeria is their inability to process and add value to their produce. This results from the paucity of processing and preservation facilities or the prohibitive cost of imported ones, especially for low-income farmers who produce the bulk of the commodity. It therefore becomes imperative to design, develop and construct low-cost, durable, efficient and environmentally friendly machines to meet the needs of both the urban and, more importantly, the rural farmers with a view to improving their income and also making their produce available and affordable all year round. The machine components include feeding hoppers, a top cover, an auger conveyor housed in a cylindrical barrel, a juice sieve, a juice collector, a waste outlet, a transmission belt, a main frame, pulleys, bearings, 3hp DC motor, a control panel, a solar panel, 20Ah charger controller 100Ah Solar battery, breaker and control switch.

National sovereignty and the spirit of the right to vote

The right to vote is one of the exclusively fundamental political rights through the application of which the citizen exercises sovereign power. And the right to vote, like any other phenomenon, is characterized by the organic unity between form and content - spirit.In this article, we intend to scientifically argue this connection, given that the exercise of the right to vote and its implementation is the only legal and legitimate transmission belt for the exercise of National Sovereignty through representation.

Simulation and Experiment on the Falling Pattern of Fresh Tea Leaves Based on Discrete Elements

Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze] is loved by people all over the world. For accurate simulation of the falling motion characteristics of fresh tea leaves, this study took one bud and two leaves of fresh tea leaves as the research object, and established a 1:1 three-dimensional (3D) model of fresh tea leaves by using 3D scanning and reverse modeling technologies. The 3D fresh tea leaves model was filled with discrete element particles, and the motion pattern of fresh tea leaves within a certain distance from the ground was simulated. The falling shape of fresh tea leaves was captured by the high-speed camera to verify the established model. By adjusting parameters to optimize the model, it was concluded that the simulation was in good agreement with the test, indicating that the established model is correct. According to the simulation, the fall analysis of four kinds of fresh tea leaves, A, B, C, and D, placed on the transmission belt was carried out. The distance between the transmission belt and the ground was 80 cm. Among them, A leaves were 45 cm, B leaves were 55 cm, C leaves were 55 cm, and D leaves were 65 cm away from the ground. The movement characteristic of fresh tea leaves is vertical on the ground. In different positions from the ground during the falling process, it was found that all kinds of fresh tea leaves were rotated around the stalk axis and the middle part of the fresh tea leaves. In conclusion, the establishment of a discrete element model of fresh tea leaves’ movement morphology and the analysis of movement morphology during the falling process laid a theoretical foundation for the study of air suction sorting of fresh tea leaves in the later period.

Political Parties and Women’s Representation in the Indonesian Parliament 2009-2019

As the transmission belt linking people's aspirations to the government, the political party has a crucial role in preparing actors to become candidates for people's representatives. Since the enactment of affirmative policies both in elections and internal parties, the number of women in parliament has never met the 30% quota as expected. During the ten years from 2009 to 2019, the number of women in the House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR) seats only ranged from 17-20 percent. This article examines the influence of political parties' characteristics on women's representation in the Indonesian parliament in the 2009-2019 period. This research uses four party characteristics by Sundström Stockemer as variables that will be analyzed through linear regression models. The research results show that the vote size variable is the only variable significantly influencing women's representation in parliament. The estimated trend of women's representation in parliament shows an increase in the upcoming 2024 elections. However, it is still far from the target of 30%. Hence, it needs a progressive affirmative policy in the form of reserved seats to encourage proportionality in the policy-making forum.

Coalition cascades: The politics of tipping points in clean energy transitions

AbstractPolicy change often involves multiple policy subsystems, as in the case of clean energy transitions. We argue that trans‐subsystem policy feedback is a central dynamic in policy change across subsystems. Policy in one subsystem creates benefits/costs and/or learning effects that mobilize actors for policy change in another subsystem, resulting in “coalition cascades” across interdependent subsystems. If coalition cascades lead to the resolution of coordination problems across subsystems, the system reaches a tipping point in policy change. Coalition cascades are thus the transmission belts of trans‐subsystem policy feedback. We illustrate our argument in the case of California's clean energy transition. We show how early renewable energy policy spilled over into the subsystems on grid policy—leading to energy storage policy—and on transport policy—resulting in electric vehicle charging policy. The article advances our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning trans‐subsystem policy change, offering a model of the politics of tipping points.

The Office and Tasks of the Dean in the First Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów

Deans, in the organisation of the Church, are to assist the diocesan bishop in the exercise of governance in the territory that is part of the diocese. This area is called a deanery. In the history of the Church, deans have been seen as assistants to bishops. This article discusses the attributes of the office and deans’ obligations as set out in the 1928 Synod of Bishop Leon Wałęga. The First Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów was a transmission belt that made the provisions of the 1917 Code of Canon Law a reality in the Diocese of Tarnów. The particular legislator, Bishop Leon Wałęga, encouraged the clergy to surround deans with the reverence and trust due to them, considering them as elder brothers who, on behalf of the authorities, performed demanding duties for the common good. To date, no comprehensive study of this topic has appeared. As a starting point for the reflection on the office of dean, the etymology of the word is discussed, followed by a brief look at its archetypes: chorepiscopi, visitators and archdeacons.

Subjective losers of globalization

AbstractRecent political changes in established democracies have led to a new cleavage, often described as a juxtaposition of ‘winners’ and ‘losers of globalization’. Despite a growing interest in subjective group membership and identity, previous research has not studied whether individuals actually categorize themselves as globalization winners or losers and what effect this has. Based on survey data from Germany, we report evidence of a division between self‐categorized globalization winners and losers that is partially but not completely rooted in social structure and associated with attitudes towards globalization‐related issues and party choices. We thereby confirm many of the assumptions from prior research – such as that (self‐categorized) losers of globalization tend to hold lower levels of education and lean towards the radical right. At the same time, the self‐categorizations are not merely transmission belts of socio‐structural effects but seem to be politically consequential in their own right. We conclude that the categories of globalization winners and losers have the potential to form part of the identity component of the globalization cleavage and are important for understanding how political entrepreneurs appeal to voters on their side of the new divide.

A Bamboo-Inspired Exoskeleton (BiEXO) Based on Carbon Fiber for Shoulder and Elbow Joints

This paper presents a novel cable-driven exoskeleton (BiEXO) for the upper limb including shoulder and elbow joints. BiEXO is made of carbon fiber that is inspired by the Bamboo structure. The key components of BiEXO are carbon fiber tubes that mimic bamboo tubes. A combined driver is developed for BiEXO with two cable-driven mechanisms (CDMs) and a power transmission belt (PTB). The CDMs are used for shoulder and elbow flexion/extension movement utilizing cables to mimic the skeletal muscles function, while the PTB system drives a shoulder link to mimic the scapula joint for shoulder abduction/adduction movement. Simulation studies and evaluation experiments were performed to demonstrate the efficacy of the overall system. To determine the strength-to-weight of the bamboo-inspired links and guarantee high buckling strength in the face of loads imposed from the user side to the structure, finite element analysis (FEA) was performed. The results show that the carbon fiber link inspired by bamboo has more strength in comparison to the common long carbon fiber tube. The kinematic configuration was modeled by the modified Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) notation. The mean absolute error (MAE) was 5.9 mm, and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) was 6 mm. In addition, verification experiments by tracking the trajectory in Cartesian space and the wear trials on a subject were carried out on the BiEXO prototype. The satisfactory results indicate BiEXO to be a promising system for rehabilitation or assistance in the future.

Sistem Transmisi pada Mesin Pembersih Sepatu Safety Semi Otomatis

The transmission system is a system that functions to change the torque and speed (rotation) of the torsion engine and has a different speed to keep it moving, the transmission system usually uses gears and fulleys as a rotation successor. Safety shoes are very important protective equipment to prevent injury from falling objects. In addition, it is very important to keep safety shoes clean to avoid falling or slipping while working. In a previous study, namely the Design of a Safety Shoes Cleaner, it did not use a transmission system so that the rotation of the electric motor shaft which was transmitted to the cleaning brush experienced a very large resistance and frictional force. In this study, the transmission system used in the shoe cleaning machine is gear transmission and pulley transmission, the number of gears used is 2 which type of gear used is bevel gear while the number of pulleys used is 5. The purpose of this study was to modify the transmission system of the safety shoe cleaning machine so that it produces counterclockwise rotation on the brush shaft at the top of the machine. This research was carried out in the repair laboratory and workshop of the Morowali metal industry polytechnic from April to September 2022, the research method consisted of planning, designing and manufacturing processes, then testing was carried out so that it could be concluded that the transmission system was running well. By pairing two straight gears on the engine transmission system so as to produce opposite rotation on the upper brush shaft which is transmitted from the motor to the shaft through the gear transmission and fulley belt.

Public Accounting in China: The Role of Occupational Community within a Globalized Profession*

ABSTRACTThe globalization of the world economy has brought drastic changes to institutions of work and the structures that support them. This paper analyzes the evolving public accounting profession in China. We constructed a unique qualitative data set by conducting two rounds of on‐site interviews with public practice accountants in Chinese domestic and international firms in 2015 and 2016. Through narrative analysis of accountants' careers, we find that domestic accountants form a distinct group based on their role in supporting the Chinese accounting profession and the pressures, challenges, and opportunities they face in career choice and work conditions. Our study reveals how the well‐known distinctions of language, training, and international experience are further entwined with strong ties to state policy and the “transmission belt” of information flowing between regulatory bodies and workplace institutions. The accounting profession in China shares much in common with the “Western” form of the profession, evidence of the institutional isomorphism documented in the literature on Big 4 firms. Our study highlights additional nuances surrounding regulation and control of the accounting field, notable in domestic firms, which distinguish the Chinese profession within the global field.

Reflections on Bain, Political Theology of International Order

William Bain sustains his audacious claim to write a landmark in international relations thought. His view that the medieval theological debate between imposed order and immanent order structures contemporary thought about international order is largely compelling, especially in light of his demonstration that certain thinkers such as Hobbes and Grotius served as transmission belts, carrying this debate into modernity. He also persuasively shows that imposed order, or nominalism, dominates today’s schools of international relations thought, while immanent order only whispers its dissent. I raise two questions in critical conversation. First, while Bain argues persuasively that political theology persists after Westphalia, which he seeks to debunk as a milestone in secularization, nevertheless Westphalia stands as a milestone in the marginalization of religion (though not political theology) as an influential force in politics. Second, while Bain demurs from choosing between imposed and immanent order on normative grounds, his claim that the choice is a matter of faith appears to be a choice for imposed order. Clarifying this normative question is an apposite task for this important author’s next book.

Development of Integrated Coconut Oil Processing Machine

Coconut oil extraction involves several stages and each of these stages require different machine, therefore, the objective of this research work is to develop a low-cost integrated unit machine for the extraction of coconut oil using standard procedures. The extraction process involves the cutting mechanism with the help of the transmission belt and pulley to slice the coconut meat. The chip is heated by the heating system after which it is pressed. The coconut oil drops on the oil tray, it passes through the oil tray to the oil tank. A 5kg sized Copra was used to examine the performance of the machine. Data obtained reveal that the required heating time was 15mins with a heater band of 2000 watts at 80°C. After the heating process a compression time of 8mins was recorded, taking place in the pressing cage with a compression ratio of 0.097 for the extraction process. This integrated method employed in the extraction of coconut oil is effective in terms of quality of oil produced, low-cost, time conservation and ease of usage. Therefore, regulatory bodies and governmental agencies could invest in this machine to be used by low income/small scale business operator.

Oleksa Drachewych and Ian McKay, eds. Left Transnationalism: The Communist International and the National, Colonial, and Racial Questions.

What earlier generations perhaps knew as “proletarian internationalism” has during the past decade been rediscovered and reconceptualized within the framework of transnational history. The recent anthology Left Transnationalism: The Communist International and the National, Colonial, and Racial Questions, edited by Oleksa Drachewych and Ian McKay, is a vital addition to this emerging global field. The volume contains a substantial introduction and fifteen chapters written by leading international scholars. Rather than offering another general history of the Communist International (Comintern), the volume provides a distinct study of the Comintern’s relation to the national, colonial, and racial questions. The collection is based on the “Transnational Leftism” conference organized by the editors at MacMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, in September 2017. The Comintern (1919–1943) was during the entire Cold War period a source of major contention, and its history is still dichotomized between “traditionalist” and “revisionist” perspectives. The volume offers a welcome exit from the stalemate and locates the diverse histories of international communism as a part of a larger cultural turn that quickly has established itself as a cornerstone of new communist studies. The history of international communism naturally remains a highly contentious field, caught in the nexus between Soviet control “from above” and locally embedded grassroots activism; between communist anti-imperialism and Soviet imperialism; between idealism and Stalinist terror. In light of today’s profound transnational “historical consciousness,” a return to the simplistic Moscow-centered idea of a “transmission belt” model presents itself like a scholarly impossibility. Transnational and entangled history has revealed that transfers and circulations were a part of a complex transcultural, multidirectional, and multicentered process that crucially involved the translation of complex concepts and ideas that were received and interpreted in various national contexts. The present edited volume therefore needs to be lauded for its efforts to reframe such histories that examine how Marxists traversed through the world of the Comintern and engaged with nationalism, race, and the question of “national self-determination.” As the many contributions show, Comintern doctrine did not conclusively provide an answer to how communists should engage with bourgeois-nationalist groups in the colonial and semicolonial countries, how to best engage with the African Americans, or how to handle different European immigrant groups in the United States or Canada. They needed to integrate them in accordance to local circumstances.