Transmembrane Signaling Research Articles

The Multifaceted Functions of Prion Protein (PrPC) in Cancer.

The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a glycoprotein anchored to the cell surface by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). PrPC is expressed both in the brain and in peripheral tissues. Investigations on PrPC's functions revealed its direct involvement in neurodegenerative and prion diseases, as well as in various physiological processes such as anti-oxidative functions, copper homeostasis, trans-membrane signaling, and cell adhesion. Recent findings have revealed the ectopic expression of PrPC in various cancers including gastric, melanoma, breast, colorectal, pancreatic, as well as rare cancers, where PrPC promotes cellular migration and invasion, tumor growth, and metastasis. Through its downstream signaling, PrPC has also been reported to be involved in resistance to chemotherapy and tumor cell apoptosis. This review summarizes the variance of expression of PrPC in different types of cancers and discusses its roles in their development and progression, as well as its use as a potential target to treat such cancers.

Autoinducer-2 quorum sensing regulates biofilm formation and chain elongation metabolic pathways to enhance caproate synthesis in microbial electrochemical system

Quorum sensing (QS) have been explored extensively. However, most studies focused on N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) participating in intraspecies QS. In this study, autoinducer-2 (AI-2, participating in interspecies QS) with different concentration was investigated for chain elongation in microbial electrosynthesis (MES). The results demonstrated that the R3 treatment, which involved adding 10 μM of 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione (DPD) in the reactor, exhibited the best performance. The concentration of caproate was increased by 66.88% and the redox activity of cathodic electroactive biofilms (EABs) was enhanced. Meanwhile, microbial community data indicated that Negativicutes relative abundance was increased obviously in R3 treatment. In this study, the transcriptome Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) databases were used to analyze the metabolic pathway of chain elongation involving fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) pathway and reverse β-oxidization (RBO) pathway. KEGG analysis revealed that fatty acid elongation metabolism (p < 0.001), tryptophan metabolism (p < 0.01), arginine and proline metabolism (p < 0.05) were significantly improved in R3 treatment. GO analysis suggested that R3 treatment mainly upregulated significantly transmembrane signaling receptor activity (p < 0.01), oxidoreductase activity (p < 0.05), and phosphorelay signal transduction (p < 0.05). Moreover, metatranscriptomic analyses also showed that R3 treatment could upregulate the LuxP extracellular receptor, LuxO transcriptional activator, LsrB periplasmic protein, and were beneficial to both FAB and RBO pathways. These findings provided a new insight into chain elongation in MES system.

Inhibitory effect of adenosine on adaptive antitumor immunity and intervention strategies.

The tumors with a microenvironment characterized by a lack of immune cell infiltration, referred as "cold tumors", typically exhibit low responsiveness to immune therapy. Targeting the factors contributing to "cold tumors" formation and converting them into "hot tumors" would be a novel strategy for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. Adenosine, a hydrolysis product of ATP, accumulates with a significantly higher concentration in the tumor microenvironments compared to normal tissue and exerts inhibitory effects on tumor-specific adaptive immunity. Tumor cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells express abundant adenosine receptors on their surfaces. The binding of adenosine to these receptors initiates downstream signaling pathways that suppress tumor antigen presentation and immune cell activation, consequently dampening adaptive immune responses against tumors. Adenosine downregulates the expression of major histocompatibility complex class Ⅱ and co-stimulatory factors on dendritic cells and macrophages, thereby inhibiting antigen presentation to T cells. Adenosine also inhibits ligand-receptor binding and transmembrane signaling on T cells, concomitantly suppressing the secretion of anti-tumor cytokines and impairing T cell activation. Furthermore, adenosine hinders effector T cell trafficking to tumor sites and infiltration by inhibiting chemokine secretion and KCa3.1 channels. Additionally, adenosine promotes the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines, increases immune checkpoint protein expression, and enhances the activity of immunosuppressive cells, collectively curbing cytotoxic T cell-mediated tumor cell killing. Given the immunosuppressive role of adenosine in adaptive antitumor immunity, several inhibitors targeting adenosine generation or adenosine receptor blockade are currently in preclinical or clinical development with the aim of enhancing the effectiveness of other immunotherapies. This review provides an overview of inhibitory effects of adenosine on adaptive antitumor immunity, elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved, and summarizes the latest advances in the application of adenosine inhibition strategies in anticancer immunotherapy.

Targeting of insulin receptor endocytosis as a treatment to insulin resistance

BackgroundInsulin resistance is the decreased effectiveness of insulin receptor function during signaling of glucose uptake. Insulin receptors are regulated by endocytosis, a process that removes receptors from the cell surface to be marked for degradation or for re-use. ObjectivesOur goal was to discover insulin-resistance-related genes that play key roles in endocytosis which could serve as potential biological targets to enhance insulin sensitivity. MethodsThe gene mutations related to insulin resistance were elucidated from ClinVar. These were used as the seed set. Using the GeneFriends program, the genes associated with this set were elucidated and used as an enriched set for the next step. The enriched gene set network was visualized by Cytoscape. After that, using the VisANT program, the most significant cluster of genes was identified. With the help of the DAVID program, the most important KEGG pathway corresponding to the gene cluster and insulin resistance was found. Eleven genes part of the KEGG endocytosis pathway were identified. Finally, using the ChEA3 program, seven transcription factors managing these genes were defined. ResultsThirty-two genes of pathogenic significance in insulin resistance were elucidated, and then co-expression data for these genes were utilized. These genes were organized into clusters, one of which was singled out for its high node count of 58 genes and low p-value (p = 4.117 × 10−7). DAVID Pathways, a functional annotation tool, helped identify a set of 11 genes from a single cluster associated with the endocytosis pathway related to insulin resistance. These genes (AMPH, BIN1, CBL, DNM1, DNM2, DNM3, ITCH, SH3GL1, SH3GL2, SH3GL3, and SH3KBP1) are all involved in either clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the insulin receptor (IR) or clathrin-independent endocytosis of insulin-resistance-related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). They represent prime therapeutic targets to improve insulin sensitivity through modulation of transmembrane cell signaling. Using the ChEA3 database, we also found seven transcription factors (REST, MYPOP, CAMTA2, MYT1L, ZBTB18, NKX6–2, and CXXC5) that control the expression of these 11 genes. Inhibiting these key transcription factors would be another strategy to downregulate endocytosis. ConclusionWe believe that delaying removal of insulin receptors from the cell surface would prolong signaling of glucose uptake and counteract the symptoms of insulin resistance.

A novel GPI-anchored dominant-negative TGF-β receptor II renders T cells unresponsive to TGF-β signaling

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine expressed by a wide range of cell types and is known for hampering the effectiveness of cancer immune cell therapeutic approaches. We have designed a novel construct containing the extracellular domain of the TGF-β receptor II linked to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor (GPI-ecto-TβRII) lacking the transmembrane and cytoplasmic signaling domain of TGF-β receptor II (TβRII). Tcells transduced with lentivirus expressing the GPI-ecto-TβRII construct show 5 to 15 times higher membrane expression compared with a previously established dominant-negative receptor carrying a truncated signaling domain. GPI-ecto-TβRII expression renders Tcells unresponsive to TGF-β-induced signaling seen by a lack of SMAD phosphorylation upon exogeneous TGF-β treatment. Transduced Tcells continue to express high levels of IFNγ and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), among other cytokines, in the presence of TGF-β while cytokine expression in untransduced Tcells is being markedly suppressed. Furthermore, Tcells expressing GPI-ecto-TβRII constructs have been shown to efficiently capture and inactivate TGF-β from their environment. These results indicate the potential benefits of GPI-ecto-TβRII expressing cytotoxic Tcells (CTLs) in future cell therapies.

Design of DNA-Based Artificial Transmembrane Channels for Biosensing and Biomedical Applications

Biomolecular channels on the cell membrane are essential for transporting substances across the membrane to maintain cell physiological activity. Artificial transmembrane channels used to mimic biological membrane channels can regulate intra/extracellular ionic and molecular homeostasis, and they elucidate cellular structures and functionalities. Due to their program design, facile preparation, and high biocompatibility, DNA nanostructures have been widely used as scaffolds for the design of artificial transmembrane channels and exploited for ionic and molecular transport and biomedical applications. DNA-based artificial channels can be designed from two structural modules: DNA nanotubes/nanopores as transport modules for mass transportation and hydrophobic segments as anchor modules for membrane immobilization. In this review, various lipophilic modification strategies for the design of DNA channels and membrane insertion are outlined. Several types of DNA transmembrane channels are systematically summarized, including DNA wireframe channels, DNA helix bundle channels, DNA tile channels, DNA origami channels, and so on. We then discuss efforts to exploit them in biosensor and biomedical applications. For example, ligand-gated and environmental stimuli-responsive artificial transmembrane channels have been designed for transmembrane signal transduction. DNA-based artificial channels have been developed for cell mimicry and the regulation of cell behaviors. Finally, we provide some perspectives on the challenges and future developments of artificial transmembrane channel research in biomimetic science and biomedical applications.

Tissue transglutaminase: a multifunctional and multisite regulator in health and disease.

Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a widely distributed multifunctional protein involved in a broad range of cellular and metabolic functions carried out in a variety of cellular compartments. In addition to transamidation, TG2 also functions as a Gα signaling protein, a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a protein kinase, and a scaffolding protein. In the nucleus, TG2 modifies histones and transcription factors. The PDI function catalyzes the trimerization and activation of heat shock factor-1 in the nucleus and regulates the oxidation state of several mitochondrial complexes. Cytosolic TG2 modifies proteins by the addition of serotonin or other primary amines and in this way affects cell signaling. Modification of protein-bound glutamines reduces ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. At the cell membrane, TG2 is associated with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), where it functions in transmembrane signaling. TG2 is also found in the extracellular space, where it functions in protein cross-linking and extracellular matrix stabilization. Of particular importance in transglutaminase research are recent findings concerning the role of TG2 in gene expression, protein homeostasis, cell signaling, autoimmunity, inflammation, and hypoxia. Thus, TG2 performs a multitude of functions in multiple cellular compartments, making it one of the most versatile cellular proteins. Additional evidence links TG2 with multiple human diseases including preeclampsia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, organ fibrosis, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and celiac disease. In conclusion, TG2 provides a multifunctional and multisite response to physiological stress.

TSHR-based chimeric antigen receptor T cell specifically deplete auto-reactive B lymphocytes for treatment of autoimmune thyroid disease

Graves' disease (GD) is a prominent antibody-mediated autoimmune disorder characterized by stimulating antibodies (TRAb) that target the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). Targeting and eliminating TRAb-producing B lymphocytes hold substantial therapeutic potential for GD. In this study, we engineered a novel chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy termed TSHR-CAR-T. This CAR-T construct incorporates the extracellular domain of the TSH receptor fused with the CD8 transmembrane and intracellular signal domain (4-1BB). TSHR-CAR-T cells demonstrated the ability to recognize and effectively eliminate TRAb-producing B lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Leveraging this autoantigen-based chimeric receptor, our findings suggest that TSHR-CAR-T cells offer a promising and innovative immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, including GD.

Cholesterol, Eukaryotic Lipid Domains, and an Evolutionary Perspective of Transmembrane Signaling.

Transmembrane signaling is essential for complex life forms. Communication across a bilayer lipid barrier is elaborately organized to convey precision and to fine-tune strength. Looking back, the steps that it has taken to enable this seemingly mundane errand are breathtaking, and with our survivorship bias, Darwinian. While this review is to discuss eukaryotic membranes in biological functions for coherence and theoretical footing, we are obliged to follow the evolution of the biological membrane through time. Such a visit is necessary for our hypothesis that constraints posited on cellular functions are mainly via the biomembrane, and relaxation thereof in favor of a coordinating membrane environment is the molecular basis for the development of highly specialized cellular activities, among them transmembrane signaling. We discuss the obligatory paths that have led to eukaryotic membrane formation, its intrinsic ability to signal, and how it set up the platform for later integration of protein-based receptor activation.

RABL2 promotes the outward transition zone passage of signaling proteins in cilia via ARL3

Certain transmembrane and membrane-tethered signaling proteins export from cilia as BBSome cargoes via the outward BBSome transition zone (TZ) diffusion pathway, indispensable for maintaining their ciliary dynamics to enable cells to sense and transduce extracellular stimuli inside the cell. Murine Rab-like 2 (Rabl2) GTPase resembles Chlamydomonas Arf-like 3 (ARL3) GTPase in promoting outward TZ passage of the signaling protein cargo-laden BBSome. During this process, ARL3 binds to and recruits the retrograde IFT train-dissociated BBSome as its effector to diffuse through the TZ for ciliary retrieval, while how RABL2 and ARL3 cross talk in this event remains uncertain. Here, we report that Chlamydomonas RABL2 in a GTP-bound form (RABL2GTP) cycles through cilia via IFT as an IFT-B1 cargo, dissociates from retrograde IFT trains at a ciliary region right above the TZ, and converts to RABL2GDP for activating ARL3GDP as an ARL3 guanine nucleotide exchange factor. This confers ARL3GTP to detach from the ciliary membrane and become available for binding and recruiting the phospholipase D (PLD)-laden BBSome, autonomous of retrograde IFT association, to diffuse through the TZ for ciliary retrieval. Afterward, RABL2GDP exits cilia by being bound to the ARL3GTP/BBSome entity as a BBSome cargo. Our data identify ciliary signaling proteins exported from cilia via the RABL2-ARL3 cascade-mediated outward BBSome TZ diffusion pathway. According to this model, hedgehog signaling defect-induced Bardet-Biedl syndrome caused by RABL2 mutations in humans could be well explained in a mutation-specific manner, providing us with a mechanistic understanding behind the outward BBSome TZ passage required for proper ciliary signaling.

Non-invasive electromechanical assessment during atrial fibrillation identifies underlying atrial myopathy alterations with early prognostic value

Electromechanical characterization during atrial fibrillation (AF) remains a significant gap in the understanding of AF-related atrial myopathy. This study reports mechanistic insights into the electromechanical remodeling process associated with AF progression and further demonstrates its prognostic value in the clinic. In pigs, sequential electromechanical assessment during AF progression shows a progressive decrease in mechanical activity and early dissociation from its electrical counterpart. Atrial tissue samples from animals with AF reveal an abnormal increase in cardiomyocytes death and alterations in calcium handling proteins. High-throughput quantitative proteomics and immunoblotting analyses at different stages of AF progression identify downregulation of contractile proteins and progressive increase in atrial fibrosis. Moreover, advanced optical mapping techniques, applied to whole heart preparations during AF, demonstrate that AF-related remodeling decreases the frequency threshold for dissociation between transmembrane voltage signals and intracellular calcium transients compared to healthy controls. Single cell simulations of human atrial cardiomyocytes also confirm the experimental results. In patients, non-invasive assessment of the atrial electromechanical relationship further demonstrate that atrial electromechanical dissociation is an early prognostic indicator for acute and long-term rhythm control.

Lipid-driven interleaflet coupling of plasma membrane order regulates FcεRI signaling in mast cells

Interleaflet coupling—the influence of one leaflet on the properties of the opposing leaflet—is a fundamental plasma membrane organizational principle. This coupling is proposed to participate in maintaining steady-state biophysical properties of the plasma membrane, which in turn regulates some transmembrane signaling processes. A prominent example is antigen (Ag) stimulation of signaling by clustering transmembrane receptors for immunoglobulin E (IgE), FcεRI. This transmembrane signaling depends on the stabilization of ordered regions in the inner leaflet for sorting of intracellular signaling components. The resting inner leaflet has a lipid composition that is generally less ordered than the outer leaflet and that does not spontaneously phase separate in model membranes. We propose that interleaflet coupling can mediate ordering and disordering of the inner leaflet, which is poised in resting cells to reorganize upon stimulation. To test this in live cells, we first established a straightforward approach to evaluate induced changes in membrane order by measuring inner leaflet diffusion of lipid probes by imaging fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, by imaging fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (ImFCS), before and after methyl-α-cyclodexrin (mαCD)-catalyzed exchange of outer leaflet lipids (LEX) with exogenous order- or disorder-promoting phospholipids. We examined the functional impact of LEX by monitoring two Ag-stimulated responses: recruitment of cytoplasmic Syk kinase to the inner leaflet and exocytosis of secretory granules (degranulation). Based on the ImFCS data in resting cells, we observed global increase or decrease of inner leaflet order when outer leaflet is exchanged with order- or disorder-promoting lipids, respectively. We find that the degree of both stimulated Syk recruitment and degranulation correlates positively with LEX-mediated changes of inner leaflet order in resting cells. Overall, our results show that resting-state lipid ordering of the outer leaflet influences the ordering of the inner leaflet, likely via interleaflet coupling. This imposed lipid reorganization modulates transmembrane signaling stimulated by Ag clustering of IgE-FcεRI.

Cloning and Analysis of Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase/ Hydrolase Gene in Cotton

Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/Hydrolase (XTH) can loosening cell wall by breaking and re-forming the xyloglucan-cellulose crosslinks. Therefore, XTHs in cotton are related to elongation of cotton fibers. To investigate the relation, two XTH genes were cloned, respectively named as GhXTH1（GenBank:AY189971）and GhXTH2（GenBank:JN968478）.GhXTH1 contained 885 nucleotides, encoding 289 aa. GhXTH2 consisted of 885 nucleotides, encoding 289 aa. GhXTH1 and GhXTH2 contained the conserved motif (DEIDFEFLG) , characteristic of XTH family. Bioinformatic analyses showed that they possessed a transmembrane helice and signal peptide respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that GhXTH1 was orthologous gene to AtXTH6、AtXTH7. GhXTH2 was orthologous gene to AtXTH9. In addition,we analysed the expression of GhXTH1 and GhXTH2, respectively in Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense. The results showed that transcript levels were lower during cotton fiber development, and transcript level of GhXTH2 were higher than that of GhXTH1.

NMR indicates the N-termini of PSGL1 and CCR7 bind competitively to the chemokine CCL21

Chemokines are from a family of secreted cytokines that direct the trafficking of immune cells to coordinate immune responses. Chemokines are involved in numerous disease states, including responding to infections, autoimmune disorders, and cancer metastasis. Ther are chemokines, like CCL21, that signal for cellular migration through the activation of G protein-coupled receptors, like CCR7, through interaction with the receptor's extracellular N-terminus, loops, and core of the receptor. CCL21 is involved in routine immune surveillance but can also attract metastasizing cancer cells to lymph nodes. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL1) has a role in cellular adhesion during chemotaxis and is a transmembrane signaling molecule. PSGL1 expression enhances chemotactic responses of T cells to CCL21. Here NMR studies indicate the binding sites on CCL21 for the N-termini or PSGL1 and CCR7 overlap, and binding of the N-termini of PSGL1 and CCR7 is competitive.

Identification, expression and DNA variation analysis of high affinity nitrate transporter NRT2/3 gene family in Sorghum bicolor

Nitrate is the main form of inorganic nitrogen that crop absorbs, and nitrate transporter 2 (NRT2) is a high affinity transporter using nitrate as a specific substrate. When the available nitrate is limited, the high affinity transport systems are activated and play an important role in the process of nitrate absorption and transport. Most NRT2 cannot transport nitrates alone and require the assistance of a helper protein belonging to nitrate assimilation related family (NAR2) to complete the absorption or transport of nitrates. Crop nitrogen utilization efficiency is affected by environmental conditions, and there are differences between varieties, so it is of great significance to develop varieties with high nitrogen utilization efficiency. Sorghum bicolor has high stress tolerance and is more efficient in soil nitrogen uptake and utilization. The S. bicolor genome database was scanned to systematically analyze the gene structure, chromosomal localization, physicochemical properties, secondary structure and transmembrane domain, signal peptide and subcellular localization, promoter region cis-acting elements, phylogenetic evolution, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) recognition and annotation, and selection pressure of the gene family members. Through bioinformatics analysis, 5 NRT2 gene members (designated as SbNRT2-1a, SbNRT2-1b, SbNRT2-2, SbNRT2-3, and SbNRT2-4) and 2 NAR2 gene members (designated as SbNRT3-1 and SbNRT3-2) were identified, the number of which was less than that of foxtail millet. SbNRT2/3 were distributed on 3 chromosomes, and could be divided into four subfamilies. The genetic structure of the same subfamilies was highly similar. The average value of SbNRT2/3 hydrophilicity was positive, indicating that they were all hydrophobic proteins, whereas α-helix and random coil accounted for more than 70% of the total secondary structure. Subcellular localization occurred on plasma membrane, where SbNRT2 proteins did not contain signal peptides, but SbNRT3 proteins contained signal peptides. Further analysis revealed that the number of transmembrane domains of the SbNRT2s family members was greater than 10, while that of the SbNRT3s were 2. There was a close collinearity between NRT2/3s of S. bicolor and Zea mays. Protein domains analysis showed the presence of MFS_1 and NAR2 protein domains, which supported executing high affinity nitrate transport. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that SbNRT2/3 were more closely related to those of Z. mays and Setaria italic. Analysis of gene promoter cis-acting elements indicated that the promoter region of SbNRT2/3 had several plant hormones and stress response elements, which might respond to growth and environmental cues. Gene expression heat map showed that SbNRT2-3 and SbNRT3-1 were induced by nitrate in the root and stem, respectively, and SbNRT2-4 and SbNRT2-3 were induced by low nitrogen in the root and stem. Non-synonymous SNP variants were found in SbNRT2-4 and SbNRT2-1a. Selection pressure analysis showed that the SbNRT2/3 were subject to purification and selection during evolution. The expression of SbNRT2/3 gene and the effect of aphid infection were consistent with the expression analysis results of genes in different tissues, and SbNRT2-1b and SbNRT3-1 were significantly expressed in the roots of aphid lines 5-27sug, and the expression levels of SbNRT2-3, SbNRT2-4 and SbNRT3-2 were significantly reduced in sorghum aphid infested leaves. Overall, genome-wide identification, expression and DNA variation analysis of NRT2/3 gene family of Sorghum bicolor provided a basis for elucidating the high efficiency of sorghum in nitrogen utilization.

Essential autoproteolysis of bacterial anti-σ factor RsgI for transmembrane signal transduction.

Autoproteolysis has been discovered to play key roles in various biological processes, but functional autoproteolysis has been rarely reported for transmembrane signaling in prokaryotes. In this study, an autoproteolytic effect was discovered in the conserved periplasmic domain of anti-σ factor RsgIs from Clostridium thermocellum, which was found to transmit extracellular polysaccharide-sensing signals into cells for regulation of the cellulosome system, a polysaccharide-degrading multienzyme complex. Crystal and NMR structures of periplasmic domains from three RsgIs demonstrated that they are different from all known proteins that undergo autoproteolysis. The RsgI-based autocleavage site was located at a conserved Asn-Pro motif between the β1 and β2 strands in the periplasmic domain. This cleavage was demonstrated to be essential for subsequent regulated intramembrane proteolysis to activate the cognate SigI, in a manner similar to that of autoproteolysis-dependent activation of eukaryotic adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. These results indicate the presence of a unique prevalent type of autoproteolytic phenomenon in bacteria for signal transduction.

BnGLO4 gene cloning and bioinformatics analysis in Brassica napus L

High oleic acid rapeseed oil offers superior nutritional and health benefits, but its mass production is limited due to poor resistance and slightly lower yield. Photosynthesis serves as the foundation of biological survival and closely correlates with crop resistance to stresses, yield, and quality. To identify photosynthesis-related genes, transcriptome sequencing was conducted on high oleic acid rapeseed Gaoyousuan No. 1 and low oleic acid rapeseed Xiangyou 15 resulting in the identification of a total of 9396 differentially expressed genes (4669 up-regulated and 4727 down-regulated). From these genes nine candidate genes were screened using GO and KEGG analysis with BnGLO4 being selected for cloning purposes. The BnGLO4 gene fragment has a length of 1161 bp with an ORF sequence of 1092 bp encoding a theoretical isoelectric point of pI 7.60; it encodes an unstable lipid-soluble protein localized in peroxisomes without transmembrane structural domains or signal peptides. Its amino acid sequence homology was highest with that of BnaA01G0355200ZS, BnaA01G0355600ZS, BnaA05G0410400ZS, BnaC01G0441800ZS, and Brassica rapa (XP_0091171 45.1), Brassica napus (CDY39100.1), Brassica cretica (KAF3533604.1) and Brassica oleracea var. oleracea (XP_0136106 44.1) belonging to the same cruciferous family.The BnGLO4 gene may be associated with responses to abiotic stresses such as salt, drought, and temperature extremes along with photosynthesis and growth in rapeseed plants. The expression levels of the GLO4 gene (BnaA01G0355200 ZS) were highest in filaments while being higher at each stage in seeds and siliques with the highest expression level at day 14 in seeds. Expression was significantly upregulated after 3 ​h of salt stress treatment, reaching a maximum at 12 ​h before slightly decreasing at 24 ​h. The findings of this study lay a foundation for further investigation on photosynthesis and stress response in high oleic rapeseed.

Interfacing Coacervates with Membranes: From Artificial Organelles and Hybrid Protocells to Intracellular Delivery.

Compartmentalization is crucial for the functioning of cells. Membranes enclose and protect the cell, regulate the transport of molecules entering and exiting the cell, and organize cellular machinery in subcompartments. In addition, membraneless condensates, or coacervates, offer dynamic compartments that act as biomolecular storage centers, organizational hubs, or reaction crucibles. Emerging evidence shows that phase-separated membraneless bodies in the cell are involved in a wide range of functional interactions with cellular membranes, leading to transmembrane signaling, membrane remodeling, intracellular transport, and vesicle formation. Such functional and dynamic interplay between phase-separated droplets and membranes also offers many potential benefits to artificial cells, as shown by recent studies involving coacervates and liposomes. Depending on the relative sizes and interaction strength between coacervates and membranes, coacervates can serve as artificial membraneless organelles inside liposomes, as templates for membrane assembly and hybrid artificial cell formation, as membrane remodelers for tubulation and possibly division, and finally, as cargo containers for transport and delivery of biomolecules across membranes by endocytosis or direct membrane crossing. Here, recent experimental examples of each of these functions are reviewed and the underlying physicochemical principles and possible future applications are discussed.

Understanding key genetic make-up of different coat colour in Bayinbuluke sheep through a comparative transcriptome profiling analysis

Coat color is a distinctive feature of mammals, especially in distinguishing animal breeds, and the diversity of animal coat color provides an important model phenotype for exploring gene roles and studying gene mutations. Selective breeding programs can be used to enhance or modify certain physical traits in Bayinbuluke sheep, including their coat color. To elaborately understand the differential expression of coat tissue of Bayinbuluke sheep with respect to coat colour and genetic make ups, the molecular mechanism of the difference in coat color phenotype of the sheep's head and neck was explored through RT-PCR assay based transcriptomic analysis. In this study, sixteen samples of coat tissues of 8 individuals Bayinbuluke sheep with different hair colors were collected for transcriptome sequencing analysis, and the differential expression genes of MEwhite module in BL vs BR group and WGCNA were analyzed by gene ontology and Kyoto Gene Encyclopedia enrichment, and the results were significantly enriched in G protein-coupled receptor, transmembrane signaling receptor activity, tyrosine metabolism, melanin production and other metabolic pathways. The identified DCT, ASIP, GPR143, PMEL, TYRP1 and MC1R genes Bayinbuluke sheep coat have all been linked with important roles in the regulation of melanin synthesis as immune stability. Therefore, understanding the genetic and molecular basis of these pathways can help in developing novel approaches in sheep coat colour as well as improved sheep immunity.

Expression of Epsin3 and its interaction with Notch signalling in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Most oral squamous cell carcinoma patients present with late-stage disease. Early detection of the disease is considered to be the most effective way of improving patient outcomes. Several biomarkers have been identified as indicators of oral cancer development and progression; however, none have been translated into clinical practice. In this study, we have investigated the role of Epsin3, an endocytic adaptor protein, and Notch1, a transmembrane signalling protein, in oral carcinogenesis with a view to explore their potential as biomarkers. Oral cancer cell lines and a normal oral keratinocyte cell line were used together with tissue samples of normal oral mucosa (n = 21), oral epithelial dysplasia (n = 74) and early stage (Stages I and II) oral squamous cell carcinoma (n = 31). Immunocytochemical staining, immunoblotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to assess protein as well as gene expression levels. The expression levels of Epsin3 and Notch1 mRNA and protein are variable across different oral squamous cell carcinoma derived cell lines. Epsin3 was upregulated in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma tissues compared with normal epithelium. Overexpression of Epsin3 resulted in a significant reduction of Notch1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Notch1 was generally downregulated in the dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma samples. Epsin3 is upregulated in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma and has the potential to be used as a biomarker for oral epithelial dysplasia. Notch signalling is downregulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma, possibly through an Epsin3-induced de-activation pathway.