Domain Translation Research Articles

Reimagining psychoses: An agnostic approach to diagnosis

ObjectivesCurrent approaches to defining and classifying psychotic disorders are compromised by substantive heterogeneity within, blurred boundaries between, as well as overlaps across the various disorders in outcome, treatment response, emerging evidence regarding pathophysiology and presumed etiology. MethodsWe herein review the evolution, current status and the constraints posed by classic symptom-based diagnostic approaches. We compare the continuing constructs that underlie the current classification of psychoses, and contrast those to evolving new thinking in other areas of medicine. ResultsAn important limitation in current psychiatric nosology may stem from the fact that symptom-based diagnoses do not “carve nature at its joints”; while symptom-based classifications have improved our reliability, they may lack validity. Next steps in developing a more valid scientific nosology for psychoses include a) agnostic deconstruction of disease dimensions, identifying disease markers and endophenotypes; b) mapping such markers across translational domains from behaviors to molecules, c) reclustering cross-cutting bio-behavioral data using modern phenotypic and biometric approaches, and finally d) validating such entities using etio-pathology, outcome and treatment-response measures. ConclusionsThe proposed steps of deconstruction and “bottom-up” disease definition, as elsewhere in medicine, may well provide a better foundation for developing a nosology for psychotic disorders that may have better utility in predicting outcome, treatment response and etiology, and identifying novel treatment approaches.

Translation domains in multiferroics

We describe the behavior of translation domains – that is domains resulting from the breaking of translation rather than point symmetries – in multiferroics with simultaneous magnetic and ferroelectric order. First, we review the structure of order parameters describing translation domains. Then, we report our spatially resolved measurements of translation domains using piezoresponse force microscopy and optical second harmonic generation in two types of multiferroics. In the split-order-parameter multiferroic hexagonal YMnO3, we show that commensurate structural translation domains are rigidly coupled to the ferroelectric orientation domains so that the orientation domains adopt the translation domain structure. In contrast, in the joint-order-parameter multiferroic MnWO4, incommensurate magnetic translation domains are largely decoupled from the ferroelectric orientation but nevertheless limited by stability criteria. These pronounced manifestations of the generally ‘hidden’ translation domains emphasize that their presence should be taken into account when discussing the physical properties and functionalities of multiferroics.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ACADEMIC LITERACY IN ANALYSING TEXTS FOR TRANSLATION

Academic literacy has long been discussed throughout the scientific disciplines. Such discussions have partly resulted in a sort of awareness in people’s mind concerning how we implement it in the areas of scientific disciplines we deal with. In the translation domain, we question how much the significance of such stuff is for the benefit of comprehensively analyzing text for inter-language rendering. This paper intends to provide an answer to such question. It deals with the use of relevant literacy to analyze any source text as a basis to produce a target text through transfer of meaning and reconstruction of language fulfilling the aspects of readability, accuracy, and naturalness.

Chapter 1: Biomedical Knowledge Integration

The modern biomedical research and healthcare delivery domains have seen an unparalleled increase in the rate of innovation and novel technologies over the past several decades. Catalyzed by paradigm-shifting public and private programs focusing upon the formation and delivery of genomic and personalized medicine, the need for high-throughput and integrative approaches to the collection, management, and analysis of heterogeneous data sets has become imperative. This need is particularly pressing in the translational bioinformatics domain, where many fundamental research questions require the integration of large scale, multi-dimensional clinical phenotype and bio-molecular data sets. Modern biomedical informatics theory and practice has demonstrated the distinct benefits associated with the use of knowledge-based systems in such contexts. A knowledge-based system can be defined as an intelligent agent that employs a computationally tractable knowledge base or repository in order to reason upon data in a targeted domain and reproduce expert performance relative to such reasoning operations. The ultimate goal of the design and use of such agents is to increase the reproducibility, scalability, and accessibility of complex reasoning tasks. Examples of the application of knowledge-based systems in biomedicine span a broad spectrum, from the execution of clinical decision support, to epidemiologic surveillance of public data sets for the purposes of detecting emerging infectious diseases, to the discovery of novel hypotheses in large-scale research data sets. In this chapter, we will review the basic theoretical frameworks that define core knowledge types and reasoning operations with particular emphasis on the applicability of such conceptual models within the biomedical domain, and then go on to introduce a number of prototypical data integration requirements and patterns relevant to the conduct of translational bioinformatics that can be addressed via the design and use of knowledge-based systems.

Acquiring Competencies in Financial Translation: From the Classroom to the Marketplace

Translating financial texts is a difficult and complex work. The labour market in this specialized area demands much of the translator, not only from the point of view of the translation subject matter itself, but also from the perspective of the translator’s professionalism and preparedness. Our contribution here concerns applied research for teaching specialized translation, particularly for the teaching-learning process regarding financial translation for the language pair English-Spanish. This article will discuss the different translation sub-competencies that we propose students should master, offering a series of teaching-learning objectives and suggesting the use of certain pedagogical material. With respect to professional sub-competencies, and in order to make translation learning experiences in the classroom as close as possible to the actual practice of translation in the real world, i.e. in a professional working environment, we will discuss certain characteristics of the professional labour market in the area of financial translation, as well as some of the professional skills that the student translators should develop in order to survive in this specialized domain of translation.

Domain formation in anatase TiO2 thin films on LaAlO3 substrates

Using advanced Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, we have observed the atomic structures of coherent TiO2/LaAlO3 heterointerfaces in anatase TiO2 thin films deposited on single-crystal LaAlO3. Two epitaxial relationships are identified: (001)[100] TiO2//(001)[100] LaAlO3 and (001)[010] TiO2//(001)[100] LaAlO3. These epitaxial relationships and the terrace steps on the substrate surface result in the formation of multidomains in the anatase TiO2 thin films. Three types of domain boundaries are identified, namely, 90° rotation domain boundaries, translation domain boundaries, and mixtures of the two. These domain boundaries are expected to have a profound effect on the properties of the thin film.

Direct observation of interlocked domain walls in hexagonalRMnO3(R=Tm, Lu)

Using state-of-the-art aberration-corrected annular-bright-field and high-angle annular-dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, we investigated domain wall structures in multiferroic hexagonal TmMnO${}_{3}$ and LuMnO${}_{3}$ ceramics at the atomic scale. Two types of 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} domain walls (DWs), i.e., the transverse and the longitudinal DWs with uniform displacements of $a$/3 and 2$a$/3, respectively, were identified along the $b$ direction, which is in agreement with the interlock between the ferroelectric and structural translation domain walls that had been predicted previously. Across the domain wall the arrangement of MnO${}_{5}$ polyhedra was not found to be inversed, indicating that (i) it has negligible effects on the polarization and (ii) the structures of the neighbor domains with opposite polarizations are not exactly the same. These wall structures are different from the polarization inversion in conventional ferroelectrics and may be used to explain the unusual transport properties and magnetoelectic effects.

How challenges in auditory fMRI led to general advancements for the field

In the early years of fMRI research, the auditory neuroscience community sought to expand its knowledge of the underlying physiology of hearing, while also seeking to come to grips with the inherent acoustic disadvantages of working in the fMRI environment. Early collaborative efforts between prominent auditory research laboratories and prominent fMRI centers led to development of a number of key technical advances that have subsequently been widely used to elucidate principles of auditory neurophysiology. Perhaps the key imaging advance was the simultaneous and parallel development of strategies to use pulse sequences in which the volume acquisitions were "clustered," providing gaps in which stimuli could be presented without direct masking. Such sequences have become widespread in fMRI studies using auditory stimuli and also in a range of translational research domains. This review presents the parallel stories of the people and the auditory neurophysiology research that led to these sequences.

Atomic structure of surface defects in alumina studied by dynamic force microscopy: strain-relief-, translation- and reflection-related boundaries, including their junctions

We present an extensive atomic resolution frequency modulation dynamic force microscopy study of ultrathin aluminium oxide on a single crystalline NiAl(110) surface. One-dimensional surface defects produced by domain boundaries have been resolved. Images are presented for reflection domain boundaries (RDBs), four different types of antiphase domain boundaries, a nucleation-related translation domain boundary and also domain boundary junctions. New structures and aspects of the boundaries and their network are revealed and merged into a comprehensive picture of the defect arrangements. The alumina film also covers the substrate completely at the boundaries and their junctions and follows the structural building principles found in its unit cell. This encompasses square and rectangular groups of surface oxygen sites. The observed structural elements can be related to the electronic signature of the boundaries and therefore to the electronic defects associated with the boundaries. A coincidence site lattice predicted for the RDBs is in good agreement with experimental data. With Σ = 19 it can be considered to be of low-sigma type, which frequently coincides with special boundary properties. Images of asymmetric RDBs show points of good contact alternating with regions of nearly amorphous disorder in the oxygen sublattice.

Research-IQ: Development and evaluation of an ontology-anchored integrative query tool

Investigators in the translational research and systems medicine domains require highly usable, efficient and integrative tools and methods that allow for the navigation of and reasoning over emerging large-scale data sets. Such resources must cover a spectrum of granularity from bio-molecules to population phenotypes. Given such information needs, we report upon the initial design and evaluation of an ontology-anchored integrative query tool, Research-IQ, which employs a combination of conceptual knowledge engineering and information retrieval techniques to enable the intuitive and rapid construction of queries, in terms of semi-structured textual propositions, that can subsequently be applied to integrative data sets. Our initial results, based upon both quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the efficacy and usability of Research-IQ, demonstrate its potential to increase clinical and translational research throughput.

Non-syndromic Oligodontia with a Novel Mutation of PAX9

Agenesis of the permanent teeth is a congenital anomaly that is frequently seen in humans. Oligodontia is a severe type of tooth agenesis involving 6 or more congenitally missing teeth, excluding the third molars. Previous studies have indicated that mutations in the homeobox gene MSX1, paired domain transcription factor PAX9, and EDA are associated with non-syndromic oligodontia. This study reports a Japanese family (eight of 14 family members affected) with non-syndromic oligodontia who preferentially lacked molar teeth. In this family, a novel frameshift mutation (321_322insG) was identified in the paired domain of PAX9. The frameshift mutation caused altered amino acids in the paired domain and premature termination of translation by 26 amino acids. When transfected into COS-7 cells, the mRNA expression of 321_322insG PAX9 was comparable with that of wild-type PAX9. However, the mRNA of 321_322insG PAX9 was more unstable than that of wild-type PAX9. This mRNA instability caused a marked decrease in protein production, as evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunostaining. These findings suggest that the 321_322insG mutation causes insufficient function of PAX9 protein and haploinsufficiency as a genetic model of familial non-syndromic oligodontia with a PAX9 mutation.

Proteome Evolution and the Metabolic Origins of Translation and Cellular Life

The origin of life has puzzled molecular scientists for over half a century. Yet fundamental questions remain unanswered, including which came first, the metabolic machinery or the encoding nucleic acids. In this study we take a protein-centric view and explore the ancestral origins of proteins. Protein domain structures in proteomes are highly conserved and embody molecular functions and interactions that are needed for cellular and organismal processes. Here we use domain structure to study the evolution of molecular function in the protein world. Timelines describing the age and function of protein domains at fold, fold superfamily, and fold family levels of structural complexity were derived from a structural phylogenomic census in hundreds of fully sequenced genomes. These timelines unfold congruent hourglass patterns in rates of appearance of domain structures and functions, functional diversity, and hierarchical complexity, and revealed a gradual build up of protein repertoires associated with metabolism, translation and DNA, in that order. The most ancient domain architectures were hydrolase enzymes and the first translation domains had catalytic functions for the aminoacylation and the molecular switch-driven transport of RNA. Remarkably, the most ancient domains had metabolic roles, did not interact with RNA, and preceded the gradual build-up of translation. In fact, the first translation domains had also a metabolic origin and were only later followed by specialized translation machinery. Our results explain how the generation of structure in the protein world and the concurrent crystallization of translation and diversified cellular life created further opportunities for proteomic diversification.

Transferência cultural em tradução: contextualização, desdobramentos, desafios

<p>Este artigo discute alguns elementos pertinentes à compreensão da noção de “transferência cultural” em sua relação com a tradução. Para a definição de um contexto, as considerações remetem à década compreendida entre 1970 e 1980, aproximadamente, período que a historiografia dos Estudos da Tradução costuma reservar a uma mudança de paradigma operada em tradução: a primazia do texto a ser traduzido cede lugar paulatinamente às condições de recepção do texto traduzido. Tal mudança, levada a cabo <em>pari passu</em> com evoluções correlatas em áreas afins, atingiu a reflexão sobre tradução como um todo. Embora mais facilmente perceptível (e aceitável) no domínio da tradução literária, a noção de transferência cultural passa a ser elemento fundamental também da tradução de textos técnicos e científicos. Sensibilizar estudantes de tradução para algumas características dessa questão e oferecer um breve panorama das premissas teóricas para o seu tratamento em trabalhos de grau são os objetivos deste estudo.</p>

Capturing translation processes to access metalinguistic awareness

Despite the economic importance of translation work, research can hardly keep pace with current developments, especially the use of electronic resources. A growing body of literature on writing processes in various languages and domains (e.g. journalism, education) has provided insight into how professionals and students use language and language resources. However, the questions of how translators use electronic, non-electronic, and internal linguistic resources and of how novices and experts differ in this regard remain to be investigated in detail. A multi-method approach called progression analysis, which combines ethnographic observation, interviews, computer logging, screenshot recordings, and cue-based retrospective verbalizations, has been used to explore differences between novice and expert journalists and lends itself ideally to the domain of translation. Progression analysis captures diverse aspects of translation processes as students and professionals translate and revise their texts and allows us to access their metalinguistic awareness in order to gain insight into their translation competence. The realization of this awareness in different strategies for translating to and from the translator’s dominant language is highlighted for the language combination German and English, and differences between novices’ and experts’ awareness of their revision processes and resource use are identified.

Crystal chemistry and domain structure of rare-earth doped BiFeO3 ceramics

Bi(1−x)RExFeO3 (BREF100x, RE = La, Nd, Sm, Gd) has been investigated with a view to establish a broad overview of their crystal chemistry and domain structure. For x ≤ 0.1, the perovskite phase in all compositions could be indexed according to the rhombohedral, R3c cell of BiFeO3. For Nd and Sm doped compositions with 0.1 0.1, x > 0.15, and x > 0.2 in Gd, Sm, and Nd doped BiFeO3, respectively. For x > 0.2, La doped compositions became pseudocubic at room temperatures but high angle XRD peaks were broad and asymmetric. These compositions have been indexed as the orthoferrite structure. It was concluded therefore that the orthoferrite phase appeared at lower values of x as the RE ferrite, end member tolerance factor decreased. However, the compositional window over which the PbZrO3-like phase was stable increased with increasing end member tolerance factor but was not found as single phase in La doped compositions at room temperature. On heating, the PbZrO3-like phase in BNF20 transformed to the orthoferrite, Pnma structure. TC for all compositions decreased with decreasing A-site, average ionic polarizabilty and tolerance factor. For compositions with R3c symmetry, superstructure and orientational, and translational (antiphase) domains were observed in a manner typical of an antiphase-tilted, ferroelectric perovskite. For the new PbZrO3-like phase orientational domains were observed.

Translational informatics: enabling high-throughput research paradigms

A common thread throughout the clinical and translational research domains is the need to collect, manage, integrate, analyze, and disseminate large-scale, heterogeneous biomedical data sets. However, well-established and broadly adopted theoretical and practical frameworks and models intended to address such needs are conspicuously absent in the published literature or other reputable knowledge sources. Instead, the development and execution of multidisciplinary, clinical, or translational studies are significantly limited by the propagation of "silos" of both data and expertise. Motivated by this fundamental challenge, we report upon the current state and evolution of biomedical informatics as it pertains to the conduct of high-throughput clinical and translational research and will present both a conceptual and practical framework for the design and execution of informatics-enabled studies. The objective of presenting such findings and constructs is to provide the clinical and translational research community with a common frame of reference for discussing and expanding upon such models and methodologies.

Imaging of Hybrid-Multiferroic and Translation Domains in a Spin-Spiral Ferroelectric

AbstractTwo fundamentally different types of domains were resolved in multiferroic MnWO4 by optical second harmonic generation (SHG). Hybrid-multiferroic (absolute) domains reflect the magnetic chirality coupled 1:1 to the spontaneous polarization because of the magnetic origin of the ferroelectric order. Magnetic translation (relative) domains reflect discontinuities in the progression of the magnetic spin spiral. SHG topography is the only experimental method so far allowing one to image both types of domains. The imaging procedure and the SHG contributions involved are therefore discussed in detail.

A review of kinematic indicators from mass-transport complexes using 3D seismic data

Three-dimensional (3D) seismic reflection data have recently been shown to be an excellent tool in the study of submarine mass-transport complexes (MTCs), from which kinematic indicators can be identified. Kinematic indicators are geological structures or features which may be analysed to allow the direction, magnitude and mode of transport to be constrained. The various indicator types have been classified according to where they may typically be found within the MTC body – the headwall domain, translational domain and toe domain. Aspects of their formation, identification using seismic data and their kinematic value are discussed, and illustrated using examples taken from 3D seismic data from the continental margin of Norway and the Levant Margin, both of which have been influenced by repetitive large-scale slope failure in the recent past. The imaging of kinematic indicators using seismic surveys which provide large areal coverage allows swift and confident evaluation of the direction of translation, and in many cases also allow the degree of translation of the displaced slide material to be constrained. Imaging of the basal shear surface, analysis of internal architectures and determination of transport direction are areas which are of particular benefit from the analysis of 3D seismic. The descriptions and applications of the various kinematic indicators detailed in this study should find broad applicability for seismic interpreters working on MTCs in many different settings and locations.

A structure refinement protocol combining NMR residual dipolar couplings and small angle scattering restraints

We present the implementation of a target function based on Small Angle Scattering data (Gabel et al. Eur Biophys J 35(4):313-327, 2006) into the Crystallography and NMR Systems (CNS) and demonstrate its utility in NMR structure calculations by simultaneous application of small angle scattering (SAS) and residual dipolar coupling (RDC) restraints. The efficiency and stability of the approach are demonstrated by reconstructing the structure of a two domain region of the 31 kDa nuclear export factor TAP (TIP-associated protein). Starting with the high resolution X-ray structures of the two individual TAP domains, the translational and orientational domain arrangement is refined simultaneously. We tested the stability of the protocol against variations of the SAS target parameters and the number of RDCs and their uncertainties. The activation of SAS restraints results in an improved translational clustering of the domain positions and lifts part of the fourfold degeneracy of their orientations (associated with a single alignment tensor). The resulting ensemble of structures reflects the conformational space that is consistent with the experimental SAS and RDC data. The SAS target function is computationally very efficient. SAS restraints can be activated at different levels of precision and only a limited SAS angular range is required. When combined with additional data from chemical shift perturbation, paramagnetic relaxation enhancement or mutational analysis the SAS refinement is an efficient approach for defining the topology of multi-domain and/or multimeric biomolecular complexes in solution based on available high resolution structures (NMR or X-ray) of the individual domains.

Interatomic potential calculations of III(Al, In)–N planar defects with a III‐species environment approach

AbstractIII–N compound semiconductors are nowadays widely used in electronic device technology. Due to the complexity of their structures planar and linear defects may have various atomic configurations. Since in the wurtzite structure of AlN and InN the second‐neighbor distance is very close to the stable “metallic” Al–Al and In–In distances respectively, a III‐species environment approach based on a Tersoff empirical bond order interatomic potential is developed in which the cut‐off distance for Al–Al and In–In interactions is tuned. In particular, the work is focused on two issues: the development of an approach for the calculation of defected structures in III‐nitrides and the application of this method on a series of planar defects in wurtzite structure. Various structural and energy‐related conclusions are drawn that are attributed to the complexity of the III–III metal type and N–N interactions in connection with the difference of the lattice parameters and the elastic constants. Molecular dynamic simulations are led to the conclusion that structural transformations may also occur. The Austerman–Gehman and Holt models for the inversion domain boundary (IDB) on the (10$ \bar 1 $0) plane are higher in energy than the IDB* model of Northrup, Neugebauer, and Romano. The model of Blank et al. for the translation domain boundary (TDB) on the {1$ \bar 2 $10} plane is unstable with respect to Drum's model. The Austerman model for the IDB on the {1$ \bar 2 $10} plane is unstable with respect to the IDB* model appropriate for this plane. The Austerman {10$ \bar 1 $0} IDB model is recognized as a strong candidate, among the IDB atomic configurations. Moreover, models for IDBs on {10$ \bar 1 $0} planes in which the boundary plane intersects two bonds (type‐2 models) are less stable than models in which the boundary plane intersects one bond (type‐1 models), in all cases considered. It is confirmed that the III‐species environment approach describes the “wrong”‐bonded defect local configuration structures more realistically with respect to the standard approach. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)