Domain Translation Research Articles

Strain analysis of a seismically imaged mass‐transport complex, offshore Uruguay

AbstractStrain style, magnitude and distribution within mass‐transport complexes (MTCs) are important for understanding the process evolution of submarine mass flows and for estimating their runout distances. Structural restoration and quantification of strain in gravitationally driven passive margins have been shown to approximately balance between updip extensional and downdip contractional domains; such an exercise has not yet been attempted for MTCs. We here interpret and structurally restore a shallowly buried (c. 1,500 mbsf) and well‐imaged MTC, offshore Uruguay using a high‐resolution (12.5 m vertical and 15 × 12.5 m horizontal resolution) three‐dimensional seismic‐reflection survey. This allows us to characterise and quantify vertical and lateral strain distribution within the deposit. Detailed seismic mapping and attribute analysis shows that the MTC is characterised by a complicated array of kinematic indicators, which vary spatially in style and concentration. Seismic‐attribute extractions reveal several previously undocumented fabrics preserved in the MTC, including internal shearing in the form of sub‐orthogonal shear zones, and fold‐thrust systems within the basal shear zone beneath rafted‐blocks. These features suggest multiple transport directions and phases of flow during emplacement. The MTC is characterised by a broadly tripartite strain distribution, with extensional (e.g. normal faults), translational and contractional (e.g. folds and thrusts) domains, along with a radial frontally emergent zone. We also show how strain is preferentially concentrated around intra‐MTC rafted‐blocks due to their kinematic interactions with the underlying basal shear zone. Overall, and even when volume loss within the frontally emergent zone is included, a strain difference between extension (1.6–1.9 km) and contraction (6.7–7.3 km) is calculated. We attribute this to a combination of distributed, sub‐seismic, ‘cryptic’ strain, likely related to de‐watering, grain‐scale deformation and related changes in bulk sediment volume. This work has implications for assessing MTCs strain distribution and provides a practical approach for evaluating structural interpretations within such deposits.

Translating the Cabinet of Curiosities in Early Modern England

Reading the book of creatures, or book of nature, in the age of early modern empiricism involved new methods that brought a new and enriched understanding of translation. Even as it was enjoying a golden age of literary translation, seventeenth-century England experienced a perceptible shift in attention from texts to things, introducing a new domain of translation at the centre of which was the cabinet of curiosities, a site of translation in every major sense of the word.... Collectors acquired objects from points around the globe and transmitted them via a pan-European network of exchange. Many of these objects were of interest precisely because they bore the marks of some sort of material transformation, such as, for example, a nautilus shell turned into an ornate vessel. The cabinet of curiosities itself was an attempt to render into a complex visual language a representation of a rapidly expanding and changing world of experience, deeply entwined with efforts to reform or devise new linguistic systems to mediate adequately this new world of objects.

Uticaj mašinskog prevođenja na kvalitet prevoda stručnih tekstova sa engleskog jezika na srpski

The use of Internet machine translators is a common and frequent practice in everyday life, as one of the most accessible and at the same time the easiest way to translate technical literature and other variety of texts. In addition, the number of published translations containing many errors increases on a daily basis. This paper presents a pilot study which is based on ten students' papers dealing with the analysis of machine translations of short, identical, technical texts in the time frame of three school years. The aim of this paper is to investigate the reliability of machine translators in the past and present and whether there are any changes in translations and which. The types of errors as well as percentage to what extent they occurred were analysed. The reverse translation was performed and based on that the results presented in the paper are obtained. The period of three years has shown that the differences in translation are significant. This indicates that the machine translation management is possible, especially in the field of information technology development and mutual co-operation of linguists and information technology experts. The cooperation in the domain of machine translation is necessary and must be permanent.

A user-study on online adaptation of neural machine translation to human post-edits

The advantages of neural machine translation (NMT) have been extensively validated for offline translation of several language pairs for different domains of spoken and written language. However, research on interactive learning of NMT by adaptation to human post-edits has so far been confined to simulation experiments. We present the first user study on online adaptation of NMT to user post-edits in the domain of patent translation. Our study involves 29 human subjects (translation students) whose post-editing effort and translation quality were measured on about 4500 interactions of a human post-editor and an NMT system integrating an online adaptive learning algorithm. Our experimental results show a significant reduction in human post-editing effort due to online adaptation in NMT according to several evaluation metrics, including hTER, hBLEU, and KSMR. Furthermore, we found significant improvements in BLEU/TER between NMT outputs and professional translations in granted patents, providing further evidence for the advantages of online adaptive NMT in an interactive setup.

Sentence Selection and Weighting for Neural Machine Translation Domain Adaptation

Neural machine translation (NMT) has been prominent in many machine translation tasks. However, in some domain-specific tasks, only the corpora from similar domains can improve translation performance. If out-of-domain corpora are directly added into the in-domain corpus, the translation performance may even degrade. Therefore, domain adaptation techniques are essential to solve the NMT domain problem. Most existing methods for domain adaptation are designed for the conventional phrase-based machine translation. For NMT domain adaptation, there have been only a few studies on topics such as fine tuning, domain tags, and domain features. In this paper, we have four goals for sentence level NMT domain adaptation. First, the NMT's internal sentence embedding is exploited and the sentence embedding similarity is used to select out-of-domain sentences that are close to the in-domain corpus. Second, we propose three sentence weighting methods, i.e., sentence weighting, domain weighting, and batch weighting, to balance the data distribution during NMT training. Third, in addition, we propose dynamic training methods to adjust the sentence selection and weighting during NMT training. Fourth, to solve the multidomain problem in a real-world NMT scenario where the domain distributions of training and testing data often mismatch, we proposed a multidomain sentence weighting method to balance the domain distributions of training data and match the domain distributions of training and testing data. The proposed methods are evaluated in international workshop on spoken language translation (IWSLT) English-to-French/German tasks and a multidomain English-to-French task. Empirical results show that the sentence selection and weighting methods can significantly improve the NMT performance, outperforming the existing baselines.

Reading the (functional) writing on the (structural) wall: Multimodal fusion of brain structure and function via a deep neural network based translation approach reveals novel impairments in schizophrenia

This work presents a novel approach to finding linkage/association between multimodal brain imaging data, such as structural MRI (sMRI) and functional MRI (fMRI). Motivated by the machine translation domain, we employ a deep learning model, and consider two different imaging views of the same brain like two different languages conveying some common facts. That analogy enables finding linkages between two modalities. The proposed translation-based fusion model contains a computing layer that learns “alignments” (or links) between dynamic connectivity features from fMRI data and static gray matter patterns from sMRI data. The approach is evaluated on a multi-site dataset consisting of eyes-closed resting state imaging data collected from 298 subjects (age- and gender matched 154 healthy controls and 144 patients with schizophrenia). Results are further confirmed on an independent dataset consisting of eyes-open resting state imaging data from 189 subjects (age- and gender matched 91 healthy controls and 98 patients with schizophrenia). We used dynamic functional connectivity (dFNC) states as the functional features and ICA-based sources from gray matter densities as the structural features. The dFNC states characterized by weakly correlated intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) were found to have stronger association with putamen and insular gray matter pattern, while the dFNC states of profuse strongly correlated ICNs exhibited stronger links with the gray matter pattern in precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and temporal cortex. Further investigation with the estimated link strength (or alignment score) showed significant group differences between healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia in several key regions including temporal lobe, and linked these to connectivity states showing less occupancy in healthy controls. Moreover, this novel approach revealed significant correlation between a cognitive score (attention/vigilance) and the function/structure alignment score that was not detected when data modalities were considered separately.

Abstract 291: Building a program in cancer bioinformatics and computational biology: A balancing act

Abstract Bioinformatics is a transdisciplinary field based on statistics, machine learning, computer science, biology, and medicine. Computational biology can be considered a subfield of bioinformatics in which computation is analogous to experiments in laboratory science; the emphasis is on the biologist's endpoint (1). There is no standard blueprint for a program in bioinformatics, but perhaps our experience in building the Dept. of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (DBCB) at UT MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) can offer some instructive ideas, particularly a set of balances that must be struck. Current Personnel (106): • Faculty (15) plus visiting professors • Statistical analysts (17); BioAnalysts (a new job description) (2) • Software engineers in-house (6); on contract (4) • IT staff (4) • Wet laboratory staff (14) • Graduate students (15), postdoctoral fellows (22) • Administrators (7) Essential goals and metrics: • Excellence in academic research: Faculty averaging 9.2 authorships each (in 2016), including 14 overall with IF > 20. • Excellence in Bioinformatics support for projects and programs: In 2016, analysts working on 376 projects for 122 PIs in 50 MDACC departments • Excellence in Education: Teaching in the UT Graduate School of Biomedical Science, etc. • Development of cutting edge bioinformatics software tuned for biologists and clinical researchers (e.g., NGCHMs, MBatch, TCPA, Tanric, MuSE, TransVar, SpliceSeq, VirusSeq, SoS) • Excellence in career development for all: Intensive mentoring Balances to be struck: • Academic research vs. collaborative support: Faculty supervise support, but analysts (17 of them PhDs) do most of it, sharing expertise (and authoring 4.1 authorships each/yr). Faculty's academic projects often flow from collaborative support interactions. • Centralized vs. distributed system for support: We would wish for (a) total immersion of bioinformatics personnel in the basic, translational, or clinical domain being supported; (b) total immersion in the relevant technology and its analytical tools; and (c) total immersion in the bioinformatics community for sharing of expertise, continuing career development, and morale. Clearly, a compromise solution is necessary. Our (imperfect) answer is a hybrid system that emphasizes longitudinal association of faculty and analysts with the biomedical domain department or program supported. • Pure computational vs. combined computational/laboratory research: 5 of 14 faculty have combined programs. There is career benefit but also a cost in time and focus. • Investigator-initiated projects vs. projects that originate from interactions within the institution vs. national/international projects: Our answer has been a self-chosen mix, with deep participation and leadership in NIH projects, notably TCGA. Reference: 1. Weinstein JN. Cancer bioinformatics. In Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine, 9th edition (R. Bast et al., Eds.), 2016. Citation Format: John N. Weinstein, and the Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. Building a program in cancer bioinformatics and computational biology: A balancing act [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 291.

Therapeutic Attenuation of Cardiac Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Conversation With Marc A. Pfeffer, MD, PhD.

Marc Pfeffer, MD, PhD, is the Dzau Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School; and Senior Physician, Cardiovascular Division at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. He was born in Brooklyn, NY, and obtained his MD and PhD at the University of Oklahoma. He married his late wife and research collaborator, Janice Pfeffer, PhD, in 1970. He has won numerous awards, including the American Heart Association James B. Herrick Award for Outstanding Achievements in Clinical Cardiology (2013) and the American Heart Association Distinguished Scientist Award (2015), the American College of Cardiology Distinguished Scientist Award (Translational Domain; 2017), and an Honorary Doctoral Degree from Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (2014). ### Dr Rutherford asks: In the early 1970s, you, and your late wife Janice, studied adrenergic mechanisms and cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular function, as well, in spontaneously hypertensive rats. What led to your initial animal studies on acute myocardial infarction and your interest in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system? Dr Pfeffer replies: As graduate students in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at the University of Oklahoma, my late wife, Janice, and I had the privilege to work under the tutelage of Edward D. Frohlich, MD, who is a pioneer in the hemodynamics of hypertension with a major emphasis on the response of the heart to the augmented workload imposed by hypertension. He was keenly interested in the functional consequences of developing left ventricular hypertrophy and obtained breeding stock of the newly developed Japanese strain of the SHR. We developed methods to assess hemodynamics and left ventricular function to compare normotensive with hypertensive rats during aging. We found a marked age-associated deterioration in contractile performance in the hypertensive rats that could be prevented by a variety of antihypertensive agents. Our studies of the longitudinal changes in ventricular structure and function in an animal model of genetic hypertension caught the attention of Eugene Braunwald, MD, who was organizing a Program Project Grant on the Pathophysiology of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy at the then Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. We moved to the Brigham in 1976 as his postdoctoral fellows (me as a medical intern) …

Participatory methods to support team science development for predictive analytics in health.

Predictive analytics in health is a complex, transdisciplinary field requiring collaboration across diverse scientific and stakeholder groups. Pilot implementation of participatory research to foster team science in predictive analytics through a partnered-symposium and funding competition. In total, 85 stakeholders were engaged across diverse translational domains, with a significant increase in perceived importance of early inclusion of patients and communities in research. Participatory research approaches may be an effective model for engaging broad stakeholders in predictive analytics.

Analysis of Humour in Tv Series Friends and Its Translation Into Lithuanian

Summary The present study examines humour in the tenth season of the TV sitcom Friends and its translation from English into Lithuanian. With humour often believed to be culture-specific, humour translation presents a notorious issue in translation practice, as jocular content in the target language is often criticised for being poor and vague. Grounded in Raskin’s (1985) theory of verbal humour and adopting Schjoldager’s (2008) inventory of translation microstrategies, the article examines the components and mechanisms of humour in the source language and analyses the strategies applied to humour translation, focusing on whether the intended humorous effect is preserved in the target language. The article also seeks to establish to what extent humour as used in Friends is culturedependent. The study was conducted at two levels. First, we briefly presented the essence of Raskin’s model of humour, which centres around the notions of script and incongruity, and later applied it to the selected series to identify and analyse the data in the source language. We then supplemented the findings with the identification of jokes in the target language and assessment of translation microstrategies employed in rendering humorous instances in Lithuanian. The findings of the study are believed to further the theoretical and practical domains of translation from English into Lithuanian in particular and, more broadly, contribute to the discussion on the culture-specific worldview.

Functional group selective STM Imaging in self-assembled monolayers: Benzeneselenol on Au(111)

Benzeneselenol (PSe) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed on Au(111) substrate by the immersion procedure with an immersion time of 24h and 4 weeks were studied by high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The short molecular rows, which have been previously attributed to irregular translational domains, were found to be regularly repeated within a single domain in the SAMs fabricated upon the immersion for 4 weeks, forming adlayer structure with a very large unit cell. This structure could be assigned as a (27×5) superlattice (α phase) containing 36 molecules in the oblique unit cell. This phase coexisted with a different phase having a commensurate (83×4) superstructure (β phase) containing 28 protrusions per rectangular unit cell. Analysis of the STM images suggested that each PSe molecule in the β phase was imaged not as one but as a pair of protrusions, which were attributed to the benzene ring and the selenium headgroup of the PSe molecule. At the given molecular length, the spacing between the protrusions defined the molecular tilt, allowing us to derive the orientation of the SAM constituents directly from the STM image.

Data Sharing in the Pharmaceutical Enterprise: The Genie's Out of the Bottle

ObjectiveThis Commentary shows that the present emphasis on the sharing of data from clinical trials can be extended to the entire pharmaceutical enterprise. MethodsThe authors constructed a Data Sharing Dashboard that shows the relationship between all of the life-cycle domains of the pharmaceutical enterprise from discovery to obsolescence and the domain-bridging disciplines, such as target credentialing, structure-activity relationships, and exposure-effect relationships. FindingsThe published literature encompassing the pharmaceutical enterprise is expansive, covering the major domains of discovery, translation, clinical development, and post-marketing outcomes research, all of which have even larger, though generally inaccessible, troves of legacy data bases. Notable exceptions include the fields of genomics and bioinformatics. ImplicationsWe have the opportunity to broaden the present momentum of interest in data sharing to the entire pharmaceutical enterprise, beginning with discovery and extending into health technology assessment and post-patent expiry generic use with the plan of integrating new levels and disciplines of knowledge and with the ultimate goal of improving the care of our patients.

\u201cA good collaboration is based on unique contributions from each side\u201d: assessing the dynamics of collaboration in stem cell science

The rise of ‘big biology’ is bringing academic and industrial scientists together in large consortia to address translational challenges in the life sciences. In order to assess the impact of this change, this paper examines the existing norms and styles of collaboration in one high profile translational domain; stem cell research. Data is drawn from qualitative interviews with academic and industry scientists working in a large European stem cell research project. Respondents discussed what they perceived as the main benefits and risks of collaborative research, what styles of collaboration they were familiar with, and what collaborative work in stem cell science normally involves. A wide range of materials, data, and expertise can be exchanged during collaborative work. Informal collaborations are governed by an ethos of reciprocity and mediated by trust while formal project agreements can provide a safe space for sharing between unfamiliar partners. These characteristics make stem cell research well suited to pre-competitive public-private ventures but translation of new products to market may be more challenging.

Testing a methodological framework for retrieving parallel texts in the domain of business translation

ABSTRACTParallel texts complement other documentary resources such as dictionaries, glossaries, and terminology databases. Although translators have used them for a long time, there seems to be a lack of consensus on both how to design and how to use them. Against this backdrop, I propose a methodological framework that systematises the retrieval of parallel texts with search engines. First, I review a number of studies on the concept of parallel texts as well as the use of search engines in translation. Next, I describe the proposed framework. I then consider a series of case studies and apply the model to 10 texts from the field of economics and business. The aim is to assess the hits Google provides in response to a series of search queries. The results obtained show how useful a detailed knowledge of the texts to be retrieved and their possible location on the web is.

The effects of base-salt relief on salt flow and suprasalt deformation patterns — Part 1: Flow across simple steps in the base of salt

Passive margins underlain by a salt detachment are typically interpreted as kinematically linked zones of updip extension and downdip contraction separated by a zone of translation above a smoothly dipping base of salt. However, salt flow is affected by the base-of-salt geometry across which it flows, and early-stage gravity gliding induced by basin tilt may be complicated by the presence of salt-thickness changes caused by the pre-existing base-salt relief. We investigate these effects using physical models. Dip-parallel steps generate strike-slip fault zones separating domains of differential downslope translation and structural styles, provided the overburden is thin enough. If the overburden is thicker, it resists breakup, but a change in the structural trend occurs across the step. Steps with mild obliquity to the dip direction produce transtensional and transpressional faults in the cover separating structural domains. Deformation complexity in the overburden increases where base-salt steps strike at a high angle to salt flow, and it is especially dependent on the ratio between the thick ([Formula: see text]) and thin ([Formula: see text]) salt across the step at the base of salt. Where the salt-thickness ratio ([Formula: see text]) is high, basal drag generates major flux mismatches, resulting in a contractional thickening of the salt and associated overburden shortening in thin salt above a base-salt high block. Shortening is transient and superseded by extension as the salt thickening allows the flow velocity to increase. When transitioning off a base-salt high block into a low block, the greater flux within the thick salt results in a monocline with extensional and contractional hinges. Structures are further deformed as they translate through these hinge zones. Our physical models demonstrate that extensional diapirs and compressional fold belts can be initiated anywhere on a slope as the salt accelerates and decelerates across base-salt relief. A fold belt from the Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, is used to illustrate these processes.

A new composite multi-constrained differential-radon warping approach for digital video affine motion stabilization

This paper presents a new projection based affine motion stabilizer framework for video stabilization using differential-Radon (DRadon) curve warping. Extending the translational domain of classical projection based algorithms towards affine stabilization, multiple angular curves obtained with Radon or rotated images have recently been explored for combined rotation and zoom estimation. Radon provides efficient projection extraction, but use of integral intensity under local variation degrades the desired motion accuracy. DRadon works on derivative of each angular slice to incorporate shape based matching for better projection alignment. Based on human perception of inter-frame tilt in unsteady camera recordings, the proposed angular DRadon curve estimation is confined to angular search space of [−20ο, 20ο] with the angular increment of 0.1ο. Out of complete set of angular DRadon curves of reference frame, five key-angular slices are selected and correlated with their corresponding neighbourhood in target DRadon for inter-frame tilt estimation. Best matched key slices of reference and target DRadon are warped using a novel multi-constrained approach and the extracted warping vectors are further processed for translation and zoom estimation. A vector-slope algorithm based on relative stretching/contraction between the DRadon-projections is used for camera zoom estimation. Combining the estimated motion parameters, an affine transformation is developed for inter-frame stabilization. Comparative performance using motion accuracy and frame stability is evaluated over different categories of real-world videos.

Multi-objective optimization techniques to design the Pareto front of organic dielectric polymers

We present two Monte Carlo algorithms to find the Pareto front of the chemical space of a class of dielectric polymers that is most interesting with respect to optimizing both the bandgap and dielectric constant. Starting with a dataset generated from density functional theory calculations, we used machine learning to construct surrogate models for the bandgaps and dielectric constants of all physically meaningful 4-block polymers (that is, polymer systems with a 4-block repeat unit). We parameterized these machine learning models in such a way that the surrogates built for the 4-block polymers were readily extendable to polymers beyond a 4-block repeat unit. By using translational invariance, chemical intuition, and domain knowledge, we were able to enumerate all possible 4, 6, and 8 block polymers and benchmark our Monte Carlo sampling of the chemical space against the exact enumeration of the surrogate predictions. We obtained exact agreement for the fronts of 4-block polymers and at least a 90% agreement for those of 6 and 8-block polymers. We present fronts for 10-block polymer that are not possible to obtain by direct enumeration. We note that our Monte Carlo methods also return polymers close to the predicted front and a measure of the closeness. Both quantities are useful information for the design and discovery of new polymers.

“Triple negative breast cancer”: Translational research and the (re)assembling of diseases in post-genomic medicine

The paper examines the debate about the nature and status of “Triple-negative breast cancer”, a controversial biomedical entity whose existence illustrates a number of features of post-genomic translational research. The emergence of TNBC is intimately linked to the rise of molecular oncology, and, more generally, to the changing configuration of the life sciences at the turn of the new century. An unprecedented degree of integration of biological and clinical practices has led to the proliferation of bio-clinical entities emerging from translational research. These translations take place between platforms rather than between clinical and laboratory settings. The complexity and heterogeneity of TNBC, its epistemic and technical, biological and clinical dualities, result from its multiple instantiations via different platforms, and from the uneven distribution of biological materials, techniques, and objects across clinical research settings. The fact that TNBC comes in multiple forms, some of which seem to be incompatible or, at least, only partially overlapping, appears to be less a threat to the whole endeavor, than an aspect of an ongoing translational research project. Discussions of translational research that rest on a distinction between basic research and its applications fail to capture the dynamics of this new domain of activity, insofar as application is built-in from the very beginning in the bio-clinical entities that emerge from the translational research domain.

Exposing local symmetries in distorted driven lattices via time-averaged invariants

Time-averaged two-point currents are derived and shown to be spatially invariant within domains of local translation or inversion symmetry for arbitrary time-periodic quantum systems in one dimension. These currents are shown to provide a valuable tool for detecting deformations of a spatial symmetry in static and driven lattices. In the static case the invariance of the two-point currents is related to the presence of time-reversal invariance and/or probability current conservation. The obtained insights into the wave functions are further exploited for a symmetry-based convergence check which is applicable for globally broken but locally retained potential symmetries.

Microscopy Study of Structural Evolution in Epitaxial LiCoO2 Positive Electrode Films during Electrochemical Cycling.

The evolution of interface between the epitaxial thin film LiCoO2 (LCO) electrode and liquid electrolyte and inside the LCO film during electrochemical cycling has been analyzed by high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. Relaxation of sharp translational domain boundaries with mismatched layers of CoO2 octahedra occurs during cycling and results in formation of continuous CoO2 layers across the boundaries. The original trigonal layered structure of LiCoO2 tends to change into a spinel structure at the electrode/electrolyte interface after significant extraction of Li from LCO. This change is more pronounced at 4.2 V peak of CV, indicating lower stability of the layered LCO structure near its surface after Li is extracted above 60%. The transformed structure is identified to be close to Co3O4, with Co both on tetrahedral and octahedral sites, rather than to LiCo2O4 as it was suggested in earlier publications. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy measurements also show that Co ions oxidation state is reduced to mixed valence state Co(2+)/Co(3+) during the structure changes to spinel rather than oxidized.