Translation Shifts Research Articles

CATEGORY SHIFT USED IN NOUN PRHASE AND ITS QUALITY IN THE NOVEL DIVERGENT

The aims of this research were to find the type of category shift, and quality assessment of noun phrase translation in the novel Divergent. Based on theory Catford (1965). Also, theory Nababan (2012) for quality assessment. This research used a descriptive–qualitative method. To achieve the aims of this study, the researcher used some techniques to analyze the data such as reading and collecting data, underlining the type of category shift in the text of the novel, categorizing types of translation shift, assessing translation accuracy, assessing translation readability and acceptability. Based on the data analysis, it was found that 92% of the data were accurate because the category shift of noun phrase in the target language has equivalent meaning with the source language; 6% of the data were less accurate because the category shift of noun phrase had no equal meaning with the source language and the equivalence seemed less natural, and 2% of the data were not accurate. Meanwhile, 93% of the data were readable because the translation was very easy to understand; 5% of the data were less readable because the translation was not very easy to understand, and 2% of the data were unreadable because the translation was difficult to understand. Furthermore, 92% of the data were acceptable because the translation sounds natural; the words, phrases, clauses, and sentences of the source text, 6% of data were less acceptable, and 2% of data were not acceptable. The dominant data of category shift are the structure shift which got the percentage of 56%, followed by intra-system shift 32%, class shift 8%, and unit shift 4 %.

TLSO: The Effect of Spinal Translation on Initial Coronal Curve Correction, Lateral Trunk Shift, and Coronal Balance in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

ABSTRACT Introduction Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is often treated orthotically with thoracic lumbar sacral orthoses (TLSOs). The goal of these TLSOs is to improve the scoliotic curve during wear to prevent further curve progression. To achieve this in-orthosis curve improvement, clinicians often apply corrective modifications to a 3D model of the patient's trunk through computer-aided design (CAD) software, which are fabricated into the TLSO. Modifications often include laterally shifting certain portions of the orthosis to apply corrective forces to the scoliotic curve. The amount and magnitude of the shifting applied are loosely based on clinical experience and patient characteristics, but the decision is somewhat arbitrary. The purpose of this study is to determine any existing correlation between applied coronal translation (shift) through CAD modifications of TLSOs and resulting coronal curve correction in female subjects with idiopathic scoliosis. Materials and Methods Female subjects with idiopathic scoliosis who were prescribed a TLSO were included in this study. Demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records on age, sex, hours of TLSO wear, body mass index (BMI), and Risser sign. Radiographic Cobb angle, data regarding curve flexibility, and the amount of coronal translation used during the CAD modification process were recorded. Differences in the primary scoliotic curve were then assessed based on initial x-rays and in-orthosis x-rays to calculate the change in Cobb angle, apical vertebra translation (AVT), coronal balance (CB), and thoracic trunk shift (TTS). Results Seventeen participants were included in the study. Average measured curve flexibility was 59.64%, and applied coronal translation to the CAD model ranged from 3 to 19 mm. Average Cobb angle improvement from the initial x-ray to the first in-orthosis x-ray was 23.57%, which was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Average improvement of AVT was 6.52 mm, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). CB improved by an average of 5.29 mm, and TTS improved by an average of 2.33 mm, neither of which was found to be a statistically significant improvement. No correlation was found between applied shifting in CAD modifications and Cobb angle improvement, AVT improvement, CB improvement, or TTS improvement. Conclusions These results do not support the hypothesis that greater applied lateral shifting in TLSO CAD modifications leads to greater coronal scoliotic curve correction. Orthotists are not able to predict in-orthosis coronal curve correction based on CAD modifications, spinal flexibility, and BMI alone. Additional factors play a role in the complexity of AIS treatment.

Analysis of Translation Shift of Noun Phrase In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Novel By Mark Twain

This thesis is entitled An Analysis Of Translation Shift Of Noun Phrase In The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Novel by Mark Twain’s. it has two objectives, namely (1) To Identify the types of noun phrase in terms of its constituent parts are used in The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Novel and (2) To Identify the types of translation shifts of noun phrase in The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Novel. Theory proposed by Catford (1965) about types of Translation Shift and it was combined with theory of Types of Noun Phrase by Quirk, Greenbaum, (1985: 245). The collected data were analyzed by reading the novel and classify the data base on the theory adopted. Based on final result show that the researcher finds 434 data of Noun Phrase found in the novel were Determinative + Head 266 data, Head + Pre-modification 99 data, and Head + Post-modification 69 data. The Types of Translation shift researcher finds 434 data that found in the novel were Translation Shift divided into two categories the first is Level shift its found 52 data and Category Shift is 382 data that divided into four categories the first is Unit Shift 35 data, Structure Shift 279 data, Class Shift 56 data and the last is Intra-system Shift 12 data.

Category Shift of Noun Phrases Found in the Translation of Romeo and Juliet Novel

The concern of this study is the translation shift especially the noun phrase category shift. The aims is to identify and clasify the kinds of category shift Indonesian translation Romeo and Juliet novel by William Shakespeare. The data were taken from 2 novel which is the English version and the translation version or Indonesian that has same tittle, Romeo and Juliet . The data were collected using the observation method, which was realized by reading the novel, identifying the category shift, underlining the noun phrase of category shift, and finding the meaning of the words. The data were analyzed by applying the qualitative and descriptive methods. The main theory applied in this study is the theory of translation shift proposed by Catford (1965) and translation process proposed by Larson (1998) which was used to analyze the study aims. The results showed that all of the category shift that proposed by Catford is found in the translation novel. The structure shift occurred in the highest frequency, with consist of 45 or 45% out of the total 100 cases it is because of the different structure grammatical of the source language (English) and target language (Indonesian). And the second most occurrence is unit shift which consists of 25 cases or about 25%. The third is intra-system shift which consists of 20 or 20% and the lowest is class shift which consists of 10 cases or 10% out of the total 100 cases.

Tailoring polarization singularity lattices by phase engineering of three-beam interference

Structured optical lattices obtained from interference of three linearly polarized plane waves arranged in a cone geometry produce interlaced polarization singularity structures. These lattices are known to be populated with both C-point and V-point singularities. All the lattice fields abide by the principle of index conservation. In this article, we focused on tailoring these polarization singularity lattices by perturbing the interfering beams with a relative encoded phase. We have shown that a spatial lateral-shifting of the ellipse- and vector field singularities by an order of lattice parameter can be achieved through an appropriate phase engineered design. Similar phase engineering in six and eight beam interference method of lattice generation produces different results. In six and eight beam interference, phase engineering enables realization of C-point only lattices and provides handedness control for the ellipse field singularities, whereas in three beam interference case, there is only a translation shift in the lattice structure.

Formulemes as a translation issue: a case study of English and Ukrainian

The present article focuses on exploring formulemes in English and Ukrainian from a translatological perspective. The multiword units under study constitute a specific type of clichés alongside nickname clichés, termemes and sentencemes. The distinctive characteristic of this class of phrasemes is that they designate a ritualized speech act which correlates with an internal state of the speaker, a moment of time, or a specific event or state of affairs. Formulemes are to be regarded as a hyponym of formulaic sequences and formulas viewed, in turn, as multiword units. Depending on whether the source language formuleme’s formal and/or semantic constituents are fully or partially retained in the target language, formulemes may be rendered literally or using translation shifts. If the target language formuleme’s form and meaning are identical to those of its source language counterpart, word-for-word translation is used, which, however, proves to be an infrequent occurrence in English-to-Ukrainian and Ukrainian-to-English translation. Far more common are cases when the target language formuleme’s form and/or meaning are non-identical to those of its source language counterpart, and so a translation shift takes place. The three basic shifts employed in rendering formulemes are found to be metaphoric transformation, explicitation and antonymic translation. In addition to the three techniques mentioned, contextual translation of formulemes is occasionally possible when conditioned by the pragmatics of the speech act.

RENDERING ENGLISH FICTION INDEFINITE PRONOUNS INTO UKRAINIAN: A CORPUS APPROACH

The paper deals with an investigation into the usage of English indefinite nominal pronouns in modern fictional discourse and the specificity of their rendering into Ukrainian with employment of corpus approach. The pronouns under study have been selected by the entire sampling method from the complete register compiled on the basis of the novel by J.K. Rowling “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban” and its Ukrainian version translated by V. Morozov. There have been determined the semantic structures of nine English indefinite pronouns based on their formal characteristics and the dictionary entries’ analysis. The units under analysis have been divided into three structural-semantic types according to their form and meaning, wherein two semantic subtypes have been distinguished. The lexemes of each of type have been distributed in decreasing sequence on a zero-ten frequency scale. There have been calculated the expected frequencies per 1,000 words for each of the types to suggest the probability of their usage in a text. The most frequent and the least frequent indefinite pronouns and pronoun types have been revealed, as well as the lexemes possessing medium frequencies. It has been identified that pronouns with 'some' are of highest frequency when pronouns with 'ever’ – the lowest, and pronouns with 'any’ are in between. The most frequent is the pronoun ‘something’, the least frequent is the pronoun ‘whoever’. Pronouns ‘anyone’ and ‘someone’ have demonstrated the average frequency in the microcorpus under analysis. With the use of the immediate constituents’ analysis and contextual analysis there have been revealed the peculiarities of the pronouns’ usage in the source text. Based on the transformational analysis there have been specified the translation methods and types of translation shifts employed for adequate rendering of the pronouns into Ukrainian. The most common methods of the analysed pronouns’ translation have been proved to be equivalent translation, omission, addition, lexical and lexico-grammatical replacements, with additions and grammatical shifts.

The English Translation of the intra-sententially repeated Quranic conjunctive particle “Wa”

ABSTRACT Conjunctive particles are purposely employed in the text and their translation must be done with careful consideration. In the Holy Quran, conjunctive particles are an important stylistic device deserving special concern, especially if they undergo intra-sentential repetition. This study, therefore, attempts to find out whether the intra-sentential repetition of the conjunctive particle “و/wa” in the Quran denotes the same function or different ones. Besides, the study endeavors to figure out if cohesive shifts such as implicitation and inaccurate translation are employed in the English translation of this conjunctive particle, and the impact of such shifts on the functions of the aforementioned conjunctive particle. Results reveal that the conjunctive particle “و/wa” repeated intra-sententially in the Holy Quran performs resumptive, additive, circumstantial and commentative functions and that the resumptive function is played more frequently than the others. In the translation process, implicitation and inaccurate translation shifts are very obvious, whereas in some cases they affect the functions of the conjunctive particle “و/wa.” Hence, a disconnection between verses or topics occurs; on other occasions, different functions are provided.

Cohesion and coherence shift in Jabra’s translation of Hamlet

This research aims at studying the cohesion and coherence shifts in Jabra’s translation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet in Arabic. A translator is a mediator between the source text (ST) and the target readers who expect an adequate and a coherent translation of the ST. The shift of cohesion and coherence can disrupt the continuity of the target text (TT). The sample of the research consisted of 172 lines taken from different acts and scenes involving potential problems in cohesion and coherence from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, translated by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. Blum-Kulka’s approach of cohesion and coherence shifts in translation was employed as a theoretical framework. The data analysis was based on meaning shift and explicitness shift in discourse and their effects on the continuity and understanding of the TT. The study concluded that the shift of cohesion and coherence in translation does not only affect the continuity of thoughts and events but disrupts the understanding of the target readers as well.

Роман Ф.М. Достоевского «Игрок» в венгерских переводах: интерпретация концепта любовная страсть

The article presents the first attempt to study the Hungarian translations of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s The Gambler. The research aims at determining the completeness of the translation of sensemaking elements in the two most popular Hunagarian translations by Endre Szabo (1900) and Erzsebet Guthi Devecserine (1957) to assess the impact of the translation shifts on the preservation of the novel’s idea. The method of studying the original and the translations is based on the concept analysis. Studying the original, the authors have revealed that the concept of passion (composed of such concepts as passion in love, passion for gambling, greed, and pride) is one of the sensemaking elements in the novel. The article focuses on passion in love in three episodes of the introduction which verbalise this concept in the image of Alexey Ivanovich, thus establishing his psychological portrait and describing his attitude to Polina. The worldview in Dostoevsky’s novels is built upon the orthodox values, which define the dominants of the novel axiology. The Hungarian culture is catholic. The contradictions between the Orthodox and Catholic interpretation of passion in general allow hypothesizing that the reproduction of some features of passion in love in translation may be challenging. The analysis of the translations has revealed that the translators rendered some features of the concept practically without loss (appetence, hatred, murder, jealousy, desire, appetite, agony / excruciation, suicide, disease). Theidentified losses (pleasure, extinction of appetence, loss of control) do not distort the sense of the episodes studied as well as the portrait of the character. The authors believe that it was possible to preserve the concept due to a number of factors. Firstly, the translators focused on the similarities rather that differences in the Orthodox and Catholic interpretations of passion. Secondly, the approach of the Hungarian translators is distinguished by an extremely careful attitude to the original: Szabo adheres to the literal reproduction of the original style and Devecserine aspires after the balance between the original and the Hungarian linguistic norm. Contribution of the authors: the authors contributed equally to this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Первые переводы романа А.С. Пушкина «Евгений Онегин» на итальянский язык

The article analyses two early translations of Aleksandr Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin into Italian. The first Italian critics of Eugene Onegin in the 19th century (Cesare Boccella, Enrico Montazio, Carlo Tenca) were convinced that the novel was weak and did not deserve to be translated. However, two translations appeared in the 19th century. The first translation of 1856 belongs to Louis Delatre, a Frenchman who assimilated in Italy. Delatre visited Russia, where he met Pyotr Vyazemsky, whose stories about Pushkin inspired Delatre to translate five of Pushkin’s works, including Eugene Onegin. The second translation was published in 1858 under the pseudonym A. B., currently attributed to A. Besobrasoff - Anna Ivanovna Bezobrazova, a Russian noblewoman. Comparing the original and the translations, the author identifies and describes the aspects of the original subject to translation shifts (genre definition, structure, lexical and stylistic levels) and determines the specificity of the early Italian reception of the novel. Louis Delatre. The translation of poetry into prose, the rearrangement of fragments within the text, the reduction of “useless details” (including significant structural elements of the original), the addition of notes, the replacement of Russian realities with Italian equivalents reveal an orientation towards greater clarity and ease of perception. The change in the style of the original and the focus on the Italian literary tradition indicate the identification of a foreign work through the prism of Italian culture. The factors stated above are indicative of the adaptation and orientation towards an unprepared reader, who is not familiar with a foreign culture. Delatre acts within the framework of the historically conditioned norms of translation practice, whose task at this stage is to bring the original closer to the reader, to facilitate his acquaintance with a foreign text. Anna Besobrasoff. On the one hand, the focus on the “plot”, the search for Italian equivalents, the addition of notes and descriptions are also characteristic of a historically conditioned adaptive translation strategy. On the other hand, literal translation, style neutralization, elimination of a specific group of “useless details” are rather typical of the translator’s individual reception, probably a consequence of the student’s goal of translation, the translator’s desire to “practice the beautiful Italian language.” Both translations did not attract the attention of literary criticism and did not significantly influence the formation of the idea of Eugene Onegin in Italy at an early stage. The first Italian translations were more an accident rather than a regularity, since they stemmed from the translators’ personal interest in the novel, rather than a request from the recipient culture. This can be confirmed by the date of the next translation - it appeared only in 1906. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

SOLVING CONVOLUTION SINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATIONS WITH REFLECTION AND TRANSLATION SHIFTS UTILIZING RIEMANN-HILBERT APPROACH

<abstract> In this paper, method of solution for some kinds of convolution singular integral equations with reflection will be discussed in class {0}. By means of the theory of Fourier analysis and the theory of boundary value problems of analytic functions, such equations can be transformed into Riemann boundary value problems (i.e., Riemann-Hilbert problems) with nodes and reflection, or a system of linear algebraic equations. In spite of the classical method for solution, we are to give a new method, by which analytic solutions and conditions of Noether solvability are obtained respectively. At the end of this paper, we propose two kinds of convolution singular integral equations with reflections and a finite set of translation shifts. </abstract>

Translation Shifts of English Verb Phrase Patterns into Indonesian

Translation Shifts of English Verb Phrase Patterns into Indonesian

Pergeseran Terjemahan pada Teks Hadis dalam Dua Versi Terjemahan Kitab Tazkiyatun Nufus Wa Tarbiyatuha

This research analyses the translation shift of the hadis text in two versions of the translation of the tazkiyatun nufūs wa tarbiyatuhā works by Ibnu Rajab, Ibnu Qayyim and Imam Al-Ghazali, which Imtihan Asy-Syafi’i has translated as the first target text and which Umar Mujtahid has translated as the second target text. The translation shift in this study is divided into two. namely, shift in form and meaning. This translation shift occurred on the words. The purpose of this study is to describe the translation shift used by the translator in translating the tazkiyatun nufūs wa tarbiyatuhā book. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive method. The source of the data in the form of book tazkiyatun nufūs wa tarbiyatuhā and two versions of its translation. The data analysis was done gradually. First, collecting the data and classify them according to the category. Second, presentsing the whole data the the translation shift in a coherent and includinge the answer for every formulation of the problem. Third, drawing conclusions based on the result of the study. The research showed that from 47 data, there are 2 types of shift in forms. Namely 35 data shift at the level of syntax, 6 data shift in word category. As for the shift in meaning, there are 2 types, namely 3 data shift of the meaning of the generic to the spesific and 3 data shift according to the cultural point of view.

Loss and gain in the Vietnamese translational equivalents of English idioms used in the 4th volume of the novel series “Harry Potter” by J.K. Rowling

Owning to their unique semantic and structural features, idioms contribute to the richness of language, enabling language users to express their ideas in concise and sophisticated ways. This study is aimed at identifying and analyzing loss and gain in the Vietnamese translational equivalents of the English idioms used in the 4th volume of the Harry Potter novel serial by J.K. Rowling. The translation shift theory of Catford [1], [2] was employed to clarify the fundamental aspects of loss and gain phenomena. The study reveals that loss and gain in lexis or structure occur frequently in translations of idioms, assisting in preserving the idioms’ figurative meanings. It is hoped that the research results can be of some help for teaching, learning and English – Vietnamese translation of idioms.

An Analysis of Translation Shift of Adjective Phrases in the Subtitle of 2019 Movie “Jumanji: The Next Level”

The research aims to identify the translation shift and describe the equivalence of adjective phrases found in the Jumanji: The Next Level movie and its subtitling. To get the analysis result, translation shift proposed by Catford (1965) and degree of equivalence proposed by Bell (1991) are used in this research. The research is conducted by using descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the data and total sampling technique. The data of this research are 104 English adjective phrases taken from Jumanji: The Next Level movie and their subtitles in Indonesia that is translated by Pein Akatsuki. The results of this research for the types of translation shift are 2 level shift, 59 structure shift, 19 class shift, 22 unit shift, and 2 intra system shift. Meanwhile, the result for the equivalence are 64 complete meaning, 3 increased meaning, 26 decreased meaning, and 11 non equivalent meaning in the category of different meaning. This current research explores adjective phrase that has not been much discussed by other scholars.

AN ANLAYSIS OF ENGLISH PASSIVE SENTENCE TRANSLATION INTO INDONESIAN

Active and passive sentence constructions are commonly used both in English and in Indonesian. The passive sentence is a form of sentence which emphasizes on the person or object that experiences the action rather than the person or object that performs the action. The passive sentence in English is formed by to be + past participle. And the others passive sentences are formed with infinitive and gerund. The Indonesian passive sentences are caractherized by the use of prefix di-, ter-, and ke- -an in the predicate. The objectives of this study are 1) to identify the translation of English passive sentences in Indonesian, and 2) to find the translation shift that occurs from the English passive sentences into Indonesian.This research uses qualitative method. The data is taken from a novel written by Stephenie Meyer (2008) entitled Breaking Dawn and its translation in Indonesian. The result shows that not all of the English passive sentences are translated into Indonesian passive sentences. Some of them are translated into Indonesian active sentences.

Translation Shift Analysis of ANTARA News

Many research of translation shift analysis has been studied, but it is not common to find translation shift analysis approach in analysing online news. The study is aimed to analyze the types of translation shift in the Indonesian – English translation in ANTARA News. Translation shift is the alteration of lexicogrammar in source language occurred when a translator is translating a text in order to get the equivalent meaning in the target language. There are two types of translation shift introduced by Catford (1965): level shift and category shifts (structure shift, class shift, unit shift, intra-system shift). The research applied descriptive qualitative methodology. The research focused on finding out the types translation shifts that occurred in the ANTARA News. The data in this research are five selected news reported about COVID-19 in Indonesia, collected by browsing official website of ANTARA News both in Indonesian and English versions. The news that is being studied in this research applied the theory of translation shift by Catford (1965), and the utterances are the source of the data, as Indonesian is the source language (SL) and another as an English the target language (TL). The data are saved in the table of indicators in the format of Microsoft Word. After finishing the analysis, it was found out that there are 76 shifts in ANTARA News with five categories. Level shift appeared 4 times, structure shift appeared 31 times, class shift appeared 14 times, unit shift appeared 21 times, and intra-system shift appeared 6 times. In conclusion, it does not rule out the possibility that translation shift can still appear in non-fiction text such as online news, due to the difference between the languages in many aspects such as linguistic feature, cultural background, and grammatical form.

The RELATIVE CLAUSE AND ITS TRANSLATION FOUND IN THE “HOUSEBOY AND MAID”

This research study focuses on English relative clauses and their translations into Indonesian found in the “Houseboy and Maid”. This study aims at finding out the types of English relative clauses found in the story “Houseboy and Maid” and the types of shifts occured in the translation process. The analysis used the theory of relative clauses that is proposed by Quirk (1985), Sneddon (1996) and the theory of translation shift proposed by Catford (1965). The process of collecting data is started by reading the entire data source in order to understand the story and observe the possibility of the data source that can be taken from the story “Houseboy and Maid”. The method of collecting data is firstly, the data source is read to find out the types of English relative clauses. This research study indicates that there are two types of English relative clauses found in the story “Houseboy and Maid”, they are: Restrictive relative clause and non-restrictive relative clause. There are some types of relative clauses found in the data source. First, it can be seen that the types of English relative clauses found in the data sources are restrictive relative clause as subject, restrictive relative clause as object, restrictive relative clause as prepositional object, non-restrictive relative clause as subject, and non-restrictive relative clause as object. Secondly, the types of translation shifts that are found in the novel are as follows: structure shifts, level shifts, and unit shifts. This study intends to: (i) analyze the types of relative clauses and its constituent structure found in the data source, (ii) analyze the types of translation shifts of relative clause in the translation process from source language into target language.

The Role of Shifts in Translation: The Case of English Language vs. Persian Language

The aim of this paper was to investigate the application of different types of shifts and their influence in translation in various languages, especially English and Persian Languages. To this purpose, the researcher attempted to benefit from various approaches of shift analysis such as grammar, style, and pragmatics relevant to the proposed study, based on the translation strategies proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), that is, direct translation, oblique translation strategies and their subgroups at the three levels of lexicon, structure, and message. The researcher also conducted a detailed linguistic analysis of the structure in both English and Persian Languages commonly referred to as the analysis of micro-structure and the analysis of macro- structure. The obtained results revealed that the occurrence of shifts in translation reflects the translator’s awareness of the linguistic and the non-linguistic discrepancies between SL and TL. In fact, shifts turn out to be as problem-solving strategies to minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when rendering a text from one language into another, and preference between different types of shifts at different levels requires various types of equivalence in translation.