Translation Rules Research Articles

TRANSLATING CHINESE TOPONYMS INTO RUSSIAN IN VIEW OF THEIR SEMANTIC AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

As part of the proper names system, toponyms represent a particular layer of every language that hardens the choice of strategy to translate them into foreign languages. An analysis of the ways of translating Russian toponyms into Chinese has revealed that Chinese translation rules are structured and adaptive to the semantic characteristics of individual components of toponyms. In contrast, the Russian translation practice still needs more unity in translating Chinese toponyms. Based on the results of the comparison and summary of the Chinese experience of translating Russian toponyms into Chinese, the current paper presents rules for applying semantic loaning to the translation of Chinese toponyms with regard to the cultural and semantic characteristics of individual components of toponyms. These rules contribute to structuring the translation of Chinese toponyms into Russian and uncover their semantic, geographical, natural, and cultural characteristics, thus providing speakers of the target language with the same amount of information about a place accessible to the source language speakers.

Strategi Meningkatkan Keakuratan Hasil Terjemahan Bahasa Indonesia ke Bahasa Inggris Menggunakan Google Translate

This study aims to find ways or strategies that can be used to get much more accurate Google Translate translation results, especially translations from Indonesian to English. This study uses qualitative research methods because it is carried out to provide an explanation of a phenomenon which will later build a theory related to this phenomenon. This study can be categorized as an experimental research study; because it uses two research objects and then compares the results. The two objects are Chapter 1 of the novel Laskar Pelangi by Andrea Hirata which was directly translated using Google Translate and Chapter 1 of the novel Laskar Pelangi by Andrea Hirata which underwent adjustments (in the form of strategy implementation) before being translated using Google Translate. These two translations were then compared to see which version was most similar to the translation of professional translator Angie Killbane who had translated the novel into English. This study only focuses on the similarity of Google Translate translation results for texts that have not undergone adjustments and Google Translate translation results for texts that have undergone adjustments with the translation results of professional translators. The results of this study found that text translations that underwent adjustments were more similar to the results of translations by professional translators. The adjustment in question is to clarify the meaning of the sentence by adding time information and adapting the language so that Google Translate can understand the meaning of the sentence correctly so that it can produce a translation that is much more accurate, acceptable and reasonable, in accordance with translation rules.

Design of English Lexical Analysis System for Machine Translation Based on Multimodal Neural Network

Information resources have become a very important source of wealth, and due to differences in language and writing, technological information exchange between countries has become difficult. In this article, we propose a data augmentation method based on statistical models. A framework for a multimodal output model is proposed, taking into account the semantic relevance and importance between different languages. This framework is based on text sequence to sequence framework, decoupled, and a network architecture based on dual stream attention mechanism is designed. A multimodal interactive neural network layer was added between the encoder and decoder, achieving the fusion of multilingual domain information. It compensates for the influence of text on traditional translation generation systems in the process of English Chinese translation, and solves the problems of inaccurate translation results and low similarity with the original text in English Chinese machine translation. The system proposed in this article mainly consists of preprocessing module, lexical analysis and segmentation module, part of speech tagging and phrase analysis module, translation rule construction module, decoding module, translation generation module, etc. The experimental results show that using an improved generation system, compared with traditional generation systems, improves the accuracy of translation generation, has certain advantages, and is more practical.

FEATURES OF GLOBALIZATION OF UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE WEBSITES

To make Ukrainian sites be perceived by the world community, they have to be translated and in a certain way adapted to existing rules and traditions, which determines the relevance of the problem of globalization of Ukrainian language websites. Various aspects of the Internet linguistics are regarded by scientists. But the problems of globalization of Ukrainian language sites are not yet sufficiently covered. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main features of the globalization of well-known Ukrainian language sites by comparing their Ukrainian and English versions. The research material was the websites of the Roshen Corporation, the AVK company, and Oles Honchar Dnipro National University. The difficulty in translating a website starts with translating a company or product name. The header is considered the most important element of the site. When translating a website, it is very important to consider the recipient of the translation. The translator should note that the information on the site will be viewed by users with different knowledge in a certain field, therefore, thematic vocabulary should be used in the translation language, which will be understandable not only to a person who is knowledgeable in a certain field, but also to an average reader. The main rule of translation of this part of the site is meaningfulness and brevity. The next characteristic feature of the text of websites is the presence of elements of advertising text, expressed in emotionally colored vocabulary, which attracts the attention of the addressee and forms a positive image in their minds. The lack of some menu items in the translation is due to the irrelevance of the information for foreign users. When translating a site, it is not enough to only translate the text presented in the original language, it is necessary to analyze the provided information and adapt the site for foreign users. Therefore, for the globalization of websites, English is the most acceptable language because it is spoken by a large number of the population. The translator should use commonly used vocabulary and simple grammatical constructions, as this greatly simplifies the understanding of the text. The English and Ukrainian versions of the websites almost completely duplicate each other (both in terms of design and content). We see the prospects for further research in the expansion of the research base, which will make it possible to reach more generalized conclusions. Key words: translation, Internet, site, globalization, localization.

Marathi to Indian Sign Language Machine Translation

Machine translation has been a prominent field of research, contributing significantly to human life enhancement. Sign language machine translation, a subfield, focuses on translating spoken language content into sign language and vice versa, thereby facilitating communication between the normal hearing and hard-of-hearing communities, promoting inclusivity. This study presents the development of a ‘sign language machine translation system’ converting simple Marathi sentences into Indian Sign Language (ISL) glosses and animation. Given the low-resource nature of both languages, a phrase-level rule-based approach was employed for the translation. Initial encoding of translation rules relied on basic linguistic knowledge of Marathi and ISL, with subsequent incorporation of rules to address 'simultaneous morphological' features in ISL. These rules were applied during the ‘generation phase’ of translation to dynamically adjust phonological sign parameters, resulting in improved target sentence fluency. The paper provides a detailed description of the system architecture, translation rules, and comprehensive experimentation. Rigorous evaluation efforts were undertaken, encompassing various linguistic features, and the findings are discussed herein. The web-based version of the system serves as an interpreter for brief communications and can support the teaching and learning of sign language and its grammar in schools for hard-of-hearing students.

Robust genetic codes enhance protein evolvability.

The standard genetic code defines the rules of translation for nearly every life form on Earth. It also determines the amino acid changes accessible via single-nucleotide mutations, thus influencing protein evolvability-the ability of mutation to bring forth adaptive variation in protein function. One of the most striking features of the standard genetic code is its robustness to mutation, yet it remains an open question whether such robustness facilitates or frustrates protein evolvability. To answer this question, we use data from massively parallel sequence-to-function assays to construct and analyze 6 empirical adaptive landscapes under hundreds of thousands of rewired genetic codes, including those of codon compression schemes relevant to protein engineering and synthetic biology. We find that robust genetic codes tend to enhance protein evolvability by rendering smooth adaptive landscapes with few peaks, which are readily accessible from throughout sequence space. However, the standard genetic code is rarely exceptional in this regard, because many alternative codes render smoother landscapes than the standard code. By constructing low-dimensional visualizations of these landscapes, which each comprise more than 16 million mRNA sequences, we show that such alternative codes radically alter the topological features of the network of high-fitness genotypes. Whereas the genetic codes that optimize evolvability depend to some extent on the detailed relationship between amino acid sequence and protein function, we also uncover general design principles for engineering nonstandard genetic codes for enhanced and diminished evolvability, which may facilitate directed protein evolution experiments and the bio-containment of synthetic organisms, respectively.

Model checking programs in process-oriented IEC 61131-3 Structured Text

The process-oriented programming is a paradigm based on the process concept where each process is a concurrent finite state machine inside. The paradigm is intended for PLC (programmable logic controllers) developers to write Industry 4.0-enabled software. The poST language is a promising process-oriented extension of the IEC 61131-3 Structured Text (ST) language designed to provide a conceptual consistency of the PLC source code with technological description of the process under control. This language combines the advantages of FSM-based programming with the standard syntax of the ST language. We propose transformational semantics of poST providing rules for translation of poST language statements to Promela — the input language of the SPIN model checker. Following these semantic rules, our Xtext-based translator outputs a Promela model for the poST program. Our contribution is the poST transformational semantics and the method for automatic generation of the Promela code from poST control programs. The resulting Promela program is ready to be verified with SPIN model checker against linear temporal logic requirements to the source poST program. In the paper we provide an overview of related work, as well as a brief description of the poST and Promela languages. Further, the Promela poST translation rules cover control flow statements, process creation and state management constructs, and timeout management. Then we define service processes for modeling the external environment and managing high-level LTL specifications. Then we present the main ideas of implementing the translator poST to Promela. We also illustrate our approach using the example of a system for managing electricity consumption and production, including renewable sources.

Improving neural machine translation by word translations

Transformer-based neural machine translation (NMT) models have achieved state-of-the-art performance in the machine translation paradigm. These models learn the translation knowledge from the bilingual corpus through the attention mechanism automatically. This differs from the way human translators approach sentence translation, where prior knowledge plays a significant role. Inspired by this, a word translation augmentation (WTA) method is proposed to improve the Transformer-based NMT model. The main steps are as follows: Firstly, constructing the word alignment rules based on the training set. Next, generating the translation rules for source words according to the word alignment rules. Lastly, incorporating the potential translation candidates for each source word into the NMT model during the training and testing procedure. In addition, the WTA method introduces the idea of Mixup for translation candidates of a source word and employs two augmentation strategies to augment the encoder. The results of experiments on several translation tasks with high-resource and low-resource indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method compared with the corresponding strong baseline, and the improvement in BLEU score achieved ranges from 0.42 to 0.63.

Study on the C-E Translation of Government Work Reports from 2019 to 2023 from the Perspective of Eco-Translatology

Eco-translatology is a translation theory integrated with ecology. Publicity translation has a vital impact on making Chinese voices go global. Taking the C-E translation of Government Work Reports from 2019 to 2023 as an example, this paper analyzes their translation methods from the perspective of "three-dimensional" transformation, including linguistic dimension, cultural dimension and communicative dimension. At present, eco-translatology seldom focuses on the translation of publicity texts. According to the "three-dimensional" transformation, this paper aims to explore the translation rules of publicity texts with Government Work Reports as an example from the perspective of eco-translatology. Guided by eco-translatology, the translation of Government Work Reports can be further developed in the future.

The authority of God takes precedence over Scripture and tradition

The divinely derived authority of the Bible to teach and guide, is somewhat mixed with the authority of traditions to interpret Scripture and document such interpretations outside Scripture. Tradition-based Bible translations pose a threat of elevating the authority of tradition over that of Scripture. All concerned traditions should not occupy or tame the authority of Scripture by producing Bibles attuned to tradition. The Scriptures were inspired by the Holy Spirit who inspires Bible readers to understand them. Tradition should not shape or formulate Scripture in accordance with its interpretive convictions. The Bible translations, produced under the auspices of specific traditions, should be exposed to guard the authority of Scripture not to be subdued by any tradition. The endless production of Bible translations has been considered to determine what could necessitate them. Among other findings, traditions have been found to be active in producing Bible translations, when their purview should be doing biblical interpretations and publish them within their traditions, and not to release them to the public as alternative Bibles or versions. The authority of God through the Holy Spirit, who inspired the prophets and apostles to write Scripture, is not transferable to any tradition. Regardless of the proliferation of tradition-based Bible translations, the authority to guide and teach believers, remains with God and the outlook of believers should be based on the supreme authority of God. The principle of Sola Scriptura is somewhat unsafe in the light of the production of tradition-orient Bible versions. The inspiration of the Bible by the Holy Spirit predates canonisation, redaction and restructuring of Scriptures. The production and publication of tradition-based Bibles with synthetic translation rules, poses a threat of diluting Scripture to align with specific traditions. Tradition is fallible and cannot be as authoritative as God. All authority to teach and guide continues to rest with the infallible God.Contribution: Continuous Reformation could regress to the outgrown pre-Reformation teachings that were subject to the authority of tradition, if the proliferation of tradition-based Bible translations is not noticed with a threat that they pose on the divinely derived authority of the Scriptures to teach and guide believing people. The gains of Reformers and Reformation should be guarded by being aware of Bible translation trends.

Using model-driven engineering to automate software language translation

The porting or translation of software applications from one programming language to another is a common requirement of organisations that utilise software, and the increasing number and diversity of programming languages makes this capability as relevant today as in previous decades. Several approaches have been used to address this challenge, including machine learning and the manual definition of direct language-to-language translation rules, however the accuracy of these approaches remains unsatisfactory. In this paper we describe a new approach to program translation using model-driven engineering techniques: reverse-engineering source programs into specifications in the UML and OCL formalisms, and then forward-engineering the specifications to the required target language. This approach can provide assurance of semantic preservation, and additionally has the advantage of extracting precise specifications of software from code. We provide an evaluation based on a comprehensive dataset of examples, including industrial cases, and compare our results to those of other approaches and tools. Our specific contributions are: (1) Reverse-engineering source programs to detailed semantic models of software behaviour, to enable semantically-correct translations and reduce re-testing costs; (2) Program abstraction processes defined by precise and explicit rules, which can be edited and configured by users; (3) A set of reusable OCL library components appropriate for representing program semantics, and which can also be used for OCL specification of new applications; (4) A systematic procedure for building program abstractors based on language grammars and semantics.

Low-code development using requirements and knowledge representation models

Low-Code Development is a new software development paradigm which is typically used to generate web applications from high-level visual notations. These notations allow to express the User Interface and Application Logic (usersystem interactions) in a way which is understandable by the end-users. Using certain model-driven approaches, the low-code environments allow for generating the front-end layer and basic CRUD operations in the back-end. Yet still, non-standard domain logic (data processing) operations still necessitate the use of traditional programming. In this article we present a visual language, called RSL-DL that can be used to represent such non-standard domain logic in a visual form. It allows to capture domain knowledge with complex domain rules aligned with requirements models. The language synthesises and extends approaches found in knowledge representation (ontologies) and software modelling language engineering. The development environment of RSL-DL enables fully automatic generation of domain logic code by reasoning over and reusing domain knowledge. The environment includes a dedicated model editor and a transformation engine. The language?s abstract syntax is defined using a meta-model expressed in MOF. Its semantics is expressed with several translational rules that map RSL-DL models onto typical programming language constructs. The article presents a list of these rules in an informal way, and then introduces their formalisation using a graphical transformation notation. The RSL-DL environment includes an inference engine that enables processing queries to domain models and selecting appropriate invocations to generated code. It was also initially validated through studies that involve understandability, operability and complexity assessment. Based on these results, we conclude that declarative knowledge representations can be successfully used to produce imperative backend code with non-trivial logic.

Non-Axiomatic Logic Modeling of English Texts for Knowledge Discovery and Commonsense Reasoning

Non-axiomatic logic (NAL) is a term-based, non-monotonic, multi-valued logic with evidence-based formal semantics. All those characteristics position NAL as an excellent candidate for modeling natural language expressions and supporting artificial agents while performing knowledge discovery and commonsense reasoning tasks. In this article, we propose a set of rules for the automatic translation of natural language (NL) text into the formal language of non-axiomatic logic (NAL). Several free available tools are used to support a previous linguistic analysis, and a common sense ontology is used to populate a background knowledge base that helps to delimit the scope and the semantics of logical formulas translated. Experimentation shows our set to be the most comprehensive NL-to-NAL translation rule set known so far. Furthermore, we included an extensive set of examples to show how our proposed set of rules can be used for translating a wide range of English statements with varying grammatical structures.

Developing a Theoretically Informed Implementation Model for Telemedicine-Delivered Medication for Opioid Use Disorder: Qualitative Study With Key Informants.

Telemedicine-delivered medication for opioid use disorder (TMOUD) has become more prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in North America. This is considered a positive development as TMOUD has the potential to increase access to evidence-based treatment for a population heavily affected by the opioid crisis and consequent rising mortality and morbidity rates in relation to opioid use disorder. Despite the increase in the use of TMOUD, there are no established service- and process-focused models to guide the implementation of this intervention. This study aims to develop a process- and service-focused implementation model in collaboration with key stakeholders and bring together peer-reviewed literature, practice-based knowledge, and expert opinions. The simple rules for evidence translation in complex systems framework was applied to guide the development of a 6-step qualitative study. The steps were definition of the scope and objectives of the model, identification of evidence, stakeholder engagement, draft model development, key informant consultation, and final model specification. The final specification for the TMOUD implementation model incorporated key strategic priorities, service delivery prerequisites, service design elements, stakeholder identification and engagement, key process domains, and iterative cycles of evaluation and improvement. Through stakeholder engagement and key informant consultation, we produced a process- and service-focused TMOUD implementation model. The model is modifiable to different contexts and settings while also in keeping with the current evidence base and national and international standards of high-quality opioid use disorder care.

Binary Semantic Pattern Rules for Chinese-English Machine Translation Based on Machine Learning Algorithms

With the increase of internationalization and the exponential growth of intercultural communication, the importance of interlingual translation has become increasingly prominent. Machine translation has been a booming area of research as technology has advanced. Due to the complexity of language ability and limited understanding of language laws, there are challenges for machine translation. This paper focused on how to construct and apply binary semantic pattern rules through machine learning to improve the translation effect in Chinese-English machine translation. The research results of this paper would contribute to the further development and improvement of Chinese-English machine translation technology. In order to produce high-quality translation results, research in machine translation has recognized the need to analyze and understand the semantics of natural language. To address the important issue of lexical and syntactic ambiguity, representations of binary semantic pattern rules have been developed to formally describe these rules. Based on this, this paper designed and implemented a corpus-based binary semantic rule extraction and optimization algorithm, which used machine learning algorithms to automatically detect the semantic rules of two or more than two phrases in the Chinese corpus, and then automatically optimized and converted them according to the statistical results, and realized the design of Chinese-English machine translation system. The article evaluated the quality of machine translation to test the effectiveness of machine translation binary semantic pattern rules based on machine learning algorithms. The study found that compared with the rule set A, the rule sets B and C obtained automatically by the rule mining algorithm had significantly improved accuracy, both reaching more than 90%. This showed that the binary semantic pattern rule mining algorithm and optimization algorithm proposed in this paper were reasonable.

HMPT: a human–machine cooperative program translation method

Program translation aims to translate one kind of programming language to another, e.g., from Python to Java. Due to the inefficiency of translation rules construction with pure human effort (software engineer) and the low quality of machine translation results with pure machine effort, it is suggested to implement program translation in a human–machine cooperative way. However, existing human–machine program translation methods fail to utilize the human’s ability effectively, which require human to post-edit the results (i.e., statically modified directly on the model generated code). To solve this problem, we propose HMPT (Human-Machine Program Translation), a novel method that achieves program translation based on human–machine cooperation. It can (1) reduce the human effort by introducing a prefix-based interactive protocol that feeds the human’s edit into the model as the prefix and regenerates better output code, and (2) reduce the interactive response time resulted by excessive program length in the regeneration process from two aspects: avoiding duplicate prefix generation with cache attention information, as well as reducing invalid suffix generation by splicing the suffix of the results. The experiments are conducted on two real datasets. Results show compared to the baselines, our method reduces the human effort up to 73.5% at the token level and reduces the response time up to 76.1%.

Spatial configuration by rules: an experimental parametric shape rules by shape grammar method

This study investigated the method of Shape Grammar to develop a computational technique to generate spatial configuration at the early stage of the design process. In synthesizing the spatial configuration and its variants, the user (i.e., architect) can use this tool as a heuristic way to select and choose a spatial configuration of geometric shapes to represent functional requirements and their relationships. We studied the example of Adolf Loos's residential works as our basis for the parametric shape rules and the tool developed in the form of a modular cluster component in the Visual Programming Language Grasshopper in a Rhinoceros 3D modeling software. This cluster component, termed "Rupa," is parametrically modeled and consists of two main algorithms: 1) two-dimensional and three-dimensional rules-based shape generation and 2) the transformation rules of translation, rotation, reflection, dilatation, and tension. Using this component, the user can create and transform a shape configuration by its parameters, constrained only by the characteristics of Adolf Loos's residential works design rules as the underlying principles behind the component. Although limited only to three of Loos's residential works, this experiment has successfully generated residential spatial configuration designs based on the constraint rules of Adolf Loos's residential works. The early results show the potential of this method and tool in aiding architects to create design variants and select those that are the most optimal.

Peculiarities and Rules of Artistic Translation

To translate a work of art, it is necessary to know the vocabulary richness of the language, the synonyms and homonyms, professional terms, dialect-specific, outdated and vulgar words, caresses and diminutives, evils, Proverbs, matals and phrases, as well as the musicality, tonality, versatility, pronunciation norms of the language, exaggeration and diminutives, humorous forms. The scientific description of the artistic translation is such that it is important to give the word not by word, but by meaning, the image by image, the humor-by humor. In this article, opinions and reflections are made on the peculiarities and rules of the artistic translation.

Exploring Stroke-Level Modifications for Scene Text Editing

Scene text editing (STE) aims to replace text with the desired one while preserving background and styles of the original text. However, due to the complicated background textures and various text styles, existing methods fall short in generating clear and legible edited text images. In this study, we attribute the poor editing performance to two problems: 1) Implicit decoupling structure. Previous methods of editing the whole image have to learn different translation rules of background and text regions simultaneously. 2) Domain gap. Due to the lack of edited real scene text images, the network can only be well trained on synthetic pairs and performs poorly on real-world images. To handle the above problems, we propose a novel network by MOdifying Scene Text image at strokE Level (MOSTEL). Firstly, we generate stroke guidance maps to explicitly indicate regions to be edited. Different from the implicit one by directly modifying all the pixels at image level, such explicit instructions filter out the distractions from background and guide the network to focus on editing rules of text regions. Secondly, we propose a Semi-supervised Hybrid Learning to train the network with both labeled synthetic images and unpaired real scene text images. Thus, the STE model is adapted to real-world datasets distributions. Moreover, two new datasets (Tamper-Syn2k and Tamper-Scene) are proposed to fill the blank of public evaluation datasets. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our MOSTEL outperforms previous methods both qualitatively and quantitatively. Datasets and code will be available at https://github.com/qqqyd/MOSTEL.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ НАУКОВО-ТЕХНІЧНИХ ТЕКСТІВ

The article outlines the main theoretical differences when translating the scientific and technical texts. Differences during the translation of texts of this type are summarized. Various styles of language functioning are presented and structural features of the scientific and technical style are revealed. The authors' attention is focused on the importance of using the scientific and technical style. Scientific and technical style refers to the book type of language, which serves both written and oral speech. The bases of the language functioning of scientific and technical texts are standardization, syntactic completeness of the statement, the presence of analytical constructions, the frequent use of clichéd structures, (mainly the nominal nature of the morphological components of the sentence), an extensive system of connecting elements, etc. Not only does translation of technical documents require essential knowledge on translation but it also takes into account the national nature of the instruction texts in the original language. The translator is bound to develop a certain style, while adapting the instruction to the standards of the recipient and trying to remain unique in the industrial market. This aspect is especially relevant when translating the instructions from English to Ukrainian. An important focus is made on certain quality rules of scientific and technical texts translation. There are three types of stylistic errors that deprive the text clarity: incorrect logical emphasis in a sentence, amorphousness of sentences, formation of poor connections between words. By overcoming these shortcomings, the translator is likely to achieve clarity in translation.