Translation Products Research Articles

Masculinity Unveiled: Exploring the Translation of Male Characters in the Twilight Saga Across Cultures

This study aims to identify the manifestations of masculinity portrayed by the main characters in the Twilight Saga novel series and to examine the appraisal system utilized to articulate masculinity and its subsequent translation. This research employed qualitative descriptive research. This research was oriented towards translation products. Data sources, including documents and informants, were selected through purposive sampling. The novels Twilight Saga Series, along with their translated versions, served as primary documents. Informants comprised experts in translation and linguistics. Linguistic and translation data form the basis of the research, encompassing shifts in translation and expressions of masculinity alongside evaluation schemes. Data analysis employed domain, taxonomy, component, and cultural theme analyses. The research findings revealed the presence of both invoked and inscribed expressions of masculinity. Five distinct types of masculinity emerge: sexual, intellectual, emotional, physical, and interpersonal. Graduation and attitude constitute the appraisal system for these expressions, with judgment being the most prevalent attitude type in Edward and Jacob's manifestations of masculinity. The research shows two shifts in masculinity type and appraisal systems. While both characters exhibit strong masculinity, the author provides more detailed descriptions of Edward's masculinity than Jacob's. Edward Cullen's masculinity is heavily influenced by his family background, particularly emphasizing physicality over other forms of masculinity. The study identifies data shifts, encompassing changes in masculinity type and appraisal system. Suggestions for future research include exploring translation methods and ideologies not addressed in this study and investigating prototype translation models for translating masculinity.

Noncanonical altPIDD1 protein: unveiling the true major translational output of thePIDD1gene

Proteogenomics has enabled the detection of novel proteins encoded in noncanonical or alternative open reading frames (altORFs) in genes already coding a reference protein. Reanalysis of proteomic and ribo-seq data revealed that the p53-induced death domain-containing protein (orPIDD1) gene encodes a second 171 amino acid protein, altPIDD1, in addition to the known 910-amino acid-long PIDD1 protein. The two ORFs overlap almost completely, and the translation initiation site of altPIDD1 is located upstream of PIDD1. AltPIDD1 has more translational and protein level evidence than PIDD1 across various cell lines and tissues. In HEK293 cells, the altPIDD1 to PIDD1 ratio is 40 to 1, as measured with isotope-labeled (heavy) peptides and targeted proteomics. AltPIDD1 localizes to cytoskeletal structures labeled with phalloidin and interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. Unlike most noncanonical proteins, altPIDD1 is not evolutionarily young but emerged in placental mammals. Overall, we identifyPIDD1as a dual-coding gene, with altPIDD1, not the annotated protein, being the primary product of translation.

The common solution space of general relativity

We review the solution space for the field equations of Einstein's General Relativity for various static, spherically symmetric spacetimes. We consider the vacuum case, represented by the Schwarzschild black hole; the de Sitter-Schwarzschild geometry, which includes a cosmological constant; the Reissner-Nordström geometry, which accounts for the presence of charge. Additionally we consider the homogenenous and anisotropic locally rotational Bianchi II spacetime in the vacuum. Our analysis reveals that the field equations for these scenarios share a common three-dimensional group of point transformations, with the generators being the elements of the D⊗sT2 Lie algebra, known as the semidirect product of dilations and translations in the plane. Due to this algebraic property the field equations for the aforementioned gravitational models can be expressed in the equivalent form of the null geodesic equations for conformally flat geometries. Consequently, the solution space for the field equations is common, and it is the solution space for the free particle in a flat space. This approach open new directions on the construction of analytic solutions in gravitational physics and cosmology.

EIF4G2 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression via IRES-dependent PLEKHA1 Translation Regulation.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly lethal cancer, and proteomic studies have shown increased protein diversity and abundance in HCC tissues, whereas the role of protein translation has not been extensively explored in HCC. Our research focused on key molecules in the translation process to identify a potential contributor in HCC. We discovered that EIF4G2, a crucial translation initiation factor, is significantly upregulated in HCC tissues and associated with poor prognosis. This study uniquely highlights the impact of EIF4G2 deletion, which suppresses tumor growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, polysome analysis and nascent protein synthesis assays revealed EIF4G2's role in regulating protein translation, specifically identifying PLEKHA1 as a key translational product. This represents a novel mechanistic insight into HCC malignancy. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and Dual-luciferase reporter assays further revealed that EIF4G2 facilitates PLEKHA1 translation via an IRES-dependent manner. Importantly, the synergistic effects of EIF4G2 depletion and PLEKHA1 reduction in inhibiting cell migration and invasion underscore the therapeutic potential of targeting this axis. This study not only advances our understanding of translational regulation in HCC but also identifies the EIF4G2-PLEKHA1 axis as a promising therapeutic target, offering new avenues for intervention in HCC treatment.

Alternate RNA decoding results in stable and abundant proteins in mammals.

Amino acid substitutions may substantially alter protein stability and function, but the contribution of substitutions arising from alternate translation (deviations from the genetic code) is unknown. To explore it, we analyzed deep proteomic and transcriptomic data from over 1,000 human samples, including 6 cancer types and 26 healthy human tissues. This global analysis identified 60,024 high confidence substitutions corresponding to 8,801 unique sites in proteins derived from 1,990 genes. Some substitutions are shared across samples, while others exhibit strong tissue-type and cancer specificity. Surprisingly, products of alternate translation are more abundant than their canonical counterparts for hundreds of proteins, suggesting sense codon recoding. Recoded proteins include transcription factors, proteases, signaling proteins, and proteins associated with neurodegeneration. Mechanisms contributing to substitution abundance include protein stability, codon frequency, codon-anticodon mismatches, and RNA modifications. We characterize sequence motifs around alternatively translated amino acids and how substitution ratios vary across protein domains, tissue types and cancers. The substitution ratios are positively associated with intrinsically disordered regions and genetic polymorphisms in gnomAD, though the polymorphisms cannot account for the substitutions. Both the sequence and the tissue-specificity of alternatively translated proteins are conserved between human and mouse. These results demonstrate the contribution of alternate translation to diversifying mammalian proteomes, and its association with protein stability, tissue-specific proteomes, and diseases.

Subtitling Without Context

In this article, subtitling without context refers to situations in which subtitlers do not have access to the image and sound of an audiovisual text, which they need to carry out their translation processes efficiently and successfully. Audiovisual texts, such as movies, need to be seen and heard to be understood and their meaning translated. What happens if the video material is not available or incomplete? This is the question that this study strives to answer. The key concepts discussed in this article are the multimodality of audiovisual texts, context, relevance, and cognitive load. An empirical subtitling test was conducted with translation students at a Finnish university to examine these concepts and their impact on translation processes and products. Two sets of translations were analyzed with a multilayered contrastive analysis. In addition, the participants wrote short translation diaries that were analyzed using content analysis. The students’ translation diaries indicated that it is impossible to time subtitles, make line breaks, and understand references to places and characters, to name but a few difficulties reported by the participants in the test. In addition, the analysis of the diary entries revealed that translating without context reportedly increased the participants’ cognitive load, which in turn made translation processes less efficient and more time-consuming. Lay Summary Movies, television series and videogames can be called audiovisual texts as they convey their meaning with sounds and images. The translators of such texts are called subtitlers and the end products of their translation processes, subtitles. In this article, subtitling without a context refers to situations in which the subtitler does not have access to the image and sounds of an audiovisual text. Audiovisual texts need to be seen and heard to be wholly understood as well as translated efficiently and successfully. What happens if the video material is no available or it is not ready? This is the questions we wish to answer. The key concepts discussed in this article are the multimodality of audiovisual texts, context, relevance, and cognitive load. Multimodality means that audiovisual texts use different ways, such as pictures, texts, music and speech to tell the stories. Context refers to the situation in which language is used and translated. Relevance theory weighs what are the most important things needed to be told with minimal costs, costs in this case being the number of characters in the subtitles. Cognitive load on the other hand refers to the psychological processes and memory use that are ongoing in translation processes. We made a translation test with students from a Finnish university. They translated a written dialog list without seeing the video material it was from. Then they translated it again, but this time with the video. Then these translations were compared with each other as well as with the video’s images and sounds. This method of comparison in this article is called multilayered contrastive analysis. The students also wrote short translation diaries about their experiences. They reported that timing and doing line breaks were impossible without the video. Timing refers to the process of making the subtitle lines appear at the same time as the characters are speaking and line breaks refer to the division of sentences and words in the subtitle lines. The participants wrote to their translation diaries that it was difficult to translate without the video. It was mentally tiresome and because of this, it took much time to finish the translations. The students also were afraid that they made many mistakes, and they used a lot of time second guessing their solutions.

Histones Methyltransferase NSD3 Inhibits Lung Adenocarcinoma Glycolysis Through Interacting with PPP1CB to Decrease STAT3 Signaling Pathway.

Histones methyltransferase NSD3 targeting H3K36 is frequently disordered and mutant in various cancers, while the function of NSD3 during cancer initiation and progression remains unclear. In this study, it is proved that downregulated level of NSD3 is linked to clinical features and poor survival in lung adenocarcinoma. In vivo, NSD3 inhibited the proliferation, immigration, and invasion ability of lung adenocarcinoma. Meanwhile, NSD3 suppressed glycolysis by inhibiting HK2 translation, transcription, glucose uptake, and lactate production in lung adenocarcinoma. Mechanistically, as an intermediary, NSD3 binds to PPP1CB and p-STAT3 in protein levels, thus forming a trimer to dephosphorylate the level of p-STAT3 by PPP1CB, leading to the suppression of HK2 transcription. Interestingly, the phosphorylation function of PPP1CB is related to the concentration of carbon dioxide and pH value in the culture environment. Together, this study revealed the critical non-epigenetic role of NSD3 in the regulation of STAT3-dependent glycolysis, providing a piece of compelling evidence for targeting the NSD3/PPP1CB/p-STAT3 in lung adenocarcinoma.

Developing translational products for adapting evidence-based physical activity interventions in rural communities

The development and distribution of educational materials is a key strategy to support the implementation of evidence-based interventions (EBIs). Rural communities have higher rates of physical inactivity and face higher burden of many diseases that increased physical activity can prevent. To support the translation of a developed physical activity intervention for adults in micropolitan communities (10,000-50,000 people), called Active XXXX, the University of XXXX Prevention Research Center for Rural Health (PRC-RH) created a toolkit and supplemental resources designed to guide implementers through the implementation of the intervention. Through a community-engaged process, the PRC-RH underwent three phases of review and evaluation of the developed products. The first phase involved the Community Advisory Board from the pilot intervention, the second involved the PRC-RH State Advisory Board and public health practitioners from across the state, and the third involved micropolitan leaders and micropolitan health department staff. The feedback received through these three phases resulted in changes to the developed products to improve usability, readability, and clarity. The feedback also resulted in the development of additional materials to further support the implementation of the intervention. The success the PRC-RH experienced in the review process can be attributed to the strong, established partnerships with practitioners across the state who represented a variety of community roles and organizations. The developed materials can be used to improve physical activity rates in rural and micropolitan communities, in turn reducing chronic diseases and improving the quality of life for rural residents.

Detachment of leading-edge vortex enhances wake capture force production

During stroke reversals, insect wings interact with their own wake flow from the preceding half-stroke, resulting in an unsteady aerodynamic mechanism known as ‘wing–wake interaction’ or ‘wake capture’. To better elucidate this mechanism, we numerically solved the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations at Reynolds numbers $10^2$ and $10^3$ . Simulations were conducted for wing planforms defined using the beta function distribution with varying aspect ratios ( $AR=2\unicode{x2013}6$ ) and radial centroid locations ( $\hat {r}_1=0.4\unicode{x2013}0.6$ ), whilst employing representative normal hovering kinematics. The wake development from the considered flapping wing planforms was investigated, and the wake capture contribution to aerodynamic force production was quantified by comparing the force generation between the fifth and first stroke cycles at multiple sections along the wingspan. Our results revealed that on the inboard wing region experiencing an attached leading-edge vortex (LEV) structure, wing–wake interaction is dominated by an unsteady downwash effect, resulting in a reduction in local force production. However, in regions closer to the wingtip experiencing detachment of the LEV, wing–wake interaction is dominated by an unsteady upwash effect, leading to an increase in local force production. Consequently, the global wake capture force production is controlled by the extent of LEV detachment, which primarily increases with the increase of wing aspect ratio. This suggests that for normal hovering flapping wings, the typical loss in translational force production due to wingtip stall is partially mitigated by wake capture effects.

Cytoplasmic male sterility in plants with special emphasis on sugar beet

The phenomenon of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in plants is characterized by a disturbance in the development of functional pollen. The cause of this disorder is the incompatibility of the mitochondrial and nuclear genome. Determinants of CMS are found in the mitochondrial genome and are inherited maternally. Nuclear Rf genes are responsible for restoring male fertility in CMS plants most often by posttranscriptional and/or posttranslational activity on mitochondrial gene expression. Two fertility restoring genes have been identified in sugar beet plants, of which Rf1 is the best characterized. It is concluded that the translation product of this gene acts as a molecular chaperone leading to inactivation of a specific mitochondrial protein that is a marker for the CMS trait in sugar beet. The CMS phenomenon is applied in the commercial breeding of hybrid varieties of many crop species. Exploiting heterosis is easier with the knowledge of cytoplasmic (mitochondrial) determinants of sterility and corresponding restorer genes.

Analysis of furin (FURIN) gene expression in the U-87 MG cell line as a potential target for gene inhibiting therapies in (auto-) immune diseases

Purpose: Furin is a proprotein convertase commonly found in the human body. The enzymatic activity of furin is necessary for the activation of numerous substrates including e.g. hormones and growth factors. Nevertheless, furin is involved in various pathological conditions caused by, among others, chronic inflammation. Therefore furin is considered as a potential target in autoimmune diseases therapy. We performed an experiment in which the expression of FURIN gene in U-87 MG astrocytoma cells was investigated. Additionally, this cell line contains some sequences coding human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), including ERVW-1 and its receptor- SLC1A5. Deregulation of HERV expression has been observed in some neurodegenerative diseases as well as in inflammatory process. Material and Methods: Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot (WB) techniques were utilized for analysis. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were used for cell stimulation. Short interfering RNAs (siRNA) were used for gene expression inhibition in U-87 MG cells in vitro. Results: Cell stimulation by PMA strongly increased FURIN expression, simultaneously downregulating ERVW-1 (p<0.01). Moreover addition of PMA significantly stimulates the autocatalytic action of cellular furin itself resulting in the dissociation of its propeptide that was clearly visible in a time-dependent manner. SiRNA-mediated expression inhibition of ERVW-1 and FURIN influenced the mRNA level for SLC1A5 (ASCT2) - primary syncytin-1 receptor, that was significantly lower. FURIN inhibition by siRNA caused strong upregulation of ERVW-1 expression (p<0.01). Conclusion: Our results showed that stimulation by PMA and inhibition expression by siRNA affects the expression of FURIN in U-87 MG astrocytoma cells. Moreover, furin shows a complex relationship on the expression of ERVW-1 and SLC1A5 genes, as well as on the form (precursor or mature) and the amount of the final translation products of the transcripts. The regulation of FURIN may pose a potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases caused by autoimmunity.

The Relationship of Transposable Elements with Non-Coding RNAs in the Emergence of Human Proteins and Peptides

: Transposable elements are the oldest structural and functional units that were formed during the emergence of life on Earth. The most ancient properties of transposable elements are the multifunctionality of their transcription and translation products and the formation of their many variants through processing, due to which transposable elements are key evolutionary sources of long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, microRNAs, proteins and peptides formation. Moreover, the same type of transposon can simultaneously serve as the source of the origin of all these molecules, providing the adaptive properties of living organisms, especially complex eukaryotes, including humans. The ancient ability of transposable elements for mutual integration due to their protein products interacting with DNA and RNA molecules, as well as for mutual regulation due to the functionality of their RNA, is the basis for the origin of many proteins and non-coding RNAs characterized by the same properties. This can explain the emergence of transcription factors from transposable elements, that is, proteins capable of interacting with the structures of DNA molecules due to the presence of specific amino acid sequences derived from transposable elements. This article presents facts about the origin during the evolution of many protein and non-- coding RNA genes from transposable elements. Specific proteins and peptides translated from long non-coding RNAs, pri-microRNAs and circular RNAs are described, which reflect the origin of non-coding RNAs from transposable elements in evolution. These proteins and peptides are promising tools for the treatment of viral infections and drug-resistant tumors, since, together with non-coding RNAs, they are involved in antiviral and antitumor responses.

Regulator of G-protein signaling expression in human intestinal enteroendocrine cells and potential role in satiety hormone secretion in health and obesity

Gut L-type enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are intestinal chemosensory cells that secrete satiety hormones GLP-1 and PYY in response to activation of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) by luminal components of nutrient digestion and microbial fermentation. Regulator of G-protein Signaling (RGS) proteins are negative regulators of GPCR signaling. The expression profile of RGS in EECs, and their potential role in satiety hormone secretion and obesity is unknown. Transcriptomic profiling of RGS was completed in native colonic EECs was completed using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) in lean and obesity, and human jejunal EECs with data obtained from a publicly available RNAseq dataset (GSE114853). RGS validation studies were completed using whole mucosal intestinal tissue obtained during endoscopy in 61 patients (n=42 OB, n=19 Lean); a subset of patients' postprandial plasma was assayed for GLP-1 and PYY. Exvivo human intestinal cultures and invitro NCI-H716cells overexpressing RGS9 were exposed to GLP-1 secretagogues in conjunction with a nonselective RGS-inhibitor and assayed for GLP-1 secretion. Transcriptomic profiling of colonic and jejunal enteroendocrine cells revealed a unique RGS expression profile in EECs, and further within GLP-1+ L-type EECs. In obesity the RGS expression profile was altered in colonic EECs. Human gut RGS9 expression correlated positively with BMI and negatively with postprandial GLP-1 and PYY. RGS inhibition in human intestinal cultures increased GLP-1 release from EECs exvivo. NCI-H716cells overexpressing RGS9 displayed defective nutrient-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. This study introduces the expression profile of RGS in human EECs, alterations in obesity, and suggests a role for RGS proteins as modulators of GLP-1 and PYY secretion from intestinal EECs. AA is supported by the NIH(C-Sig P30DK84567, K23 DK114460), a Pilot Award from the Mayo Clinic Center for Biomedical Discovery, and a Translational Product Development Fund from The Mayo Clinic Center for Clinical and Translational Science Office of Translational Practice in partnership with the University of Minnesota Clinical and Translational Science Institute.

The Influence of Ideology on Translation: A Study of The Russia-Ukraine War

Ideology plays a huge role in translation, and it does affect the end product. The study shows that the influence of translation is influenced by the translator's ideology, the institution's ideology, or even the government's ideology. The study aims to investigate the influence of ideology on the translated text and the nature of ideology's function in translation, particularly during wartime. The study focuses on manipulated texts, headlines, and strategies used by translators as they change or rewrite the product of translation to reflect specific beliefs and viewpoints. The study is restricted to texts about the conflict between Russia and Ukraine; the source texts are in English, and the translations are in Arabic. The researcher applies Lefevere's model (1992) by comparing the source texts with their translations. Additionally, the analysis of the translations in the study makes use of critical discourse analysis following Fairclough's (1995) model. The strategies that were used by the translators to manipulate the texts were omission, addition, and lexicalization. The translators interfere in the ST by changing the intent of the original author without maintaining equivalence. The translations of the examples, taken from the RT Arabic Website, Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA)website, and Al Emarat Alyoum website, reflect points of view about the Russia-Ukraine war in the countries where they are produced; these websites adopted the official government's statements and the position these governments take from the Russia-Ukraine war. As a result, translation can be used and seen as a political tool to accomplish certain objectives. It is advised to conduct more research to look into additional factors influencing translation as well as the authors' intentions.

Research on the Global Communication of Traditional Chinese Medicine from the Perspective of Cognitive Linguistics

Chinese medicine is one of the important traditional cultures of the Chinese nation, a typical representative of the unique wisdom of the nation, and an influential worldwide cultural label of the country. In this paper, the theory of Cognitive Linguistics is used to enhance the depth of cultural communication of traditional Chinese medicine, to make up for the shortcomings of single language, mode and means in the communication research of traditional Chinese medicine at home and abroad, and to provide innovative research routes for the communication of traditional Chinese medicine at home and abroad, such as cognitive neuroscience and artificial intelligence big data, which conform to the development of the times. From a practical point of view, it will provide solutions for the internal and external communication of Chinese medicine more empirically and scientifically, and more effectively promote the Chinese medicine culture to take root in the local area and go global. Especially, it will gain the recognition of the younger generation who are good at obtaining information from new media through high-quality audio-visual translation products of Chinese medicine, so as to build a human health community with Chinese medicine as an important part.

How to teach revision: tips from an interview study

ABSTRACT Revision is an important – sometimes mandatory – step in the production of translations. As such, it is part of the EMT competence framework and increasingly taught in training institutions. Material is available to teachers, but it mainly consists of texts based on personal experience or accounts from the classroom. This article takes stock of a large interview study on revision to make research-informed proposals for revision courses in translation curricula. It addresses four topics: the diversity of revision, the situated nature of revision, the difficulty of the task (including the main faults of young revisers), and the social dimension of revision. Concrete proposals for enriching teaching are put forward, including revising with different time constraints, dividing the task into subtasks and asking students to perform only part of the task, asking students to justify the changes made, and teaching the principles of good communication.

Charting the Trajectory of Corpus Translation Studies: Exploring Future Avenues for Advancement

Abstract This article delves into the trajectory of corpus translation studies (CTS) over the past two decades, summarizing key areas of existing research and identifying potential gaps and challenges within the field. The review encompasses various research areas, including translation universals, translator style, translation norms, and translation pedagogy. It acknowledges the valuable contributions made in these areas while also highlighting potential areas for improvement, such as the need to incorporate functional aspects in translator style research and align translation training programs with professional requirements. The review introduces (De Sutter, Gert, and Marie-Aude Lefer. 2020. “On the Need for a New Research Agenda for Corpus-Based Translation Studies: A Multi-Methodological, Multifactorial and Interdisciplinary Approach.” Perspectives 28 (1): 1–23) new research agenda for CTS, which advocates for multifactorial designs, methodological pluralism, and interdisciplinarity. This agenda facilitates two analysis modes: one utilizing corpus methods to examine translation products, and the other employing diverse methods to investigate products, processes, participants, and contexts in corpus-assisted translation practices. It is argued that these two analysis modes offer valuable guidance for future corpus-assisted translation studies.

Kültürel Geçmişin İzini Sürme Aracı Olarak Dil İçi Çeviri: Şair Nigâr’ın Günlükleri Üzerinden Geliştirilen Saptamalar

Transferring texts from the past to the present can be achieved thanks to intralingual translation. Intralingual analysis of ancient language usages is important to bring to light the data that will be evaluated especially in terms of social history. As a current intralingual translation product, Nigâr Hanım's diaries attract attention in many ways: They should be considered as texts that will provide data for multifaceted discussions, both in terms of reflecting the cultural characteristics of the past and in the context of the diversity of methods applied by the translator. The texts that reflect Nigâr Hanım's inner world presented to today's readers have a multifaceted content that cannot be considered as purely subjective monologues: Through the diaries written as the expression of personal thoughts, the target text recipient could expand his cultural knowledge of the period. Translator Zeynep Berktaş has been able to preserve this feature of the text by choosing to present a translation text that remains faithful to the original to the target text reader. The professional intralingual translation demonstrates the possibilities of presenting an understandable text to today's target audience, while adhering to the original, thanks to the selection of methods applied. Key words: intralingual translation, translation methods, Poet Nigâr Hanım, diary, culture

Review: Deep Learning and Fuzzy Logic Applications

The modeling and prediction field bosses a variety of practical applications, deep learning is a powerful tool used in this field. It has been proved that deep learning is a useful technique for extracting extremely accurate predictions from complex data sources, and also Recursive neural networks have demonstrated their usefulness in language translation and caption production, but convolutional neural networks remain the dominant solution for image classification tasks. In addition, deep learning, also known as deep neural networks, involves training models with multiple layers of interconnected artificial neurons. The primary idea of deep learning is to learn data representations through raising levels of abstraction. These strategies are effective, but they don't explain how the result is produced. Without knowing how a solution is arrived at using deep learning. In the field of artificial intelligence, deep learning and fuzzy logic are two powerful techniques. In addition, fuzzy logic combines deep learning will help deep learning select the desired features and work without supervision, this will make it possible to develop reliable systems with rich DL information even in the absence of hand-labeled data. Fuzzy logic that interpreted these features will subsequently provide explanations for the system's choice of classification label. This survey highlights the various applications which use fuzzy logic to improve deep learning.

THE ROLE OF TRANSLATION STUDIES IN GERMAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDIES

The aim of this research is to examine students’ attitudes and experiences regarding translation classes in German language and literature studies. This quantitative and qualitative research was conducted on the basis of a questionnaire with third-year students who, as part of the compulsory course Modern German Language 5, attended translation classes in the winter semester, with two classes a week. The results of the conducted questionnaire represent an over- view of the current status and role of translation studies in the classes of German as a foreign language in the German language and literature studies department at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Niš. The results of the research indicate to what extent translation studies affects the process of learning German as a foreign language and how translation teaching can be improved in order for students to acquire linguistic and translation competence. In addition to the practical significance of the research for translation classes, the work also has a theoretical significance, since various approaches and theories in the teaching of translation are present- ed that thematize translational categories (also areas of linguistics) such as lexicon, semantics, pragmatics, etc. and the means by which the process and product of translation are described or reflected. Many aspects of translation (understanding, intention, communication, mediation, communication, etc.) are reflected and intertwined in the attitudes of the students.