Translation Of Norms Research Articles

Project and digital technologies in school education: Motivation, cognition, competencies

The article presents the results of a study of the problem of the gap between the changes taking place in the economy, social sphere, political guidelines, culture, on the one hand, and the content of the education system, on the other. The observed changes actualize the need to transform education in order to fully respond to the challenges of the environment surrounding education. One of the important tasks is to create an environment for the formation of a person who is capable and motivated to innovate and create creative activities, for which project activities are optimally suited. As a result, it is necessary to develop a new approach to the organization of project activities, involving the use of modern and most effective methodologies and practices of project management, creative and problem-analytical activities. The purpose of the presented work is to substantiate a new model for building project activities, called the norm and setting boundaries, rules and technologies based on certain values, principles, technologies and methods of project activities in schools. Methods of achieving the purpose were factor analysis to assess the impact of changes in the environment on education, case studies to assess problem areas and positive developments in the organization of project activities of schoolchildren. A case study was conducted in 33 educational institutions in Russia and abroad. An additional method was the analysis of scientific literature and professional standards for project management in order to identify and generalize in the form of an author’s model common and proven results of methodological and methodological developments on the organization of project and innovation activities. The analysis of environmental factors (economy, social sphere, politics, culture) and their impact on the education system is carried out. It is concluded that education should take on the following functions: formation of thinking, self-determination, selforganization, reflection as technologies that allow a person to build their own trajectory of development and turn information into knowledge. While preserving the functions of translation and reproduction of cultural, social and professional norms, education becomes a centering activity that provides the possibility of human existence in any other spheres of activity in the modern world. To perform these functions, a model of the norm of project activity of schoolchildren is proposed, which is built on certain values and principles developed by the authors, and includes three stages of performing project activity of a student (conception, implementation or management of implementation, understanding of the work done). The proposed model of the project activity norm meets the requirements of changes in the environment of education. It assumes a radically different approach in comparison with the existing practices of organizing project activities, which corresponds to the principles and methods of project activities generally accepted in project management, but at the same time corresponds to the new goals and objectives of the education system in the conditions of its transformation.

In between the ulemas and local warlords in Afghanistan: critical perspectives on the “everyday,” norm translation, and UNSCR 1325

ABSTRACT This article makes the case for centering the gaze on the “everyday,” motivated by a desire to understand how the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda, even in its twentieth year, is often about translation(s) rather than transformation(s). In this article, I explore the following research question: how does the everyday inform norm translation and constrain the transformative potential of United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325? Most research on WPS has paid scant attention to the everyday as a site of analysis. The challenge is that the multiple sites, actors, and practices that constitute the everyday for women are often regarded as “little nothings.” Through a case study of Afghanistan, I highlight the significance of these “little nothings,” which I argue are intrinsically political and which interact with, impinge upon, align with, or resist global normative frameworks such as the WPS agenda. I thus bring the “everyday turn” in international relations (IR) theory into conversation with the literature on norm translation. Methodologically, I draw on field insights from my time spent in Kabul in November 2016 (as a member of Track II Dialogue facilitated by South Asians for Human Rights and the Afghan Women’s Network (AWN)), and use participant observation and interviews to reconstruct the quotidian experiences of women specifically from the perspective of participation in the public sphere.

South Korea's Embrace of Good Donorship Norms: The Bureaucratic Process of Norm Translation

How and when do international norms shape or fail to shape a state's behaviors? This paper examines how and why South Korea decided to accede to the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development's (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in 2008. Specifically, we examine the political infighting that shaped the timing and implementation of the decision. Our study highlights what we term a “bureaucratic norm contestation process” whereby government agencies independently select norms to promote based on their organizational interests and engage in intra‐governmental debates as they competitively attempt to “sell” their choice to decision‐makers. In the case of South Korea, this aggressive reinterpretation of norms, in conjunction with pushback by rival bureaucratic agencies, has contributed to two translations of the norm. The first translation was a discursive shift of the language of donorship away from a focus on humanitarian duty and towards status enhancement. The second translation occurred at the level of practice, as rival bureaucracies tried to implement their unique vision of Korea's success story. This study illustrates that norm diffusion is not a unidirectional flow of ideas from the center to the periphery of the international system but a process of contested coproduction that includes local actors.

Out of sync: The failed translation of international human rights in the creation of the UK Human Rights Act

One of the key challenges in the domestic implementation of international human rights norms and standards is to adapt and translate them in such a way that they become locally accepted while retaining their transformative potential. Contrary to the common assumption that such translation is necessary especially in the Global South, this article seeks to demonstrate the usefulness of applying the lens of norm translation also to Western liberal democracies through a case study of the United Kingdom. It examines the creation of the highly controversial UK Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA), which gave domestic effect to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in British law, in order to illuminate the reasons for the HRA’s persistent contestation. Based on the reconstruction of the postwar history of British bill of rights campaigns, the article argues that the continuing criticisms of the HRA and its lack of public support are the results of a failed translation process of the ECHR into the British context. The increasing mismatch in the development of the HRA between the far-reaching structural adaptation of European Convention rights to the peculiarities of the British constitution and the absence of their adequate rhetorical translation created a perceived gap in the HRA’s legitimacy and left the Act in a precarious constitutional position.

The “Ought-Is” Problem: An Implementation Science Framework for Translating Ethical Norms Into Practice

We argue that once a normative claim is developed, there is an imperative to effect changes based on this norm. As such, ethicists should adopt an “implementation mindset” when formulating norms, and collaborate with others who have the expertise needed to implement policies and practices. To guide this translation of norms into practice, we propose a framework that incorporates implementation science into ethics. Implementation science is a discipline dedicated to supporting the sustained enactment of interventions. We further argue that implementation principles should be integrated into the development of specific normative claims as well as the enactment of these norms. Ethicists formulating a specific norm should consider whether that norm can feasibly be enacted because the resultant specific norm will directly affect the types of interventions subsequently developed. To inform this argument, we will describe the fundamental principles of implementation science, using informed consent to research participation as an illustration.

Corporate Law and Political Economy in a Kleptocracy

Described by the US Attorney-General as ‘kleptocracy at its worst’, 1MDB, a Malaysian state-owned company, was a vehicle for theft of billions by the former prime minister for nine years. Malaysian corporate law is largely aligned with international standards, raising questions as to why it failed to effectively safeguard against the expropriation of corporate property. The article investigates empirical evidence of the strength and implementation of Malaysian corporate law that ostensibly protects shareholders from expropriation. It examines the translation of global norms into local practice, and highlights the contextual influences that have impeded effective enforcement. The analysis draws on broader theoretical approaches to illuminate the evolution of Malaysian shareholder protection and explain the gap between law in the books and law in practice. While Malaysian corporate law has been modelled on benchmarks of international standards, its corporate ownership structures, political economy and form of political governance have developed in a distinctly different manner from institutions in Western developed countries. This research explores the limitations of prescribing formal law based on global standards, highlighting the need to consider the implications of political economy. Broader implications for the discourse on legal transplants and global norms for corporate law are considered, along with potential reforms. This paper is the author's original submission to the American Journal of Comparative Law which was accepted for publication in June 2020 following minor revisions.

The Imperative to Narrate: Personal Storytelling and LGBT Norm Translation in China

The Imperative to Narrate: Personal Storytelling and LGBT Norm Translation in China

When Bribery is Considered an Economic Necessity: Facilitation Payments, Norm Translation, and the Role of Cognitive Beliefs

AbstractSince the 1990s, when a global anti-corruption norm emerged which in part targeted the use of bribery in international business activities, international support has been growing for a related norm against the use of facilitation (or “grease”) payments. Despite ambiguous language in the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and despite the lack of material enforcement mechanisms, many OECD convention signatories have explicitly banned facilitation payments. Among the few remaining holdouts, Canada and New Zealand recently addressed this omission in their anti-corruption legislation; only Canada opted to eliminate its legal exception for facilitation payments. Building on recent models on norm translation, this article foregrounds the differential roles of normative and cognitive beliefs to explain the different outcomes in these similar cases. Drawing on elite interviews and primary documents, this article argues that select Canadian business representatives helped shape the cognitive beliefs of policymakers through institutionalized consultations in the legislative process, thus facilitating the adoption of the new norm.

Friction or flows? The translation of Resolution 1325 into practice in Rwanda

ABSTRACTAfter almost 20 years with Resolution 1325 and the ‘women, peace and security’ agenda, the results achieved seem rather disappointing. This article analyses how the global gender norms laid out in Resolution 1325 have been translated into practice in a local post-conflict setting – Rwanda as a ‘best-case’ scenario on gender equality. Drawing on the theoretical literature on norm translation and the concepts of friction and flows, together with fieldwork-based research, the article analyses how international and national actors in Rwanda have reshaped and adapted the principles laid out in Resolution 1325. The main argument is that the processes of norm translation in Rwanda are characterised less by flows and more by friction and uneven processes of translation. The article concludes that the predominant successes are the inclusion of women in decision-making and at the lower levels in the security sector. However, women are still excluded, and gender issues marginalised, in the ‘big’ negotiations on peace and security, and high levels of violence against women persist.

MANAGEMENT OF CUSTOMS SERVICE OF INDUSTRIAL AND TOURISM ENTERPRISES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE ASSOCIATION WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION

Formation of the mass tourism industry at the present stage of development of the Ukrainian society, change of sociocultural priorities in motivating travel of certain groups of Ukrainian population necessitates its analysis as one of the most important indicators of Ukraine's entry into the global global space. The economic and sociological approach to the analysis of tourism in the context of economic and socio-cultural determinants of social development reveals this phenomenon not only as part of the global post-industrial economy, but also as a phenomenon of a particular culture, which allows determining the moral and value basis for creating new mechanisms for the reproduction and translation of cultural norms, values, knowledge, ideas, representations, symbols and examples of socio-cultural interaction. It is a sociological study of tourism that allows you to analyze the motives, habits and traditions of both the guests and the inhabitants of the host country, to study the customs, marketing, innovation, financial and socio-cultural support received by traveling groups of the population, and contributes to the formation of the values of the post-industrial stage of the development of the social system. Ukrainians are gradually beginning to reorient their travels to Ukraine. If earlier the main part of tourism revenue was provided by inbound tourism, and its reduction is particularly noticeable for the budget of the tourism industry and the state as a whole, then outbound tourism can not compensate for this loss, since it, on the contrary, is more expelled from the country than it gives it. Therefore, the only way out of this situation is the development of domestic tourism, especially on the background of world experience, which suggests that such tourism can generate significant income. Effective tourism development will significantly increase the flow of foreign tourists to Ukraine and the influx of foreign exchange earnings into the country's economy, as well as ensure, on the one hand, the growth of tax deductions to budgets of different levels, and on the other hand, given the impact of tourism on all aspects of society's life. , - development of related branches of the economy and increase of employment of the population. The tourist market in Ukraine is in a phase of deep structural adjustment, institutional formation, formation of intra-industry, inter-branch, interregional and foreign economic relations. In full, this relates to the process of formation of tourist infrastructure, the relevant segment of the labor market, the system of state regulation of tourism activities.

What affects individual energy conservation behavior: Personal habits, external conditions or values? An empirical study based on a survey of college students

It is important to encourage people to form energy conservation habits to increase energy efficiency. The application of social psychology research paradigm in studying energy conservation behavior sheds more light on what conditions are necessary for sustained energy conservation behavior. Based on a survey of 234 college students in Beijing, this study was carried out using the VBN model as its analysis framework and a structural equation model while focusing on whether egocentric values necessarily lead to non-energy conservation behavior and whether altruistic and biospheric values inevitably lead to energy conservation behavior among college students. The following conclusions can be drawn. First, the study partially verified the basic conclusion of the VBN model, that is, values have a significant effect on energy conservation beliefs, which in turn significantly affect personal energy conservation norms. Second, energy conservation beliefs formed by altruistic and biospheric values are translated into real energy conservation norms. However, egocentric values do not significantly affect the attribution of energy conservation responsibility. Moreover, personal energy conservation norms do not translate into energy conservation behavior. Third, individual behavioral habits and external conditions do not promote the translation of personal norms into real energy conservation behavior.

Public and Private in the Social Communications: Historical and Sociological Approach

The article traces the evolution of the relationship between public and private during the development of human communication, starting from the earliest stages, when communication of a public nature was nothing more than a purposeful translation of general norms of behavior, taboos, beliefs, worldviews, attitudes toward power, helped to coordinate the efforts of the members of a clan, a tribe, in order to survive, to preserve some stability, to exist in time and space. Practically, such a model with some variations prevailed over a long period of human development. The new time has generated a new communication actor - a person who claimed to own a share of the private zone. In this sense, the practice of using social networks is interesting, with all their features within the stated theme: accessibility for supervising bodies and advertising are the defense of personal data, the possibility for communication in forums.

SYSTEMIC APPROACH TO THE PROCESS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE MANAGERS OF SOCIO-CULTURAL ACTIVITIES

. Introduction. The article proposes a new classification of the system of principles of training modern managers for the socio-cultural sphere. A synergistic approach to ideological and special training is a factor of deep understanding of processes of systemic orientation in the process of teaching managers of socio-cultural activities. The combination of classical and innovative principles allows to improve the educational process in the aspect of graduates’ competitiveness. Increasing the motivational importance of obtaining the profession of a “manager of socio-cultural activities” should be related not only to increasing the prestige of this profession. Purpose. Substantiate theoretically the content and specific features of the systemic approach to the process of professional training of future managers of socio-cultural activities. Results. The system of principles of training modern managers of the socio-cultural sphere has been formed. To these principles we refer: 1) the principle of high spiritual ideas in the educational process of training of a manager of socio-cultural sphere; 2) the principle of complementarity of the fundamentality of scientific knowledge and practical activities in the implementation of managerial skills; 3) the principle of self-knowledge of professional and personal development of a manager of socio-cultural activities; 4) the principle of mutual dependence of a student’s pedagogical and socio-cultural experience; 5) the cumulative principle in the process of development of vocational activities education. Correspondingly, the target orientation of the first principle is increasing the level of spiritual development, orientation of content of professional training of a future manager of socio-cultural activities on personal development of spiritual-and-moral values: morality, responsibility, duty, justice, etc. The implementation specifics of the first principle are: a) the establishment and correlation of the level of a student’s spiritual-and moral development; b) modeling the interrelationship of the spiritual level of a student’s development with individual professional-and-personal needs in the context of value-and-semantic attitudes; c) the implementation of a student’s personal involvement in the process of spiritual-and-moral upbringing and self-upbringing. The target orientation of the second principle is ensuring the effectiveness of the structure of socio-cultural education, which is harmoniously incorporated by worldview and special training of a manager for culture and arts. The implementation specifics of the second principle are: a) organization of the educational process in the mode of development and self-development (innovative approach); b) orientation of the educational process and all its subjects on creative activities, providing the possibility of self-realization in professional development; c) the organization of training focused on students’ prospective development through continuous practice in the external socio-cultural environment. The target orientation of the third principle is understanding the significance of future professional activities and awareness of professional identity. The implementation specifics of the third principle are: a) modeling the logical sequence of formation of the components of knowledge about professional activities; b) inclusion of students in project activities; c) creating conditions for approbation of the obtained knowledge in professional activities reflected in personal experience of socio-cultural activities. The target orientation of the fourth principle is graduates’ orientation is not only on the dissemination of their knowledge, but rather on the acquisition of skills to apply it taking into account the needs of the social environment. The implementation specifics of the fourth principle are: a) effective organization of practice; b) mutual learning, the exchange of ideas between a teacher and a student, in which the gap between theoretical postulates and real practice is minimized. The target orientation of the fifth principle is “building up” new knowledge and skills in the field of professional activities, based on the experience gained when solving professional tasks at the previous stage of mastering knowledge. The implementation specifics of the fifth principle are: a) competence approach; b) the interrelation of educational-and-professional tasks, with the aim of integrating experience, learning professional functions; c) mastering methods of work of a manager of socio-cultural activities in new socio-economic conditions. It is the systematic approach in organizing the educational process that will provide the opportunity to acquire modern knowledge and technologies in the field of socio-cultural activities and its competitiveness. If the fundamental basis of the higher education system is its consideration through reproduction of norms, models and standards of culture, then the educational process within the specialty “Management of Socio-Cultural Activities” is a peculiar channel in which the reproduction of human activities and the translation of cultural norms occur. The meaning of this process is not so much in the transfer of knowledge from a lecturer to a student, but in the modeling of an effective manager for the field of culture and arts, where culture becomes vital. Conclusion. Consequently, the target orientation in the organization of educational activities is not so much the transfer of culture to students, reflected in the accumulated knowledge, but their own development.

The local translation of global norms: the Sierra Leonean diamond market

ABSTRACTShortcomings in natural resource governance leading to economic mismanagement, political clientelism, underdevelopment and civil conflict, have caused an increase in global norms of ‘good governance’ of natural resource sectors. As a result, a growing number of global governance initiatives are targeting conflict-prone natural resource sectors. Whether these regulatory efforts stand a chance of being successful depends on their implementation in producer countries. As the transnational regulatory framework aimed at curbing the trade in conflict minerals is expanding, this article investigates the local translation of global norms of resource governance. Drawing on the ‘local-to-global’ research perspective developed in this special issue and norm diffusion theories, the article examines one of the most prominent cases of governance reform targeting conflict-affected natural resource sectors: The Sierra Leonean diamond market. Based on extensive field research, the article analyses the implementation of KPCS requirements on the national and subnational level of governance institutions. It evaluates the accomplishments, the challenges and the local adaption to and (formal and informal) interpretation of KPCS norms.

Between regulatory field structuring and organizational roles: Intermediation in the field of sustainable urban development

AbstractRecent contributions in the domains of governance and regulation elucidate the importance of rule‐intermediation (RI), the role that organizations adopt to bridge actors with regulatory or “rulemaking” roles and those with target or “rule‐taking” roles. Intermediation not only enables the diffusion and translation of regulatory norms, but also allows for the representation of different actors in policymaking arenas. While prior studies have explored the roles that such RIs adopt to facilitate their intermediation functions, we have yet to consider how field‐level structuring processes influence (and are influenced by) the various and changing roles adopted by RI. In this study we focus on the mutually constitutive relations between field‐level change processes and the evolving roles of RIs by studying the rise of the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI)/Local Governments for Sustainability, an RI serving as a bridge for sustainable urban development policies between the United Nations and local authorities. Using ICLEI as an illustrative case, we theorize four different processes of regulatory field structuration: problematization, role specialization, marketization, and orchestrated decentralization. We discuss their implications for RI roles in the field and further theorize the changing dynamics of trickle‐up intermediation processes as an RI gains power and influence.

Translating global gender norms in Islamic Relief Worldwide

Based on a case study of Islamic Relief Worldwide (IRW), this article analyses organizational processes of norm translation, asking how IRW understands and employs global norms of gender equality. Approaching IRW as an organization positioned in between two different normative environments, the analysis explores the ways in which it seeks to align different sets of norms, balance between different kinds of expectations and create resonance with different audiences. In these processes, actors make use of a range of different strategies, including bridging, thinning and parallel co-existence, testifying to the complexities involved in translating organizational norms.

Do norms travel? The case of gender in Danish development cooperation

Questioning diffusion and translation as central concepts describing how norms influence policies, the article analyses the drafting process of a recent gender equality policy in Danish development cooperation. Three global norms (gender mainstreaming, sexual and reproductive health and rights, and women’s empowerment) and their influence on the policy are examined, and it is argued that the contingency of policymaking circumscribes the role of global norms. A variety of intra- and extra-organizational factors affect the drafting of the policy, and it is the interaction between these factors and the norms, rather than diffusion or translation of global norms, that best describes the normative influence on Danish gender equality policy.

Between Regulatory Field Structuring and Organizational Roles: Intermediation in the Field of Sustainable Urban Development

Recent contributions in the domains of governance and regulation elucidate the importance of rule-intermediation (RI), the role that organizations adopt to bridge actors playing regulatory or “rule-making” (RM) roles, and those adopting target or “rule-taking” (RT) roles. Intermediation not only enables diffusion and translation of regulatory norms, but also allows for the representation of different actors in policy-making arenas. While prior studies have explored the roles that such RIs adopt to facilitate their intermediation functions, we have yet to consider how field-level structuring processes influence (and are influenced by) the various and changing roles adopted by RIs. In this study, we focus on the mutually constitutive relations between field-level change processes and the evolving roles of RIs by studying the rise of ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives/Local Governments for Sustainability), an RI serving as a bridge for sustainable urban development policies between the United Nations and urban authorities. Using ICLEI as an illustrate case, we theorize four different processes of regulatory field consolidation and fragmentation including: problematization, role specialization, marketization and orchestrated decentralization. We discuss their implications for the RI roles in the field and further theorize the changing dynamics of trickle-up intermediation processes as an RI gains power and influence. This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Bothello, J. and Mehrpouya, A. (2018), Between regulatory field structuring and organizational roles: Intermediation in the field of sustainable urban development. Regulation & Governance, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12215. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.

More for Less: The Interactive Translation of Global Norms in Postconflict Guatemala

More for Less: The Interactive Translation of Global Norms in Postconflict Guatemala

Unlocking the agency of the governed: contestation and norm dynamics

International Relations (IR) research on the translation and appropriation of international norms emphasises both the role of local agency and the fundamental malleability of norms. However, these perspectives cannot unlock the full agency of the governed as they limit agents’ effects on norms to incremental changes at the margins. We suggest transcending the distinction between the local and the global by taking practices of contestation as constitutive for normative agency. In such a perspective, we can differentiate types of contestatory practices and analyse how they affect norms.