Annotated Translation Research Articles

LncPepAtlas: a comprehensive resource for exploring the translational landscape of long non-coding RNAs.

Long non-coding RNAs were commonly viewed as non-coding elements. However, they are increasingly recognized for their ability to be translated into proteins, thereby playing a significant role in various cellular processes and diseases. With developments in biotechnology and computational algorithms, a range of novel approaches are being applied to investigate the translation of long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs). Herein, we developed the LncPepAtlas database (http://www.cnitbiotool.net/LncPepAtlas/), which aims to compile multiple evidences for the translation of lncRNAs and annotations for the upstream regulation of lncRNAs across various species. LncPepAtlas integrated compelling evidence from nine distinct sources for the translation of lncRNAs. These include a dataset comprising 2631 publicly available Ribo-seq samples from nine species, which has been collected and analysed. LncPepAtlas offers extensive annotation for lncRNA upstream regulation and expression profiles across various cancers, tissues or cell lines at transcriptional and translational levels. Importantly, it enables novel antigen predictions for lncRNA-encoded peptides. By identifying numerous peptide candidates that could potentially bind to major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules, this work may provide new insights into cancer immunotherapy. The function of peptides were inferred by aligning them with experimentally detected proteins. LncPepAtlas aims to become a convenient resource for exploring translatable lncRNAs.

Vasyl Yakovych Danylevskyi's lecture on health and illness (1921): annotated translation

Academician Vasyl Yakovych Danylevskyi is a world-renowned scientist, doctor, biologist, writer, teacher, author of introductory lectures for students of the medical faculty, published in 1921 in the book "The Doctor, His Vocation and Education". The article presents the second, abbreviated and annotated, lecture of Danylevsky V.Ya., dedicated to understanding the human body's ability to resist diseases, recover losses, and replenish resources. The author describes the mechanisms of morphological and physiological balance, defines the formula of human happiness (as a combination of purity of soul, enlightenment of the mind and health of the body). The lecture provides answers to the questions of what health is and whether a healthy person needs a doctor; what is a disease, and can health be restored without resorting to medicine; what role does society and the environment play in the full life of a person. In the lecture, special attention was paid to the actions and inactions of the doctor in combating the disease. It is important to advise the doctor about the purposeful use of his energies, caution against wasting these energies on secondary things unrelated to treatment, prevention and self-improvement. The author emphasizes the important role of the doctor in establishing all aspects of people's lives: lifestyle, nutrition, work and rest, hygiene (housing, clothing, personal), choice of profession, education and upbringing. The disease is considered by the author from the unexpected perspective of the natural mechanism "to remove the disease-causing substance from a person in order to preserve his life". The capacity for recovery and self-repair is described for both physical and mental health. The meaning of recovery is not only getting rid of the disease and replenishing resources, but also the return of a person to social life. The work of doctor Danylevskyi V.Ya. compares with the art of the best one’s representatives of all eras. And he considers the use of drugs permissible only if there is evidence of their reliability. Lecture by Danylevskyi V.Ya. about health and disease demonstrates the author's deep understanding of issues that have become the basis of modern evidence-based medicine, bioethics and pedagogy. Keywords: compensatory mechanisms, sanogenesis, history of medicine.

Vasyl Yakovych Danylevskyi's lecture on science, university and faculty selection (1921): annotated translation

Kharkiv National Medical University has the honor to present a series of lectures by the outstanding doctor of Kharkiv region Danylevskyi V.Ya., which for 100 years have not lost their relevance and can be a guideline for modern doctors and students of medical universities. In this abstract, we will briefly outline the advice of the author of the lecture to young doctors. Without a general scientific education, even a good practicing doctor will remain a narrow empiricist with a limited mental horizon. The student must complete the entire curriculum, because he cannot yet understand the suitability of the academic subjects in his future profession. The formalistic system of educational institutions suppresses higher educational interests, logic and scientific truth. Scientific successes bring people together and promote international communication based on knowledge and art, work and peace. True, mutual understanding covers only the cultural top of the population. Therefore, the democratization of science is necessary for the universal sharing of spiritual and material benefits. That is why they fought so hard for the development of the education of their people in European countries after the wars, and that is why the general rise of the cultural and political power of Japan began with the development of public education. Our physical and mental health depends on all conditions of human existence, starting with the mental and social state. That is why in all matters of physical, mental and social life, their organization and reform, the voice of the doctor should be highly respected. To earn such respect, the doctor must have great tact, understanding of people, and most importantly, great scientific knowledge. What should someone do who has already spent 2–3 years at medical school and then became convinced of his worthlessness? Of course, leaving medicine. Keywords: medical university, medical education, history of medicine.

Challenges in translating English wordplays into Indonesian: An annotated translation of Paperboy novel by Vince Vawter

Wordplays are fun and pleasurable, yet challenging for translators. The researcher translated the Paperboy novel by Vince Vawter and found many wordplays in it. In this research, the researcher aims to find the various wordplays contained in the novel, determine at what level of language the wordplays are, classify the wordplay into the appropriate taxonomy, and find out the most suitable translation strategy for each wordplay. The methods used are introspective and retrospective. The results of this research show that there are 26 data of wordplays that cover 3 lexical plays, 19 sound plays, and 4 visual plays. In terms of taxonomy, those data cover 7 homonyms, 7 paronyms, 5 malapropisms, 6 rhymes, and 1 eggcorn. The translation strategies used are 19 wordplay to wordplay, 3 wordplay ST to wordplay TT, 1 wordplay to non-wordplay, 1 non-wordplay to wordplay, and 2 editorial techniques. Based on the most used translation strategies, i.e. wordplay to wordplay, it can be seen that even though wordplays are challenging, they are not totally impossible to translate.

Schuyler's 'Diner a La Russe'

The author has been working for the last few years on an annotated translation of the important pre-revolutionary cookbook by Elena Molokhovets, A Gift to Young Housewives. She tells us that the translation is now done and that she is currently preparing the introductory essays for the book.

Aristóteles, Primeiros Analíticos II, 1-4: tradução e notas

This is an annotated translation of the first four chapters of the second book of Aristotle’s Prior Analytics. I aim to offer Portuguese-speaking readers a clear text with complementary materials to elucidate and contextualize Aristotle’s work, fulfilling a significant gap in the Lusophone bibliographical universe. To do this, I have taken Ross’s edition of the Aristotelian text as a basis – in which I have made some small changes – and compared my work with a series of existing translations and commentaries on the text.

Decency and Ritual (儀禮 Yi li). Chapter 9. Introduction, Translation from Chinese, Commentary

The publication contains an annotated translation of the ninth chapter of the classic Confucian treatise Decency and Ritual (儀禮 Yi li) which describes in detail one of the ancient Chinese feasts on the occasion of receiving guests — “The ritual of shi feast, [conducted] by gong [to receive an ambassador in the rank of xia]dafu” (公食大夫禮 Gong shi dafu li).

Ancient Egyptian mathematics in the early 20th century: a mathematical view from Kiel, 1926

In December 1926, the historian of mathematics Otto Neugebauer, then at the very beginning of his career, gave a seminar to mathematicians at the University of Kiel on the subject of ancient Egyptian fraction-reckoning. The content of Neugebauer's lecture was drawn from his doctoral dissertation, completed in Göttingen earlier that year, which had been inspired by the appearance in 1923 of a new edition of the most complete surviving source on ancient Egyptian mathematics, the so-called Rhind Mathematical Papyrus. This new edition, published by the Egyptologist Thomas Eric Peet, had served much more generally to revive interest in the subject of Egyptian mathematics, which was further explored by a small number of authors, including Peet and Neugebauer, throughout the rest of the 1920s. In their works, we see a range of approaches to the subject, from the cautiously context-sensitive style usually adopted by Egyptologists to the much more speculative mathematically-led methods of those scholars, such as Neugebauer, who came from strongly mathematical backgrounds. In this article, we present an annotated translation of Neugebauer's 1926 lecture and use it to paint a picture of differing attitudes towards the study of ancient mathematics.

Tattva, vrata, caryā: On the Relationship of View and Practice in the First Chapter of Padmavajra’s Guhyasiddhi

The religious worldview of the mantranaya (esoteric Mahāyāna or Vajrayāna) can arguably be seen as rooted in the perspective that reality (tattva) is to be self-experienced (svasamvedya) through contemplative practices, serving as both their means (upāya) and expression (caryā). The tantric path-model of Padmavajra’s Guhyasiddhi, an exegetical text in the Guhyasamāja tradition, supposedly enables individuals to rapidly realize reality, a state also referred to as mahāmudrā or other, within a single lifetime. This path-model describes a transformation leading to the revelation of ultimate realization leaving behind conventional means. These two levels correspond to two stages, the stage of arising (utpattikrama), serving as the foundation for the stage of the arisen (utpannakrama). While the first stage is like a supporting framework giving rise to the correct view, in the second stage, the practitioner cultivates the view that has arisen. The practices of the latter stage eventually become inseparable from the view itself, meaning they are practical expressions of the view exemplified in doctrines like unmattavrata and other forms of observances integral to the mahāmudrā doctrine. Thus, contemplative practices and the established worldview mutually inform each other in a reciprocal relationship. Simultaneously, this system of practice and view continues to influence and shape religious practices and rituals as they are transmitted, e.g., through teacher–disciple lineages (guruparaṃparā). In this paper, I will explore this relationship through the critical edition and annotated translation of Guhyasiddhi’s first chapter by Padmavajra (ca. late 8th and early 9th century), in which a clear exposition of the relationship in question is presented. My analysis of it, thus connecting the work to more general Buddhist concepts, follows a two-level framework, that is, the well-known two-fold system of conventional/implicit (a) and definitive/explicit (b), which can be seen as equivalent to utpatti- (a) and utpannakrama (b). The efficiency of promoted practices accords with the practitioner’s correct assessment of tattva which, following Padmavajra, is the basis for engagement in tantric practices per se. The first part provides the analysis, given in 1.1–1.5, of Padmavajra‘s system and is based on the second part, the annotated translation (2.1) and critical edition (2.2) of Padma-vajra’s Guhyasiddhi chapter one.

The Walnut in China

The present contribution provides an annotated translation of the description of the walnut (Juglans regia) in Category IV, Section XX, juan 284 of the Gujin tushu jicheng (Imperial Encyclopaedia) which became available to Western scholarship only through the two reprints at the end of the 19th century. The outstanding Orientalist Berthold Laufer had already summarized this chapter for his groundbreaking Sino-Iranica in 1919; thus this full and annotated presentation serves as a documentation to underpin Laufer’s views and also proves the careful work of the editors at the Imperial court. The translation was already completed in 1923 but not published probably because of the difficult situation after WW I. The translator, Michael Hagerty (1876–1951), worked for the US Department of Agriculture under the botanist Walter T. Swingle (1871–1952); the achievements of both scholars in the field of East Asiatic botany have so far not been fully appreciated. The translation was revised and edited for this presentation. This is the first translation of the walnut chapter into a Western language; it shows the benefits of the walnut as a food item, as a crop and a medicine from the Chinese point of view, based on more than thousand years of experience. It also serves as an example of the plant descriptions in the Gujin tushu jicheng and hints at a widely untapped resource of Western historical botany.

The collection and translation of Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) in Russia

One of the most important classical books of Chinese antiquity, Records of the Grand Historian (史記 Shiji) was transmitted into Russia in the eighteenth century; in the nineteenth century, the Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing brought back a large collection of Chinese books, diversifying the Russian collection of Records of the Grand Historian; and in the twentieth century, during both the Russian and Soviet eras, books were purchased from China on a large scale, further enriching the Russian collection of Records of the Grand Historian. Beginning in the nineteenth century, Russian Sinologists produced abridged translations of Records of the Grand Historian, and in the twentieth century, a grand project for a complete annotated translation of Records of the Grand Historian into Russian was launched starting in 1972, with the world’s only complete annotated translation of Records of the Grand Historian in a European language being released in 2010. The process of the collection and translation of Records of the Grand Historian in Russia is a reflection of the historical process whereby Chinese culture was disseminated in Russia.

Research into the constitution in the interwar period, 1922

The article "Was nennen wir Konstitution, Konstitutionanomalie und Konstitutionskrankheit?" [What do we call constitution, constitutional anomaly, and constitutional disease?], published in 1922 by the German pediatrician Meinhard Pfaundler, is presented in an annotated translation into Portuguese. Commissioned by Klinische Wochenschrift [Clinical Weekly], the article presents and discusses what were at the time the most recent debates and terminology concerning the "constitutional doctrine" in medicine. "Was nennen wir Konstitution..." therefore sheds theoretical and conceptual light on debates regarding the constitution in European medical circles in the interwar period.

El propósito de la muralla de Adriano según Collingwood: una ilustración de la lógica de pregunta y respuesta

In his autobiography, Collingwood illustrates what he calls “the logic of question and answer” with several examples, one of which is his solution to the question of the purpose of the wall that the Romans built roughly between present-day England and Scotland under Hadrian and later emperors. The purpose of this paper is to present an annotated translation of Collingwood’s article in which he sets out that solution. By carefully analyzing his argumentation, it is possible to show how the logic of question and answer works in detail. Given the place that Collingwood's works occupy in the curriculum of undergraduate students of history in this country, this way of explaining the logic of question and answer seems to be the most suitable for students to gain access to a powerful heuristic and hermeneutic tool both to better understand historians’ arguments and to better construct their own.

Divine Names as the Standard of Ethics: A Translation of Ibn al-‘Arabī’s Concise Explanation of al-Asmā’ al-Ḥusnā

The article submits that one of the most interesting notions in Islām is that the Names and Attributes of Allāh, also function as the standard of ethical manners and praiseworthy deeds. In order to clarify this notion—wherein there is an inevitable continuity of theology, worship and ethics—this article presents a translation of Ibn al-ʿArabī’s (560/1165—638/1240) concise explanation of the Divine Names (al-asmāʾul-ḥusnā). Given the fact that by his own claim, Ibn al-ʿArabī is ‘the seal of Muḥammadan sainthood’ (Khātim al-Awliyāʾ al-Muḥammadiyyah), and by his followers’ estimation ‘the supreme preceptor’ (al-Shaykh al-Akbar), the annotated translation’s contribution to present-day knowledge includes his notion of the oneness of the Divinity, list of some of the Divine Names, and understanding of their realities and meanings. At that ontological plane of the Divine Oneness, the Essence describes Himself according to His Beautiful Names and Sublime Attributes, all of which require recognition and acknowledgement by His servants for their own well-being in relation to takhallaqū bi-akhlāqillāh.

Annotated Translation from Indonesian into English: The Tourism and Culture Office’s Website of Bekasi

This research aims to analyze the annotated translation from indonesian into english: the culture and tourism office’s website of bekasi. The data will be analyzed by the theory of Chesterman about translation strategy. This research is qualitative research with descriptive analysis. The writer describes the translation by giving some annotations (notes) on the selected equivalents in the target language which are the solution of translation problem found out in the source language. The data of the research is in some articles on website of Tourism and Culture Office of Bekasi City. The research finding shows that the writer used syntactic strategy for 55%, about 33% by pragmatic strategy, and 12% by semantic strategy. The finding of this research can be concluded that translation theories are still needed or even they are very important in the process of translation to produce a good translation.

체벵(Čeveng)의 『몽골 소수민족지』 역주ㆍ3

This article is an annotated translation of the Ethnography of Mongolian Minorities written by ǰamsaring-un Čeveng, a great modern Mongolian scholar, covering from the Qotung to the Dariγangγa.
 First of all, the livelihood of the Qotung is farming, and they have been absorbed into the culture of the Mongols dwelling in the midst of the Dörbed. However, their appearance still retains many Turkic characteristics. They practice Islam as their faith and seek marriage partners only within the same tribe. They used to offer grain (wheat), livestock, and silver to the princes and provided labor as well.
 The Bayad’s habitat is suitable for raising livestock and farming. Their livelihood is raising the five kinds of livestock, with numerous yaks and few oxen, while some engage in hunting.
 The Ögeled’s habitat is good for raising cattle. The Ögeled are of Mongolian descent and were members of the Four Oyirad. They raise numerous yaks, camels, and sheep, but sow crops on a small scale, with some practicing hunting.
 The origin of the Mingγad is of Turkic descent, but they gradually started using Mongolian language. Their customs are similar to those of the Qotoγoid, and their physique is similar to that of the Mongols. Their main occupation is nomadic, and they do not practice agriculture.
 The ǰaqačin have Torγud origins, and in history, the guards of the borders of the Jungar state were called ǰaqačin. Their primary occupation is nomadic, with some engaging in farming and others in hunting.
 The Torγud have a distinct way of life, customs, dialect, etc., but they are close to the ǰaqačin. As means of subsistence, they have livestock for transhumance, with some engaging in farming, and they were a branch of the Four Oyirad.
 The aforementioned the Dörbed, Ögeled, Torγud, ǰaqačin, and so on were all tribes of the Four Oyirad, and the remnants after the fall of the Jungar state.
 The 16 sumuns of the Čaqars of the Ili in the Sinkiang province consisted of the people from the Čaqar and the Naiman qosiγun who were relocated and settled to guard the border regions and promote farming in 1758. When the Mongolian National Revolution occurred in 1911, Sumiya of the Čaqars led his subjects to join Mongolia, and they were resettled in the west of Kyakhta. The Čaqars are alert and proficient in their work, with a fondness for swift horses and a dedication to improving horse breeds.
 The Dariγangγa people are those who were relocated from Naiman qosiγun (Banner) of the Čaqar, subjects of Ligden Qutuγtu Qaγan. Dariγangγa is the narrowest point for crossing the Mongolian Gobi Desert, and from early times it has served as a passage for great armies. The origin of the Dariγangγa pasture dates back to the Kangxi emperor of the Qing dynasty. After defeating the Ögeled when Γaldan of the Ögeled attacked the Khalkha, the Kangxi Emperor ordered to gather and raise the captured livestock in Dariγangγa. Every year, a specific number of cattle established by the Čaqar’s yamun was delivered.
 In this way, Čeveng systematically organized various sources to provide a comprehensive overview of the lives, natural environment, history, and culture of the ethnic minorities that constitute Mongolia. In particular, the detailed descriptions of the borders of Mongolia aimed to help understand the population and economic conditions of the ethnic minorities, who were part of the newly independent Mongolia in 1921, and contribute to stable governance.

The Timurid Regions and Moghulistan through the Eyes of a Ming Diplomat: An Annotated Translation of the Xiyu fanguo zhi and Selected Poems by Chen Cheng (1415)

Abstract The article investigates the fifteenth-century Ming diplomat Chen Cheng’s travel accounts by situating them against the backdrop of Islamic and Mongol history. The first part of the article presents Chen Cheng’s travels and his reports in the context of Ming-Timurid relations and comprehensively studies the existing editions of Chen’s writings. The second part of the article provides a complete, critical, and annotated translation of Chen’s travel narrative, the Xiyu fanguo zhi, and a selection of his poems that describe the Timurid and eastern Chaghatayid regions through which the ambassador traveled. The translation is based on the text from Chen’s personal literary collection, the Chen Zhushan wenji, which has not yet been adequately utilized in English scholarship. Incorporating information from contemporary sources, the annotated translation contextualizes Chen’s accounts in Islamic history of Western and Central Asia. Finally, the article supplements the translation with a biography of Chen Cheng and information extracted from his itinerary.

Халил Рахимов. Фрагменты из «Защиты избранников Аллаха от поношений заблудших людей» (Химайат ал-авлийа’ мин иханат ал-агвийа’)

The present article reveals insufficiently studied aspects of Islamic Mysticism (Sufism) in Russia’s Volga-Ural region at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century in the context of modernization in late imperial Russia. A special attention is paid to the analysis of the contribution made by pedagogue, Sufi and scholar Khalil Rahimov to moderate Muslim reformism. He led extramural polemic with outstanding Russian Muslim reformists on the ways of development of the Muslim community, the role of Islamic Mystical tradition (Sufism) in the life of Muslims. He criticized their religious and philosophical teachings and views on the issues of faith and reason, the adaptation of scientific achievements and cultural models of advanced countries. Khalil Rahimov believed that Muslim education, culture and society should be developed without undermining the foundations of religion. Alongside the research, the article provides a Russian annotated translation of excerpts from Khalil Rahimov’s book “Himayat al-awliya’ min ihanat al-agwiya’” [The Protection of the Saints from the abuse of erring men].

A Late Mahayana Text on Being without Self—with Special Reference to the Chinese Versions of the <i>Nairatma-pariprccha</i> (T846, T1643)

The late Mahayana text Nairatma-pariprccha “Questions regarding No-Self” is available to us in a cluster of four versions: one in Sanskrit, one in Tibetan, and two in Chinese. The text is relevant as a witness to Buddhist debates with non-Buddhists in the second half of the first millennium. After reviewing previous research on the text, a discussion aims to delineate the identities of the speaker and his questioners, as well as a rough date for the text. A final section provides an annotated translation of one of the Chinese versions (T1643).

Trust Exercise by Susan Choi: An annotated translation

This study presents an analysis of annotated translations focusing on the novel “Trust Exercise” by Susan Choi, published in 2019. The objective of this study is to identify suitable translation strategies for effectively translating cultural-specific terms encountered in Choi’s novel. Specifically, the annotations in this report pertain to Part 1 of the novel. The researchers identifies eight translation problems encountered in this section, the first being comprehension of the source text, including words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. To address these challenges, the researchers employed a simultaneous understanding and transferring approach, utilizing online dictionaries as translation aids. Moreover, the researchers adopted the most suitable translation strategy to enhance text comprehensibility. Semantic strategies were predominantly employed by the researchers, considering meaning at various linguistic levels, including words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.