Translation Modalities Research Articles

3-D photoacoustic and pulse echo imaging of prostate tumor progression in the mouse window chamber

Understanding the tumor microenvironment is critical to characterizing how cancers operate and predicting their response to treatment. We describe a novel, high-resolution coregistered photoacoustic (PA) and pulse echo (PE) ultrasound system used to image the tumor microenvironment. Compared to traditional optical systems, the platform provides complementary contrast and important depth information. Three mice are implanted with a dorsal skin flap window chamber and injected with PC-3 prostate tumor cells transfected with green fluorescent protein. The ensuing tumor invasion is mapped during three weeks or more using simultaneous PA and PE imaging at 25 MHz, combined with optical and fluorescent techniques. Pulse echo imaging provides details of tumor structure and the surrounding environment with 100-μm(3) resolution. Tumor size increases dramatically with an average volumetric growth rate of 5.35 mm(3)/day, correlating well with 2-D fluorescent imaging (R = 0.97, p < 0.01). Photoacoustic imaging is able to track the underlying vascular network and identify hemorrhaging, while PA spectroscopy helps classify blood vessels according to their optical absorption spectrum, suggesting variation in blood oxygen saturation. Photoacoustic and PE imaging are safe, translational modalities that provide enhanced depth resolution and complementary contrast to track the tumor microenvironment, evaluate new cancer therapies, and develop molecular contrast agents in vivo.

Molecular Characterization of Isocyanate-Induced Male Germ-Line Genomic Instability

Male reproductive health is exquisitely sensitive to environmental insults as evidenced by the rising incidence of testicular cancers and low and probably declining semen quality. Isocyanates, such as methyl isocyanate (MIC), with their wide industrial applications, are known to exert severe ill health effects. The present study was performed to find out the pathophysiological implications of isocyanate exposure on the male germ line. The investigations were performed in the cultured mouse spermatogonial GC-1 spg cell line using N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate, a surrogate chemical to MIC. DNA damage, oxidative stress and apoptosis response parameters increased with time of exposure and dose after treatment. Treated cells also displayed elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines as well as morphological transformation and stress-responsive senescence. Chromosomal aberrations, telomere anomaly, aneuploidy and variable amplification of microsatellite repeats additionally indicated induced genomic instability. This was accompanied by evidence of a deregulation of cell cycle progression, such as substantial fold-changes in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and Bax genes; and aberrant expression of p53, cyclin A, cyclin E, CDK-2 and aurora kinase-B proteins. Our results demonstrate that MIC in the form of N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate promotes germ-line genomic instability in vitro. We envisage that understanding the interplay between environmental toxin-induced signaling and predisposition to testicular cancers would spur identification of meaningful targets for useful therapeutic translational modalities.

Functional pathway mapping of human glioblastoma multiforme and brain metastases for patient tailored therapy

2076 Background: Genome scanning analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has suggested that this form of cancer is a protein pathway disease. Since genomic analysis cannot directly predict protein activation, analysis of protein pathway activation is required. With the current focus on targeted translational therapeutic modalities, a functional understanding of the GBM signaling repertoire is critical, and yet largely unknown. Methods: Twelve tumors were included in this study: 10 GBMs (9 primary, 1 recurrent) and two brain metastases (1 breast and 1 lung). Pure tumor cell populations were obtained from fixed frozen tissue sections using Laser Capture Microdissection. Protein pathway mapping was performed using Reverse Phase Protein Microarrays (RPMA) whereby the activation of 85 key signaling proteins was quantitatively measured at once. Unsupervised and supervised analysis was used to explore pathway activation. Results: Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of all tumors in the study set revealed largely patient-specific signaling portraits yet also identified distinct pathway subsets. The two metastatic tumors clustered separately and distinctly from the GBMs. The GBM specimens clustered according to pathway activity. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant correlations between certain phosphorylated endpoints detected and overall survival. Phosphorylation of cofilin (S3) was associated with shorter survival time, while Stat1 (Y701) and Shc (Y317) phosphorylation were both positively correlated with longer overall survival. Conclusions: This study represents the most comprehensive proteomic analysis of human GBM pathway mapping to date. Since certain pathway biomarkers are themselves being targeted by current investigational therapies, the ability to map pathway activation and identify critical pathway biomarkers can lead to targeted therapeutics tailored to each patient's tumor. The ability to segregate short from long-term survivors according to protein pathway activation is promising. [Table: see text]

Manoel de Barros em terras estrangeiras: o livro das ignorãças, “uma didática da invenção”, Poema XII.

This paper aims at depicting Manoel de Barros&acute;s work translated to Spanish, French and English languages, as well as to presenting the Poem XII from &ldquo;Uma Did&aacute;tica da Inven&ccedil;&atilde;o&rdquo;, which is part of O Livro das Ignor&atilde;&ccedil;as, and its translations to those languages. A brief analysis follows the poem and its translations which show the singular style of the matogrossense poet, whose poetic universe is made of ordinary things extracted from the daily life at Pantanal. As theoretical support, the concepts of patronage of Andr&eacute; Lefevere, and the ones of significance, ungrammaticality, mimetic reading and semiotic reading conceived by Michael Riffaterre and retaken by M&aacute;rio Laranjeira were used. The analysis begins with the assessment of the space distribution of the graphic mass of the poem called visilegibility by Laranjeira. The translation modalities of Francis Aubert were also mentioned.

L'approche interculturelle d'un projet éditorial: littératures émergentes en espagnol

This paper discusses the product of translation, especially in the reception of translated texts, not primarily by readers at large, but more by consumers who, whether they buy the product or not, browse, look for information and, thereby, establish contact with paratextual elements. We consider translation, therefore, a tool which helps in resituating the cultural representations and delimitations of the differently presented communities. Thus, different modalities of translation presented in the catalogue of the Spanish Editorial Board of Zanzibar (global strategies) are analysed along with the individual presentation of the literary works included in it (specific strategies). It is hoped that a (partial) description might be achieved on the editorial strategies for identifying the cultural aspects that authors and texts may have and show. Furthermore, the incidence of translated texts in erasing (or not) a dichotomic vision of these cultural aspects will be also considered.

Clinical Trial Investigator Status: You Need to Earn It

Clinical Trial Investigator Status: You Need to Earn It

Translation: treason, serendipity or acquired instinct?

This article reviews Gregory Rabassa’s memoirs called “If this be treason”. It pays tribute to a brilliant translator and literary critic, who is one of the unsung heroes of Spanish and Portuguese Literature. His memoirs, enriched by years of experience and theoretical reflection, provide a profound and wonderfully readable meditation on the art of translation, without ever becoming pedantic. They are divided into three sections: a) the translator, b) the translated and, finally, c) his verdict on the treason involved in the translation process. In this article, Aubert’s (1997) translation modalities are used to analyze Rabassa’s strategies when dealing with culture-specific items.

Translating modals between English and Arabic

Although central to many disciplines, modality has not received adequate treatment in the field of contrastive studies of English-Arabic translation. Since there are no neat Arabic counterparts to English modals, the only valid arguments for comparison are, therefore, the semantic-pragmatic ones. The current study investigates the relationship between modality and implicature in English-Arabic translation. The main argument is based on the premise that the speaker’s choice of modal expressions signals both the degree and type of involvement a speaker has in the content of the message, and consequently the interpretation of textual implicatures. The study shows that there are other textual means of expressing modality in Arabic that go beyond the immediate verbal construction. In some contexts, the whole discoursal effect will determine the degree of deontic or epistemic modality. The paper also explores shifts and transitions in translating modal patterns between English and Arabic with a view to assessing their overall effect. The examples cited show that the shift in rendering ST modals often entails an alteration in the possible interpretation of their meanings in the TT. In sensitive contexts, such as religious texts, political treaties and negotiations, business deals and court testimonies, some changes may have grave consequences. Although an analysis of the areas of convergence and divergence may help identify common causes of translation errors, the notion of ‘indeterminacy’ remains paramount in translating texts between these two languages. The paper concludes with a pragmatic strategy for the interpretation of modals in context.

Review of Autoimmune (Lupus-like) Glomerulonephritis in Murine Models

While murine models of autoimmune (lupus-like) glomerulonephritis have been available for sometime, it is only recently that immune and inflammatory mechanisms and molecular genetics have been extensively investigated. Genes involved in murine and human lupus nephritis have been discovered and provide insight into this disease process and provide avenues for molecular-targeted therapy. Immune modulation of murine nephritis has provided insight into novel therapy that may attenuate this disease or halt disease progression. With the advances in understanding the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis using translational research modalities, including electron microscopy, and molecular genetics, many “designer” therapies have become available for clinical use and for clinical investigational trials. This paper reviews autoimmune (lupus-like) glomerulonephritis in murine models, candidate genes involved in lupus nephritis, adhesion molecules implicated in murine lupus-like nephritis, immune modulation of murine lupus-like nephritis, and novel and potential therapy for immune complex glomerulonephritis.

Procedimentos tradutórios mais freqüentes em textos jurídicos, corporativos e jornalísticos

Este estudo adota uma metodologia baseada em córpus para verificar as principais estratégias empregadas na tradução de textos jurídicos, corporativos e jornalísticos, na direção inglês-português. Com esse propósito, utilizou-se o modelo descritivo-comparativo sugerido por Aubert (1984, 1977, 1998), o qual se origina das categorias de Vinay e Darbelnet ([1958, 1977] 1995). Aplicou-se a versão atual do modelo para, primeiramente, identificar e, depois, analisar, por meio de cálculos estatísticos, os procedimentos específicos (ou modalidades tradutórias) que caracterizam o processo tradutório desses gêneros textuais. Registraram-se como modalidades de maior ocorrência nos três tipos de textos: a tradução literal (ex.: &lt;em&gt;powers of substitution at any time/poderes de substituição a qualquer tempo&lt;/em&gt;); a transposição obrigatória&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;(ex&lt;em&gt;.:&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;export viewpoint/ponto de vista da exportação&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;em&gt;; &lt;/em&gt;e a modulação (ex.:&lt;em&gt; can react/tome providências&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;em&gt;. &lt;/em&gt;A modulação registra maior incidência nos textos jurídicos. Enquanto a tradução literal apresenta-se correlacionada com os textos corporativos e jornalísticos, a modulação e a transposição com modulação (ex&lt;em&gt;.:&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;an old fashioned kind of place/um local meio antiquado&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;mostram-se correlacionadas ao texto jurídico&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;

Beloved, Breathing Lesson, The Russia House, Rabbit at Rest, No Greater Love, and Rising Sun translated into Portuguese

Do ponto de vista do ato tradutório, considera-se o texto literário como valorizando os aspectos estético-estilísticos, de modo que a importância dada à linguagem do autor é comparável com o conteúdo do texto. Por meio da aplicação do modelo Aubert (1984, 1997, 1998) em seis romances norte-americanos (publicados durante os anos de 1987 a 1994) e as respectivas traduções para o português, realizou-se uma análise das semelhanças e diferenças lingüísticas, estilísticas e culturais entre os textos de partida e os textos de chegada. Com base em dois diferentes níveis de análise, pôde-se observar que a tradução literária solicita um aumento no uso da modulação (590 itens lexicais = 20,0%, ou seja, correspondendo a 1/5 do total do córpus) a fim de dar conta dos campos temático e léxico abarcados pelos autores na língua inglesa e das características estilísticas possibilitadas pela língua portuguesa. Por outro lado, é mais elevada a freqüência da tradução literal (1048 itens lexicais = 34.9%) e da transposição (875 itens lexicais = 29.2%). Ainda que Vinay (1968) alegue que se deva evitar a tradução literal devido aos riscos de falsos cognatos bem como as considerações de alguns teóricos (Vinay &amp;amp; Darbelnet, 1958; Nida, 1964) de que as adaptações sejam muito empregadas na tradução, sobretudo na de textos literários, os dados da pesquisa mostram que mais da metade (64,1%) dos textos analisados valeram-se da tradução literal, quer em sentido estrito (“palavra por palavra”), quer em sentido lato, ou seja, da transposição. Com base nos resultados obtidos, poder-se-ia supor que essas duas modalidades são predominantes na direção inglês-&amp;gt;português e que podem ser empregadas adequadamente também na tradução de textos literários.

Refrações Na Bidirecionalidade Tradutória Inglês &lt;-&gt; Português

&lt;p&gt;O presente trabalho é parte integrante de uma linha de pesquisa de maior abrangência que busca contribuir para o estabelecimento de uma tipologia da tradução interlingual. Na presente pesquisa empreende-se um estudo comparativo sobre produtos acabados, buscando verificar a relevância ou não da direção tradutória no processo tradutório. Com tal propósito foram organizados dois córpus, ambos compostos de textos da área das Ciências Humanas (sociologia, política, antropologia, filosofia, psicologia, história), perfazendo um total de 6400 itens lexicais, aleatoriamente selecionados. Em um dos córpus, os textos fonte são de língua inglesa (britânica e estadunidense), com traduções publicadas para o português; no outro córpus, de português brasileiro, com traduções publicadas para o inglês. Como método do presente trabalho adotou-se o modelo proposto por Vinay &amp;amp; Darbelnet (1958, 1977) e a reformulação do referido modelo realizada por Aubert (1984, 1997). Os dados obtidos na análise do córpus da presente pesquisa permitiram verificar a relevância da direção tradutória como fator condicionador da distribuição das modalidades de tradução e, por extensão, a não viabilidade da retroversão.&lt;/p&gt;

Corpus-Based Translation Research on Legal, Technical and Corporate Texts

In an attempt to establish a possible ‘norm’ for the distribution of translation modalities in English → Portuguese translational relationship, a varied sample of three different text typologies (legal, technical, and corporate) with six representative texts of each typology was compared, producing a total of 9,000 lexical items. By applying Vinay &amp; Darbelnet’s and Aubert’s models, it was possible to obtain a basic pattern of the distribution of the most used translation modalities as well as to verify certain variables, such as the correlation between a higher or lower fluctuation in the frequency of the modalities and different types of texts. From three different levels of data analysis, we observed a translation hierarchy in relation to the three most frequent categories: literal translation, transposition and modulation and also that legal texts on the one hand, and technical and corporate texts on the other, seemed to organise themselves into two major groups. We also obtained some elements which would enable us to sketch a correlation between the modalities of literal translation and technical and corporate texts, as well as a correlation between the modalities of modulation and transposition with modulation and legal texts.

As modalidades de tradução e o texto literário

&lt;span&gt;Este artigo tem por objetivo contribuir para uma tipologia da tradução interlingual. Esboça tanto uma correlação entre as modalidades da tradução literal e transposição/texto científico, quanto uma correlação entre as modalidades da modulação e transposição com modulação/texto literário.&lt;/span&gt;