Translation Method Research Articles

A research proposal to examine psychological factors that influence financial planning for retirement in China

The life expectancy rate of individuals worldwide has risen, and China is not excluded. Combined with an aging population, increasing pressure on the pension fund system, and a lack of savings, it poses a significant challenge to financial security unless measures are taken to improve individuals’ planning and financial well-being in retirement. This study aims to examine the psychological factors that influence individuals' FPR, thereby expanding the explanatory models for retirement savings decisions and behaviors. Using the CWO Model and supported by image Theory and the 3M Model, this research focuses on how the interaction between future time perspective, risk tolerance, retirement goal clarity, subjective financial literacy and objective financial literacy as psychological characteristics influence individuals' FPR. To obtain meaningful results, back translation was used to check the accuracy of the preliminary translation of research instruments. This translation method was also combined with the pretest method of expert reviews and cognitive interviews to increase the validity of the survey questionnaire. A purposive sampling technique will be applied to collect data from adults who are over 23 years old and have a certain income stream in six cities in China. The Structural Equation Modelling software will be used to examine the hypotheses of direct and mediating effects. This study has implications for financial market regulators, policy makers, and consumers. Keywords: CWO model; decision-making; financial planning; financial literacy; psychological factors; retirement

The Arabic Translation of Cohesive Devices used in “The Midnight Library” Novel

This study deals with English cohesive devices as discourse markers, which are used for various purposes, such as connecting ideas and expressing attitudes. In fact, such devices may cause problems in case of translation, especially when dealing with them in literary works. Therefore, this study aims to identify the English cohesive devices and clarify how the translators translate these devices into Arabic. The study data is collected from the English novel “The Midnight Library” written by Matt Haig. The study sample includes (5) texts extracted from this novel to be translated by (3) MA students in the Translation Department, College of Arts, Tikrit University. Concerning the analysis of data, the study adopts two models: Halliday and Hasan's (1976) model for identifying the cohesive devices in the novel under study; and Newmark’s (1988) model for determining the method of translation. The study reveals that cohesive devices are used to demonstrate a semantic function rather than a communicative one, causing a challenge for translators to translate them into Arabic.

Terminologie et traduction des nanosciences et nanotechnologies : de l’anglais aux langues romanes

Terminology and Translation of Nanoscience and Nanotechnolo¬gies: From English to Romance Languages. Based on our experience of building a Multilingual Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Glossary, we propose in this article to study the complementary relationship between the terminology of nanotechnology and its translation from English as a source language to the languages analyzed: French and, more particularly, Italian and Romanian. More specifically, the objectives set out in this contribution are to describe the terminology and definitions of nanoscience and nanotechnologies from the perspective of their translation in order to highlight the common and divergent elements among the three Romance languages: French, Italian and Romanian. Keywords: technical translation, terminology, translation methods, nanotechnology, conceptual definitions

江西书院文化负载词英译研究——以鹅湖书院为例

This study takes Goose Lake Academy in Jiangxi Province as an example to explore the English translation of culture-loaded words in the academy. As an important carrier of Chinese traditional culture, academies contain rich elements of history, philosophy, education and local characteristics, which often face many challenges in the process of English translation. Combining translation theory and practice, this study explores the translation strategies of culture-loaded words, including literal translation, free translation, paraphrased and other methods, in order to maintain the cultural connotation of the original text and ensure the accuracy and readability of the translation.

استراتيجيات وممارسات المؤسسات الإخبارية ذات العلاقة في التعامل مع النص الإخباري الذي يتناول قضايا الإسلامويين (حالة دراسية: بي بي سي وورلد والعربية 2022)

This study aimed at identifying news institutions' translation methods and practices to show effect translation practices and policies influence news text output addressing the Islamist discourse. An ethnographic approach is used of conducts a comparative fieldwork analysis and textual analysis of news reports collected between the BBC and Al Arabia media institutions, where it explores the practices and news institutions' translation methods of translation agents in the two news platforms; the English and the Arabic. Results of the study show that the translation strategies and practices of News Institutions in dealing with the texts related to Islamist discourse mainly are deletion, omission, addition, direct quotation, and indirect speech reporting. This study describes the translation strategies and practices of News Institutions in dealing with the texts related to Islamist discourse reveals that strategies used; do not follow one language direction route in their application in the reports or one pattern. The study shows that the translation practices are relate to text selection, news input and the agents. The study concludes by suggesting that an increased awareness of these issues would assist News Institutions to make more effective used of the translation strategies and practices in their new reports related to Islamist discourse.

Exploring Cultural Losses in the Tourism Website Translation: A Case Study of Trip.com

The relentless growth of the tourism sector is fostering an increasingly pronounced demand for the translation of tourism websites. Nevertheless, the translation quality of tourism websites has garnered criticism attributed to inaccuracies in translating cultural references, leading to potential cultural losses in conveying cultural references. Despite the growing demand for accurate translation, a lack of research exists to address cultural losses and in the translation of Chinese cultural references into English. This study investigates the categories of cultural losses in the cultural references’ translation on tourism websites; specifically, Trip.com was selected as the case. Moreover, this study examines how the overall translation method, at a macro-level, is influenced by the specific translation strategies identified at a micro-level and how this, in turn, impacts cultural nuances and potential losses. The current study adopted a qualitative approach and unveiled five distinct categories of cultural losses encompassing historical background, rhetorical devices, local customs, religion, and aesthetic images. The findings revealed that foreignization emerged as the prevailing macro-level translation method, significantly influencing the incurred cultural losses within the context of cultural references. This study’s findings emphasized the necessity of addressing cultural losses in cultural references’ translation on tourism websites. The identified cultural losses and the dominance of foreignization highlight the imperative for nuanced translation strategies. This study shed light on the equilibrium between cultural preservation and effective communication. By striking this equilibrium, the tourism industry can effectively accomplish its objective of nurturing profound cross-cultural interactions that resonate with a diverse global audience.

Assessing the Potential of Multi-Temporal Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks in SAR-to-Optical Image Translation for Early-Stage Crop Monitoring

The incomplete construction of optical image time series caused by cloud contamination is one of the major limitations facing the application of optical satellite images in crop monitoring. Thus, the construction of a complete optical image time series via image reconstruction of cloud-contaminated regions is essential for thematic mapping in croplands. This study investigates the potential of multi-temporal conditional generative adversarial networks (MTcGANs) that use a single synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image acquired on a prediction date and a pair of SAR and optical images acquired on a reference date in the context of early-stage crop monitoring. MTcGAN has an advantage over conventional SAR-to-optical image translation methods as it allows input data of various compositions. As the prediction performance of MTcGAN depends on the input data composition, the variations in the prediction performance should be assessed for different input data combination cases. Such an assessment was performed through experiments using Sentinel-1 and -2 images acquired in the US Corn Belt. MTcGAN outperformed existing SAR-to-optical image translation methods, including Pix2Pix and supervised CycleGAN (S-CycleGAN), in cases representing various input compositions. In particular, MTcGAN was substantially superior when there was little change in crop vitality between the reference and prediction dates. For the SWIR1 band, the root mean square error of MTcGAN (0.021) for corn was significantly improved by 54.4% and 50.0% compared to Pix2Pix (0.046) and S-CycleGAN (0.042), respectively. Even when there were large changes in crop vitality, the prediction accuracy of MTcGAN was more than twice that of Pix2Pix and S-CycleGAN. Without considering the temporal intervals between input image acquisition dates, MTcGAN was found to be beneficial when crops were visually distinct in both SAR and optical images. These experimental results demonstrate the potential of MTcGAN in SAR-to-optical image translation for crop monitoring during the early growth stage and can serve as a guideline for selecting appropriate input images for MTcGAN.

Arabic translation and cultural adaptation of Hill-Bone compliance to high blood pressure therapy scale

BackgroundAdherence to prescription medications is vital to the success of any treatment plan, especially for chronic health conditions, such as hypertension (HTN). Although there are different scales used in assessing adherence to prescription medications, most if not all, of those scales are not available in Arabic. The absence of essential assessment tools makes the appraisal of adherence to prescription medications very difficult for native Arabic speakers. Therefore, this study aimed to translate and validate the Hill-Bone Compliance to High Blood Pressure Therapy (CHBPT) scale, which is commonly used to assess adherence to antihypertensive medications, among a sample of Arabic-speaking patients with HTN. MethodsThis was a single-center cross-sectional study that took place at a university-affiliated hospital. It interviewed adult (≥18 years) patients with HTN who were visiting the primary care clinics between January and November 2020. Non-Arabic speakers, those under 18 years of age, individuals without a diagnosis of HTN, and patients without any previously filled prescription medications for HTN within the past three months were excluded. The forward–backward translation method was used after receiving permission from the originators of the questionnaire to translate their scale to Arabic. Test-retest and Cronbach alpha methods were used to assess the reliability. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation was used to examine the construct validity. ResultsOne hundred and forty-one patients consented and participated in the study. Most of the patients were ≥ 50 years old (75 %), male (72 %), and had another chronic health condition besides HTN (99 %). The translated scale had good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.83) and reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.9). The Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin was 0.82 indicating adequate sampling to conduct factor analysis; hence, three factors (e.g., subscales) were extracted similar to the original scale. The mean scores for appointment keeping, medication taking, and reducing sodium intake subscales, as well as for the overall scale were 5.62 ± 1.39, 33.94 ± 3.87, 9.73 ± 2.1, and 49.29 ± 5.21, respectively. ConclusionThe translated version of the Hill-Bone CHBPT scale has both good reliability and validity and will hopefully help healthcare providers assess and monitor HTN patients’ adherence to their antihypertensive medication regimens. Multicenter studies should be conducted to verify the validity and reliability of the translated questionnaire among different Arabic-speaking patient populations with HTN.

Methods of translating war-related collocations: A case study of Yemeni undergraduates

The present research project aims to explore translation methods adopted by Yemeni undergraduates when translating war-related collocations from English to Arabic and vice versa. To collect the data, a translation test was given to 64 undergraduate students affiliated to the departments of English and Translation in five Yemeni public and private universities. The test consists of 20 English sentences including war-related collocations to be translated into Arabic, and 20 Arabic sentences to be translated into English. The translation methods used by the students were investigated. Excel statistical analysis software was used to analyze the selected collocations. Percentages were used to quantify the total number of Yemeni undergraduate students who translated the collocations in the translation test. The frequencies of the methods used for the selected collocations were represented as ratios. The findings revealed that the most frequent methods used by students in translating war-related collocations are modulation, paraphrasing, literal translation, and transposition. The findings of the study also highlight implications to be utilized by students and translators in the form of recommendations.

In Search of Interlanguage Correspondences in Legal Translation (Based on the Material of the Spanish Language)

The article analyzes the specifics of legal translation and its ethnonational features based on the material of the Spanish language. Taking a text-centric approach to legal translation, a translator must convey a message not only from one language to another, but also from one legal system to another. The main difficulties in this case are related to terminology, and, in particular, to the lack of a corresponding equivalent term in the translating language, with the literal interpretation of the language sign, with terminological character of the language sign in translation. The difficulties of legal translation are not so much related to the language per se, as to the differences of concepts related to different legal systems. The method of conceptual translation, which consists in finding out how certain concepts are prescribed in Russian (Spanish) legal texts, allows us to find interlanguage correspondences and equivalent translation.

Peculiarities of Translating an Oral Text in the Field of Neuro-Legal and its Transformation into Written Text

Due to the practical usage of neuro-technologies in all areas of our life, lawyers make attempts to provide a legal definition of such a philosophical category as mind, which expresses the highest type of thinking activity, and to develop legal norms and standards in this field. The area of law that deals with the impact of neuroscience discoveries on the regulation of social relations is referred to as neurolaw. This branch of law is considered to be interdisciplinary establishing close connections with a spectrum of sciences such as neuropsychology, neurogenetics, neurobiology, neurosociology and many other neurosciences and links a brain with law. As a result this area of law often employs categories and concepts of those sciences. This is a reason for legal terminology in this field of law to be constantly broadened. New legal terms are of great interest to translators who create and analyze conceptual fields in the area of “neuro-law”. For translators it is a real challenge to deal with specialized legal texts when they can apply not only their translation skills, techniques and methods but also their knowledge in a particular field of neuro-technology application in the real sector of economy. The author of the article makes an attempt to reveal the peculiarities and features of translation of the texts which deal with human body enhancement technologies and legal issues related to their application. New legal terms and concepts are of great interest to understand a developing area of law.

Turkish validity and reliability of the Premenstrual Change Coping Inventory.

This study was conducted to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Premenstrual Change Coping Inventory (PMS-Cope). A total of 170 women who met the inclusion criteria were included in the methodological study. Data were collected between the dates of November 5, 2018 and May 5, 2019 with personal information form, PMS-Cope Turkish version, and Premenstrual Syndrome Scale. The PMS-Cope was obtained through the translation-back translation method and the content validity was obtained according to expert opinions. After the factor analysis, the Turkish version of the PMS-Cope consisted of three sub-dimensions as in the original scale. The factor loadings of the three-dimensional scale ranged from 0.46 to 0.84, and the explained variance (60.329%) was at the desired level. As a result of structural equation modeling; ×2/SD values of the scale were found to be 4.19, GFI 0.93, AGFI 0.91, CFI 0.95, RMSEA 0.079, and SRMR 0.082, and this scale was acceptable. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the PMS-Cope was 0.86. It was determined that item-total score correlations were higher than 0.30 in all items of PMS-Cope and there was no need to remove items from the scale. When the mean scores of the lower 27% and upper 27% of the scale were compared, a statistically significant difference was found between the groups (p < 0.05). The PMS-Cope score was 41.04 ± 8.99. It was determined that the Turkish version of the PMS-Cope was a valid and reliable measurement tool.

The Richards Campbell Sleep Questionnaire for Assessment of Sleep in Critically Ill Patients: Translation, Reliability, and Validation of the Malay Language Version

Poor sleep quality is commonly observed among critically ill patients; however, the assessment of sleep perception in critically ill patients remains challenging. The Richards Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ) is a simple, validated tool for sleep quality assessment that has been successfully translated into various languages. This study aimed to translate and assess the validity and reliability of the Malay language version of the RCSQ. The process of translation involved forward and reverse translation methods. The face validity of the translated RCSQ was tested during the pre-test on five non-participating subjects. The reliability of the translated questionnaire was tested with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. A total of 150 critically ill patients were included in the analysis using the translated RCSQ. The average total score of the Malay language version of the RCSQ was 78.59 + 19.43. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient showed a score of 0.839 and 0.930 respectively, indicating that the sampling of the study was meritorious and good internal consistency of the Malay RCSQ. In conclusion, the Malay language version of the RCSQ demonstrated excellent reliability and may aid in the assessment of sleep quality in critically ill patients in a local setting.

Translation Studies on Xi Jinping: The Governance of China—A Systematic Literature Review

This paper conducted a systematic literature review of the previous studies within China and other countries within the period from October 2014 to July 2023 with the purpose of investigating the research foci on the English translation of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China. This study revealed that scholars in Chinese Mainland mainly focused on three fields: research on translation strategies of political documents, cultural translation in foreign publicity translation, the external dissemination of political documents and the construction of national image. Besides, an emerging field with discourse analysis-related theories to explore discourse theory paradigms, evaluate discourse quality, and conduct corpus analysis of discourse has provided multivariant academic thinking in translation studies. Compared with Chinese scholars&amp;rsquo; studies, there was minimal discussion about the foreign scholars&amp;rsquo; exploration of the translation strategies and methods or other translation-related topics, which implied the urgent need of mutual academic communication between Chinese scholars and the foreign academic circles to promote the further development of Chinese political document translation studies.

Learning to Manipulate Artistic Images

Recent advancement in computer vision has significantly lowered the barriers to artistic creation. Exemplar-based image translation methods have attracted much attention due to flexibility and controllability. However, these methods hold assumptions regarding semantics or require semantic information as the input, while accurate semantics is not easy to obtain in artistic images. Besides, these methods suffer from cross-domain artifacts due to training data prior and generate imprecise structure due to feature compression in the spatial domain. In this paper, we propose an arbitrary Style Image Manipulation Network (SIM-Net), which leverages semantic-free information as guidance and a region transportation strategy in a self-supervised manner for image generation. Our method balances computational efficiency and high resolution to a certain extent. Moreover, our method facilitates zero-shot style image manipulation. Both qualitative and quantitative experiments demonstrate the superiority of our method over state-of-the-art methods.Code is available at https://github.com/SnailForce/SIM-Net.

DNIT: Enhancing Day-Night Image-to-Image Translation through Fine-Grained Feature Handling (Student Abstract)

Existing image-to-image translation methods perform less satisfactorily in the "day-night" domain due to insufficient scene feature study. To address this problem, we propose DNIT, which performs fine-grained handling of features by a nighttime image preprocessing (NIP) module and an edge fusion detection (EFD) module. The NIP module enhances brightness while minimizing noise, facilitating extracting content and style features. Meanwhile, the EFD module utilizes two types of edge images as additional constraints to optimize the generator. Experimental results show that we can generate more realistic and higher-quality images compared to other methods, proving the effectiveness of our DNIT.

SEIT: Structural Enhancement for Unsupervised Image Translation in Frequency Domain

For the task of unsupervised image translation, transforming the image style while preserving its original structure remains challenging. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised image translation method with structural enhancement in frequency domain named SEIT. Specifically, a frequency dynamic adaptive (FDA) module is designed for image style transformation that can well transfer the image style while maintaining its overall structure by decoupling the image content and style in frequency domain. Moreover, a wavelet-based structure enhancement (WSE) module is proposed to improve the intermediate translation results by matching the high-frequency information, thus enriching the structural details. Furthermore, a multi-scale network architecture is designed to extract the domain-specific information using image-independent encoders for both the source and target domains. The extensive experimental results well demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Evaluating the cross-cultural competence instrument for healthcare professionals (CCCHP) among nurses in Okinawa, Japan

BackgroundTo provide better quality healthcare services to patients with different linguistic and cultural backgrounds, the cross-cultural competence of medical professionals is important. However, assessing and improving the cross-cultural competence of healthcare professionals is difficult in Japan, as there is no standardized scale to measure the competence. This study’s purpose was to translate the Cross-Cultural Competence instrument for Healthcare Professionals (CCCHP), which was developed and used in Europe, and to examine its reliability and validity among Japanese nurses.MethodsDuring June and July 2021, nursing staff were invited to take web- and paper-based surveys in Okinawa Japan. The CCCHP (five-factor model with 27 items across motivation, attitude, skills, emotion, and knowledge) was translated using a combination translation method, and a five-point Likert scale was used for responses. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and known-group method were used to examine structural validity, while Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to test reliability.ResultsA total of 294 responses were analyzed; 77.2% had more than five years of experience. Since the fit index indicated that the five-factor model was not a good fit, it was modified to a four-factor model (J-CCCHP24) by moving three variables, removing the knowledge factor, and using the error covariance of the variables. The fit index after the modification was improved to comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.92, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.91, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.05, and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.06, and Cronbach’s alpha was 0.85. The mean scores of J-CCCHP24 were significantly higher in the group with a history of overseas travel, higher foreign language skill, training in intercultural care, experience of foreign patient care, and intercultural interactions outside the workplace than in the group without these characteristics.ConclusionThis study confirmed the validity and reliability of the modified Japanese version of the CCCHP (four-factor model with 24 items). The results suggest that the exposure to different cultures on a personal level may help improve nurses' cross-cultural competence. Further refinement of this scale for practical use would encourage the implementation of necessary countermeasures to improve the cross-cultural competence of Japanese healthcare professionals.

Multi-objective optimization of assembly free-form cable-stiffened reticulated shell considering the influence of initial states

In this study, we propose a geometric model of free-form grid structures based on the sliding translation method. Furthermore, an end-flattened inserted-plate joint could be applied to a quadrilateral free-form grid structure. The height of the control point was considered as the optimization variable, while the strain energy, geometric integrated index, and ultimate bearing capacity were considered as the optimization objectives. The results demonstrated the influence of the initial prestress and joint stiffness using multi-objective optimization. Based on the effects of the initial prestress, joint stiffness, and initial geometric imperfections, we propose a multi-objective optimization method for the assembly of a free-form cable-stiffened reticulated shell. The feasibility of the optimization method was verified using examples. Compared with the results of the shape optimization, structures having superior mechanical properties and mesh quality were obtained via the combined method for optimizing the shape and initial prestress, which verified the necessity and effectiveness of the combined optimization method. The mechanical properties of the optimized structures were improved by increasing the joint stiffness; in particular, the ultimate bearing capacity was improved. On using the multi-objective optimization method while considering the initial geometric imperfections, the properties of the structure were improved effectively, and the mechanical properties can be guaranteed even after geometric imperfections are applied.

Study on the C-E Translation of Government Work Reports from 2019 to 2023 from the Perspective of Eco-Translatology

Eco-translatology is a translation theory integrated with ecology. Publicity translation has a vital impact on making Chinese voices go global. Taking the C-E translation of Government Work Reports from 2019 to 2023 as an example, this paper analyzes their translation methods from the perspective of "three-dimensional" transformation, including linguistic dimension, cultural dimension and communicative dimension. At present, eco-translatology seldom focuses on the translation of publicity texts. According to the "three-dimensional" transformation, this paper aims to explore the translation rules of publicity texts with Government Work Reports as an example from the perspective of eco-translatology. Guided by eco-translatology, the translation of Government Work Reports can be further developed in the future.