Translation Experiments Research Articles

Can tumor cells be distinguished from blood cells by mechanical parameters? A label-free CTC detection approach.

e15526 Background: Even years after successful treatment of the primary tumor about 30% of breast cancer patients are suffering from metastatic relapse. One reason might be hematogenous spread. Therefore circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the blood might be interesting and easy accessible surrogate markers for disease monitoring. Due to phenotypical, mechanical and functional changes during cancer progression and treatment response, isolation of CTC subpopulations remains very challenging. Here we focused on the characterization of CTC mechanics to evaluate the utility of mechanical parameters for CTC separation from blood. Methods: For the first time, we investigated the active and passive mechanical CTC properties such as elasticity, viscosity and contractile force exertion using a dual beam trap. For proof of premise we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a healthy donor and human GFP-expressing MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells to mimic a CTC model system and to measure cell type specific mechanical deformation profiles using an optical rheometer. For translational experiments blood samples were collected from patients with mamma or vulvar carcinoma. Hematopoietic cells were depleted using CD45. The remaining cell suspensions were applied to the optical stretcher and rheological parameters were measured in the same manner. Results: We were able to reveal distinct mechanical profiles from hematopoietic cells and breast cancer cells, respectively. The optical deformability was significantly different in both the model and the translational, systems comparing healthy PPMC to MDA-MB 231 cells, respective possible CTC candidates from breast and vulvar carcinoma patients. Evaluation of secondary parameters like viscosity and activity using a machine learning algorithm allowed for a clear distinction between hematopoietic and cancer cells in the model system. CD45-positive and -negative cells from patients with mamma or vulvar carcinoma (n = 7) showed distinct differences in the rheological behavior of both cell populations. Surprisingly, the mechanical profiles of CD45-negative cells from mamma carcinoma samples were severely different from vulvar carcinoma. Conclusions: Together with morphology and cell size, the cellular deformation pattern might be a proper tool for marker-free CTC detection in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients.

Network Engagement in Action: Stakeholder Engagement Activities to Enhance Patient-centeredness of Research.

Stakeholders (ie, patients, policymakers, clinicians, advocacy groups, health system leaders, payers, and others) offer critical input at various stages in the research continuum, and their contributions are increasingly recognized as an important component of effective translational research. Natural experiments, in particular, may benefit from stakeholder feedback in addressing real-world issues and providing insight into future policy decisions, though best practices for the engagement of stakeholders in observational studies are limited in the literature. The Natural Experiments for Translation in Diabetes 2.0 (NEXT-D2) network utilizes rigorous methods to evaluate natural experiments in health policy and program delivery with a focus on diabetes-related outcomes. Each of the 8 partnering institutions incorporates stakeholder engagement throughout multiple study phases to enhance the patient-centeredness of results. NEXT-D2 dedicates a committee to Engagement for resource sharing, enhancing engagement approaches, and advancing network-wide engagement activities. Key stakeholder engagement activities include Study Meetings, Proposal Development, Trainings & Educational Opportunities, Data Analysis, and Results Dissemination. Network-wide patient-centered resources and multimedia have also been developed through the broad expertise of each site's stakeholder group. This collaboration has created a continuous feedback loop wherein site-level engagement approaches are informed via the network and network-level engagement efforts are shaped by individual sites. Emerging best practices include: incorporating stakeholders in multiple ways throughout the research, building on previous relationships with stakeholders, enhancing capacity through stakeholder and investigator training, involving stakeholders in refining outcome choices and understanding the meaning of variables, and recognizing the power of stakeholders in maximizing dissemination.

Traduire la peur : une étude contrastive

<p>In this paper, we examine the question of the verbalization of fear and its translation from modern Greek into French. The target texts of our analysis are of two types: translations of experienced translators and translations of Cypriot learners. We study data from the analysis of our translation corpus and we question the conceptualisation of the emotion of <em>fear</em>.</p>

Reception Theory, New Humanism, and T. S. Eliot

AbstractT. S. Eliot has been a major, if challenging, figure for students of reception and the Classical Tradition, and is implicated in an important debate on historicist versus aestheticist models of reception study. This article challenges assumptions about his position on, and practice of, reception. The politics implicit in theorists’ references to Eliot is teased out, and the position he took in response to inter-war New Humanism is shown to be predominantly historicist. An analysis of The Family Reunion (1939) then suggests that the Modernist-poetic approach he therefore took to the Oresteia broke so decisively with existing models of reception as to have called the fact of reception into question. The play is also shown to build on H.D.’s experiments in translation and to respond to Aeschylean receptions by Robinson Jeffers and Eugene O’Neill. It is further suggested that it anticipates several aspects of recent Reception Theory.

Towards Making the Most of BERT in Neural Machine Translation

GPT-2 and BERT demonstrate the effectiveness of using pre-trained language models (LMs) on various natural language processing tasks. However, LM fine-tuning often suffers from catastrophic forgetting when applied to resource-rich tasks. In this work, we introduce a concerted training framework (CTnmt) that is the key to integrate the pre-trained LMs to neural machine translation (NMT). Our proposed CTnmt} consists of three techniques: a) asymptotic distillation to ensure that the NMT model can retain the previous pre-trained knowledge; b) a dynamic switching gate to avoid catastrophic forgetting of pre-trained knowledge; and c) a strategy to adjust the learning paces according to a scheduled policy. Our experiments in machine translation show CTnmt gains of up to 3 BLEU score on the WMT14 English-German language pair which even surpasses the previous state-of-the-art pre-training aided NMT by 1.4 BLEU score. While for the large WMT14 English-French task with 40 millions of sentence-pairs, our base model still significantly improves upon the state-of-the-art Transformer big model by more than 1 BLEU score.

Animacy and agentivity of Subject Themes in English-German translation

This paper aims to analyze the translation of typical inanimate Subject Themes in the popular scientific register from English to German. Taking into account contrastive differences between English and German, we assumed that English sentences containing a combination of inanimate Subjects and agentive verbs would pose a translation problem that could potentially be reflected in translation shifts and increased values for reading and typing related measures of cognitive effort. A translation experiment was designed to test this assumption. We triangulated keystroke logging and eye tracking data from 13 professional translators and tested the results using linear mixed regression modeling. Our results show that the stimuli that included an inanimate Subject were more prone to be changed in the translations. However, the animacy of the Subject did not have a significant effect on the behavioral measures. A possible explanation for this finding is that animacy of the Subject is so salient for German translators that they change it without extensive deliberation.

Targeted Identification of Protein Interactions in Eukaryotic mRNA Translation.

To identify protein-protein interactions and phosphorylated amino acid sites in eukaryotic mRNA translation, replicate TAP-MudPIT and control experiments are performed targeting Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes previously implicated in eukaryotic mRNA translation by their genetic and/or functional roles in translation initiation, elongation, termination, or interactions with ribosomal complexes. Replicate tandem affinity purifications of each targeted yeast TAP-tagged mRNA translation protein coupled with multidimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry analysis are used to identify and quantify copurifying proteins. To improve sensitivity and minimize spurious, nonspecific interactions, a novel cross-validation approach is employed to identify the most statistically significant protein-protein interactions. Using experimental and computational strategies discussed herein, the previously described protein composition of the canonical eukaryotic mRNA translation initiation, elongation, and termination complexes is calculated. In addition, statistically significant unpublished protein interactions and phosphorylation sites for S. cerevisiae's mRNA translation proteins and complexes are identified.

Isolation of Functional Temperature Activated Transmembrane Domain of Human TRPM8

Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a known cold sensor and a part of a family of thermosensitive TRP ion channels. TRPM8 functions in many physiological roles and as a potential therapeutic target for regulating pain, obesity, and withdrawal in addiction. Nevertheless, it remains unclear what areas of the channel are important for cold activation. Given that the transmembrane region is the most evolutionary conserved region, the transmembrane domain (helices S1-S6) is anticipated to be central to cold activation. Here we show the TRPM8 transmembrane domain (TRPM8-TMD) forms a tetramer in detergent DDM micelles using negative stain electron microscopy, chemical cross-linking, and NMR translational diffusion experiments. Planar lipid bilayer electrophysiology experiments indicate the TRPM8-TMD forms a functional outward rectifying ion channel in the presence of PIP2 and is sufficient for cold and menthol activation without the N-terminal and C-terminal cytoplasmic domains. Additionally, the TRPM8-TMD is activated by menthol, icilin, and testosterone at similar concentrations as required for full-length TRPM8. Taken together, these data indicate that the core functional features of TRPM8, including cold and ligand activation, are localized to the transmembrane domain.

Computational Design and Interpretation of Single-RNA Translation Experiments

Translation is an essential step in which ribosomes decipher mRNA sequences to manufacture proteins. Recent advances in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy allow live-cell quantification of ribosome kinetics at single-molecule resolution. Here, we integrate single-molecule data and stochastic models to investigate canonical and non-canonical translation processes. Recent findings by our group using these modern methodologies allowed us to observe, for the first time, ribosomal frameshifting at single-molecule resolution. Our results corroborate that frameshifting is a bursty process, where the RNA stochastically switch between non-frameshifting and frameshifting states in which either 0% or 100% of ribosomes produce frameshifted proteins. We predicted that ribosomal traffic jams contribute to the persistence of the frameshifting state for long periods of time (Lyon, K., et al., 2019. Molecular cell). Additionally, we simulate single-molecule experiments under multiple imaging conditions and for thousands of human genes, and we evaluate which experiments are most likely to provide accurate estimates of elongation kinetics. In this study, we provide an interpretation for the well-established experimental procedures, such as Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), ribosome Run-Off Assays (ROA) after Harringtonine application, and Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) (Aguilera, L.U., et al., 2019, Plos Computational Biology). Our results show previously unknown mechanisms taking place during translation at single-molecule resolution in living cells.

Improving Self-Attention Networks With Sequential Relations

Recently, self-attention networks show strong advantages of sentence modeling in many NLP tasks. However, self-attention mechanism computes the interactions of every pair of words independently regardless of their positions, which makes it not able to capture the sequential relations between words in different positions in a sentence. In this paper, we improve the self-attention networks by better integrating sequential relations, which is essential for modeling natural languages. Specifically, we 1) propose a position-based attention to model the interaction between two words regarding positions; 2) perform separated attention for the context before and after the current position, respectively; and 3) merge the above two parts with a position-aware gated fusion mechanism. Experiments in natural language inference, machine translation and sentiment analysis tasks show that our sequential relation modeling helps self-attention networks outperform existing approaches. We also provide extensive analyses to shed light on what the models have learned about the sequential relations.

«Усмирение своенравной» А.Н. Островского: проблемы рецепции и принципы перевода шекспировской комедии

Albeit being an experienced translator of foreign drama, A.N. Ostrovsky translated only one Shakespeare’s piece — The Taming of the Shrew. His first attempt at its translation resulted in an abridged prose version entitled The Taming of the Spiteful Wife, which served as an embryo of the later prosimetric translation. While the interest in Shakespearean allusions in Ostrovsky’s plays may be traced back to the works of contemporary critics, it was not until mid-20th century that a comprehensive study of the play’s translation was written by a Shakespearean scholar M. Morozov further revisited and revised by Iu.D. Levin, V.I. Malikov, and N.K. Il’ina. Bearing on these studies, the author of this article demonstrates how the language of Ostrovsky’s translation is related to the basic language principles of the playwright and shows his reliance upon the editorial practice of the 18th–19th centuries. The article highlights the translator’s strategies in using verse and prose, blank verse and rhyme as a means to interpret Shakespearean characters, the genre and the style of the play. It also examines the synthesis of “domesticating” and “estranging” tendencies in the translated play

Competencia textual y comunicativa en la traducción jurídica del inglés al checo: un estudio de caso

The study addresses communicative and textual competence using empirical data obtained in a translation experiment conducted with professional translators and advanced translation students. Specifically, it explores stylistic and grammatical errors in translations of legal texts from English into Czech, which account for more than a half of all errors identified in the analysed sample. The results show that terminology and legal phraseology are a frequent source of difficulty not only in terms of meaning, but also from the grammatical and stylistic point of view. Another large group of erroneous solutions was identified at the syntactic level, including defects of overall textual coherence. Professional translators achieved better results than translation trainees both in terms of the overall quality and average number of errors; however, as regards the numbers of stylistic and linguistic errors, the performance of both groups was more balanced than in other categories.

Interleukin-1β Mediates Arterial Thrombus Formation via NET-Associated Tissue Factor.

CANTOS reported reduced secondary atherothrombotic events in patients with residual inflammatory risk treated with the inhibitory anti-IL-1β antibody, Canakinumab. Yet, mechanisms that underlie this benefit remain elusive. Recent work has implicated formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis) in arterial thrombosis. Hence, the present study explored the potential link between IL-1β, NETs, and tissue factor (TF)—the key trigger of the coagulation cascade—in atherothrombosis. To this end, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients from the Swiss multicenter trial SPUM-ACS were retrospectively and randomly selected based on their CRP levels. In particular, 33 patients with STEMI and high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (≥ 10 mg/L) and, 33 with STEMI and low CRP levels (≤ 4 mg/L) were investigated. High CRP patients displayed elevated circulating IL-1β, NETosis, and NET-associated TF plasma levels compared with low CRP ones. Additionally, analysis of patients stratified by circulating IL-1β levels yielded similar results. Moreover, NETosis and NET-associated TF plasma levels correlated positively in the whole population. In addition to the above, translational research experiments provided mechanistic confirmation for the clinical data identifying IL-1β as the initial trigger for the release of the pro-coagulant, NET-associated TF. In conclusion, blunted TF presentation by activated neutrophils undergoing NETosis may provide a mechanistic explanation to reduced secondary atherothrombotic events as observed in canakinumab-treated patients in CANTOS.

“On how we gradually make up our thoughts while we are talking” by Heinrich von Kleist

During the course of an email correspondence on the subject of Heinrich von Kleist’s short essay “Uber die allmahliche Verfertigung der Gedanken beim Reden” (1805-6?), translation and Shakespeare scholar Jurgen Gutsch observed to me in passing that he was struck by how all the English translations of this title that he had located depended on words of French origin to render the German Verfertigung (preparation, formulation, construction, fabrication, formation, production, completion). What, I wondered, would be the effect if a translation of this essay deliberately set out to unleash the Germanic substrate of English, with all its informal, down-to-earth immediacy and the expressive potency of empirical Anglo-Saxon forebears who lived and communicated as peasants, farmers, tradesmen, merchants, and craftsmen? What would be lost if we minimized the abstractions of French and Latinate origin that derive from the language of administration, government, law, philosophy, and religion? That, then, is the backstory of this experiment in translation.

Computational design and interpretation of single-RNA translation experiments.

Advances in fluorescence microscopy have introduced new assays to quantify live-cell translation dynamics at single-RNA resolution. We introduce a detailed, yet efficient sequence-based stochastic model that generates realistic synthetic data for several such assays, including Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), ribosome Run-Off Assays (ROA) after Harringtonine application, and Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP). We simulate these experiments under multiple imaging conditions and for thousands of human genes, and we evaluate through simulations which experiments are most likely to provide accurate estimates of elongation kinetics. Finding that FCS analyses are optimal for both short and long length genes, we integrate our model with experimental FCS data to capture the nascent protein statistics and temporal dynamics for three human genes: KDM5B, β-actin, and H2B. Finally, we introduce a new open-source software package, RNA Sequence to NAscent Protein Simulator (rSNAPsim), to easily simulate the single-molecule translation dynamics of any gene sequence for any of these assays and for different assumptions regarding synonymous codon usage, tRNA level modifications, or ribosome pauses. rSNAPsim is implemented in Python and is available at: https://github.com/MunskyGroup/rSNAPsim.git.

Replacing Linguists with Dummies: A Serious Need for Trivial Baselines in Multi-Task Neural Machine Translation

AbstractRecent developments in machine translation experiment with the idea that a model can improve the translation quality by performing multiple tasks, e.g., translating from source to target and also labeling each source word with syntactic information. The intuition is that the network would generalize knowledge over the multiple tasks, improving the translation performance, especially in low resource conditions. We devised an experiment that casts doubt on this intuition. We perform similar experiments in both multi-decoder and interleaving setups that label each target word either with a syntactic tag or a completely random tag. Surprisingly, we show that the model performs nearly as well on uncorrelated random tags as on true syntactic tags. We hint some possible explanations of this behavior.The main message from our article is that experimental results with deep neural networks should always be complemented with trivial baselines to document that the observed gain is not due to some unrelated properties of the system or training effects. True confidence in where the gains come from will probably remain problematic anyway.

Economy and Society: A New Translation by Max Weber Keith Tribe (review)

Book Reviews 275© Max Weber Studies 2019. the use of which can therefore serve as a basis for asserting intellectual dependence. Wagner’s approach is decidedly original; but many readers will not, I fear, find in the introduction and other editorial material sufficient treatment of what they will, quite reasonably, be looking for. This book virtually closes the majestic procession of volumes that constitutes the Max Weber Gesamtausgabe. We should be deeply thankful for the Gesamtausgabe, and properly mindful of the immense efforts which have gone into it over many years. And however one may feel about Wagner’s approach in the book under review, it is a timely reminder that we can never take our classics for given, even when they come in definitive editions. Hans Henrik Bruun University of Copenhagen Max Weber, Economy and Society: A New Translation, ed. and trans. Keith Tribe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019), xi + 504pp. (pbk). ISBN 978-0-67491-654-8. $24.95. Marianne Weber has a lot to answer for. After her husband’s death in 1920, she created Max’s magnum opus, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, by combining his recently completed work on sociological categories with manuscripts from before 1914 into a single book, first published in 1922 and then in an expanded two-volume version in 1925. With mixed feelings, this reviewer recalls taking the university library copy of one of those editions, in large format with oddly small type, home one summer, and mistakenly reading it by beginning at the beginning, then turning the pages. Weber’s assurance that he had revised a previously published article (‘Ueber einige Kategorien der verstehenden Soziologie’ [1913]) to make it as easy to understand as possible only enhanced the intimidating effect, but the experience told a naïve undergraduate that if this was sociology, surely it was a very serious field. After the 1920s, the work had a complicated publication history: Johannes Winckelmann edited new post-war versions in slightly different formats, and Talcott Parsons and others produced partial English translations, later assembled and revised by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich as Economy and Society (ES), still sitting halfread on many office bookshelves. A book Max Weber did not complete became his major claim to international scholarly fame. That fame helped to justify the remarkable Max Weber Gesamtausgabe—whose 276 Max Weber Studies© Max Weber Studies 2019. editors decided ruthlessly to undo Marianne’s effort by decomposing the ‘book’ into six constituent parts. Keith Tribe has now retranslated one of those parts, the Erster Teil of the 1920s editions, which Weber himself had been preparing for separate publication. As the core of Weber’s ‘sociology’—scare quotes used advisedly— it has long drawn special attention. Here, Weber proposes his definitions of social action and sociology, his approach to understanding and explanation, his categories of economic action, his types of Herrschaft, and his distinction between class and Stand. In several ways, this new translation is a major contribution to scholarship. For one thing, Tribe offers much more than a translation. In his introduction, he nicely untangles the tangled history of the work (with a nod to MWG editor Edith Hanke), recounting Friedrich Hayek’s role in the background of the first translation and concluding with a list of German and English versions that by itself covers nearly two pages. Drawing on his expertise in German economic discourse, he masterfully places Weber’s preoccupations in historical context; if you had neglected to follow up on Weber’s references to Friedrich Gottl in the Preamble or G.F. Knapp in chapter 2, Tribe will tell you what you missed. An experienced translator, he explains in exemplary fashion his overall approach and his specific choices, in his introduction, a series of footnotes, and a substantial appendix on key terms. As an additional aid to readers, Tribe introduces each chapter with an overview of its content and finishes the volume as a whole with another appendix containing just the definitional paragraphs of chapter 1. That appendix also supports one of Tribe’s main points by illustrating the coherence of Weber’s text that, he claims, previous English translations had obscured. Tribe conveys that ‘systematic didactic structure’ (8...

Abstract 3211: MTL-CEBPA combined with radiofrequency ablation and immunotherapy enhances immunological anti-tumour response in an HCC mouse model

Abstract The transcription factor CEBPA (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha) is recognised for its antiproliferative effects. MTL-CEBPA is a small activating RNA drug which upregulates gene expression of CEBPA and amongst other effects causes and immunomodulatory effect on peripheral granulocytes. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is standard treatment for some tumour types such as liver cancer and induces modulation of both innate and adaptive immune systems. To investigate any synergistic effect of MTL-CEBPA with RFA and immune checkpoint inhibition we initiated a reverse translation experiment, where syngeneic BNL hepatocellular carcinoma tumour cells were injected in the two opposite flanks of immunocompetent BALB/c mice (n=8 in each group). Treatments for hepatoma bearing mice included: 1) RFA on one flank (day 0), 2) Anti-PD-1 inhibition immunotherapy (RMP1-14 antibody, BioXCell, West Lebanon, NH, USA at 200 μg IV/mouse/dose on days 0, 2 & 5) and 3) MTL-CEBPA (3mg/kg IV/mouse/dose on days 0, 2 & 5) as well as combinations of all 3 interventions. We found that tumour control on the opposite flank was augmented by addition of RFA and most significant in the triple combination group (RFA + anti-PD1 + MTL-CEBPA) in which 2/8 animals showed a complete response and 5/8 a partial response. This was also the only group that showed a statistically significant increase in CD8+ (Cytotoxic) as well as CD49b+/CD45+ (Natural Killer) tumour infiltrating lymphocytes. These data suggest a clinical role for combination treatment with checkpoint blockade, RFA and MTL-CEBPA through synergistic priming of the immune tumour response, enabling RFA to have a pronounced anti-tumour abscopal effect. Citation Format: Mikael H. Sodergren, Kai-Wen Huang, Vikash Reebye, Cheng-Ean Chee, Dimitris Zacharoulis, Robert Habib, David Blakey, John Rossi, Nagy Habib. MTL-CEBPA combined with radiofrequency ablation and immunotherapy enhances immunological anti-tumour response in an HCC mouse model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3211.

Identification of a small RNA that directly controls the translation of the quorum sensing signal synthase gene rhlI in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa highly increases the bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents and host immune clearance. The biofilm formation is positively regulated by two small RNAs, RsmY and RsmZ. Previously, we reported that mutation in the polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) coding gene pnp increases the levels of RsmY/Z. However, in this study, we found that the biofilm formation is decreased in the pnp mutant, which is due to a defect in rhamnolipids production. The rhamnolipids production is regulated by the RhlI-RhlR quorum sensing system. We found that PNPase influences the translation of RhlI through its 5'-untranslated region (UTR) and identified that the sRNA P27 is responsible for the translational repression. In vitro translation experiments demonstrated that P27 directly represses the translation of the rhlI mRNA through its 5'UTR in an Hfq-dependent manner. Point mutations in the rhlI 5'UTR or P27, which abolish the pairing between the two RNAs restore the rhlI expression and rhamnolipids production as well as the biofilm formation in the pnp mutant. Overall, our results reveal a novel layer of regulation of the Rhl quorum sensing system by the sRNA P27.

Unsettling Monstrosity in <em>Rhymes for Young Ghouls</em>

Rhymes for Young Ghouls (2014), written and directed by Mi’kmaq filmmaker Jeff Barnaby, is primarily presented as a residential school “revenge fantasy.” Some critics and reviewers of the film value it for its pedagogical possibilities, arguing that the film occasions opportunity for dialogue between Indigenous and non-Indigenous audiences about the legacies of the residential school system. Yet, numerous decolonial scholars and activists understand that dialogue alone cannot effect the quality of decolonial justice needed in the wake of genocide. This article approaches the film as a saturated phenomenon and examines the kinds of radical phenomenological transformation that must occur, especially among non-Indigenous audiences, for decolonial imperatives to become legible. Beyond developing a more comprehensive historical panorama of the violence and legacies of the residential school system, this article calls for a kind of translation of experience occasioned by the film, one that dramatically subverts and transforms modalities of consciousness on which coloniality is predicated.