Transient Spectroscopy Measurements Research Articles

Analysis of semi-insulating carbon-doped GaN layers using deep-level transient spectroscopy

Electrically active defects in carbon-doped GaN layers were studied with a metal/carbon-doped GaN (GaN:C)/Si-doped GaN (GaN:Si) MIS structure. The GaN:C layers were grown with three different carbon doping concentrations (NC). A semi-vertical metal/semi-insulator/n-type semiconductor (MIS) device was fabricated to perform deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements. Two electron traps E1 and E2 with energy level at EC − (0.22–0.31) eV and EC − (0.45–0.49) eV were observed. E1 and E2 are associated with a nitrogen vacancy VN-related defect in the strain field of extended defects and a nitrogen antisite defect, respectively. By changing the reverse bias voltage of the DLTS measurement, the location and relative defect concentration of the E1 and E2 traps could be verified. A dominant electron trap E3 with an unusual capture cross section was only observed in devices with an NC = 2 × 1019 cm−3 GaN:C layer. This may charge carriers from a defect band and lead to the charge redistribution in the GaN:C layer when forward biased. A hole trap H1 with energy level at EV + 0.47 eV was found for the pulse bias in the forward ON-state. H1 is suggested to correspond with the CN induced 0/+ donor level. By analyzing the schematic band diagrams across the MIS structure, the carrier transport and defect charging mechanisms underlying the DLTS transient measurements are illustrated. The identification of the trap states in the carbon-doped GaN with different NC gives further understanding on the carbon doping impact on electric characteristics of GaN power devices made on Si substrates.

Open hardware microsecond dispersive transient absorption spectrometer for linear optical response

An open hardware design and implementation for a transient absorption spectrometer are presented that has microsecond time resolution and measures full difference spectra in the visible spectral region from 380 to 750 nm. The instrument has been designed to allow transient absorption spectroscopy measurements of either low or high quantum yield processes by combining intense sub-microsecond excitation flashes using a xenon lamp together with stroboscopic non-actinic white light probing using LED sources driven under high pulsed current from a capacitor bank. The instrument is sensitive to resolve 0.15 mOD flash-induced differences within 1000 measurements at 20 Hz repetition rate using an inexpensive CCD sensor with 200 μm pixel dimension, 40 K electrons full well capacity and a dynamic range of 1800. The excitation flash has 230 ns pulse duration and the 2 mJ flash energy allows spectral filtering while retaining high power density with focussing to generate mOD signals in the 10–4–10–1 ΔOD range. We present the full electronics design and construction of the flash and probe sources, the optics as well as the timing electronics and CCD spectrometer operation and modification for internal signal referencing. The performance characterisation and example measurements are demonstrated using microsecond TAS of Congo red dye, as an example of a low quantum yield photoreaction at 2% with up to 78% of molecules excited. The instrument is fully open hardware and combines inexpensive selection of commercial components, optics and electronics and allows linear response measurements of photoinduced reactions for the purpose of accurate global analysis of chemical dynamics.Graphical abstract

Recombination and localization: Unfolding the pathways behind conductivity losses in Cs2AgBiBr6 thin films

Cs2AgBiBr6 (CABB) has been proposed as a promising nontoxic alternative to lead halide perovskites. However, low charge carrier collection efficiencies remain an obstacle for the incorporation of this material in optoelectronic applications. In this work, we study the optoelectronic properties of CABB thin films using steady state and transient absorption and reflectance spectroscopy. We find that optical measurements on such thin films are distorted as a consequence of multiple reflections within the film. Moreover, we discuss the pathways behind conductivity loss in these thin films, using a combination of microsecond transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements. We demonstrate that a combined effect of carrier loss and localization results in the conductivity loss in CABB thin films. Moreover, we find that the charge carrier diffusion length and grain size are of the same order of magnitude. This suggests that the material's surface is an important contributor to charge-carrier loss.

Fabrication of heterojunction crystalline Si solar cells with BaSi2 thin films prepared by a two-step evaporation method

We have fabricated p-type BaSi2 (p-BaSi2)/n-type crystalline Si (n-c-Si) heterojunction solar cells using thermal evaporation. To control the defect around the heterointerface, samples were fabricated by two methods using different current profiles during evaporation. The one-step method was designed to avoid supplying Ba-rich vapor, and the two-step method was designed to intentionally introduce Ba-rich vapor at the first step. Deep-level transient spectroscopy measurements revealed that defect densities in the n-c-Si side were almost the same for both samples. Open-circuit voltage (V oc) was successfully improved from 319 to 463 mV by the two-step method. This may be due to the increase of carrier density in p-BaSi2 prepared using a two-step method. As a result of optimization, the conversion efficiency of 6.23% was achieved by the heterojunction solar cells.

A comprehensive study of the light soaking effect in ZnS/p-Si heterojunction solar cells

An innovative dopant-free ZnS/p-Si heterojunction solar cell features hole selective WO3 contact were fabricated by thermal evaporation at room temperature. Light soaking effect was observed in the ZnS/p-Si heterojunction solar cells for the first time. The device performance is found to increase with the increasing light soaking times and finally reaches saturation. Besides, when the illumination stops, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) would decrease slightly. Device performance under different light soaking time and preservation time in the dark were investigated. Moreover, different monochromatic illuminations were conducted to further specify the active layer that is responsible for the light soaking effect. The result shows the ZnS layer and the short-wavelength light absorbed in ZnS layer are supposed to be the main reason for the effect. Based on these results, a model was proposed from the point of view of defect states variation in the energy band of ZnS to explain the effect. At last, Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements with different monochromatic illumination were conducted to further verify the proposed model.

Local molecular probes of ultrafast relaxation channels in strongly coupled metalloporphyrin-cavity systems.

The quantum control of ultrafast excited state dynamics remains an unachieved goal within the chemical physics community. In this study, we assess how strongly coupling to cavity photons affects the excited state dynamics of strongly coupled zinc (II) tetraphenyl porphyrin (ZnTPP) and copper (II) tetraphenyl porphyrin (CuTPP) molecules. By varying the concentration of each chromophore within different Fabry-Pérot (FP) structures, we control the collective vacuum Rabi splitting between the energies of cavity polariton states formed through the strong coupling of molecular electrons and cavity photons. Using ultrafast transient reflectivity and transmission measurements probing optical transitions of individual ZnTPP and CuTPP molecules, we find that the polaritonic states localize into uncoupled excited states of these chromophores through different mechanisms. For ZnTPP, we build a simple kinetic model including a direct channel of relaxation between the polaritonic states. We find that our models necessitate a small contribution from this interpolaritonic relaxation channel to explain both our steady-state and transient optical spectroscopic measurements adequately. In contrast, we propose that strong cavity coupling slows the internal conversion between electronic states of CuTPP not directly interacting with the photons of FP structures. These results suggest that researchers must consider the vibrational structure and excited state properties of the strongly coupled chromophores when attempting to use polariton formation as a tool to control the dynamics of molecules central to photo-sensitizing and light harvesting applications.

Boosting Piezo/Photo-Induced Charge Transfer of CNT/Bi4O5I2 Catalyst for Efficient Ultrasound-Assisted Degradation of Rhodamine B.

Strain-induced internal electric fields present a significant path to boosting the separation of photoinduced electrons and holes. In addition, piezo-induced positive/negative pairs could be released smoothly, taking advantage of the excellent electroconductibility of some conductors. Herein, the hybrid piezo-photocatalysis is constructed by combining debut piezoelectric nanosheets (Bi4O5I2) and typical conductor multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT). The photocatalytic degradation efficiency that the hybrid CNT/Bi4O5I2 exhibits was remarkably increased by more than 2.3 times under ultrasonic vibration, due to the piezo-generated internal electric field. In addition, the transient photocurrent spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance measurement reveal that the CNT coating on Bi4O5I2 enhances the piezo-induced positive/negative migration. Therefore, the piezocatalytic activity of CNT/Bi4O5I2 could be improved by three times, compared with pure Bi4O5I2 nanosheets. Our results may offer promising approaches to sketching efficient piezo-photocatalysis for the full utilization of solar energy or mechanical vibration.

Solution‐Processable Carbon Nanotube Nanohybrids for Multiplexed Photoresponsive Devices

AbstractHere, the formation of carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based nanohybrids in aqueous solution is reported, where DNA‐wrapped CNTs (DNA‐CNTs) act as templates for the growth of PbS and CdS nanocrystals, toward the formation of PbS‐DNA‐CNT and CdS‐DNA‐CNT heterostructures. Solution‐processed multiplexed photoresponsive devices are fabricated from these nanohybrids, displaying a sensitivity to a broad range of illumination wavelengths (405, 532, and 650 nm). The DNA‐CNT and CdS‐DNA‐CNT devices show a drop in the current while PbS‐DNA‐CNT's current increases upon light illumination, indicating a difference in the operational mechanisms between the hybrids. Furthermore, the ON/OFF photoresponse of PbS‐DNA‐CNT is only 1 s as compared to 200 s for the other two nanohybrid devices. The mechanisms of the different photoresponses are investigated by comparing the performance under an inert and air atmosphere, and gate dependence device analysis and transient absorption spectroscopy measurements are also conducted. The results reveal that photoinduced oxygen desorption is responsible for the slower photoresponse by DNA‐CNT and CdS‐DNA‐CNT, while photoinduced charge transfer dominates the much faster response of PbS‐DNA‐CNT devices. The strategy developed is of general applicability for the bottom‐up assembly of CNT‐based nanohybrid optoelectronic systems and the fabrication of solution‐processable multiplexed devices.

Fermi level pinning, capacitance hysteresis, tunnel effect, and deep level in AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor

This paper presents a detailed investigation of the degradation of two (Pt/Au)–Al 0.2 Ga 0.8 N/GaN/Al 2 O 3 high-electron-mobility transistor(HEMT) structures, denoted as HEMT1 and HEMT2, by capacitance–voltage ( C–V ), forward current–voltage ( I–V ), and capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS)measurements in the temperature range of 40–320K. The C–V measurements confirmed the Fermi level pinning in our structures. In addition, the C–V measurements showed abnormal behaviors such as residual capacitance variation, capacitance hysteresis , and pinch-off voltage shift. These parasitic effects are explained by the thermal activation of trap centers in the Al 0.2 Ga 0.8 N/GaN/Al 2 O 3 HEMTs. Moreover, the consideration of the various current transport mechanisms and numerical adjustments of forward I–V curves showthat the tunnel effect assisted by defects is preponderant in our structures. Using the DLTS technique, we verified the existence of two hole traps, H1 and H2, in HEMT1 and HEMT2,respectively.They extended from the GaN layer to the (Pt/Au)–AlGaN interface.A detailed analysis of these results is presented. • The C–V measurements confirmed the pinning of the Fermi level in HEMTs, and reveal an hysteresis effect and a variations in the pinch-off voltage. • From the fitting I(V) , it follows that the tunnelling current is the dominant component in the samples investigated. • Existence of a strong relationship between the extended defect and the hysteresis phenomenon.

Enhancing Light Absorption and Prolonging Charge Separation in Carbon Quantum Dots via Cl-Doping for Visible-Light-Driven Photocharge-Transfer Reactions.

Limited light absorption beyond the UV region and rapid photocarrier recombination are critical impediments for the improved photocatalytic performance of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) under visible-light irradiation. Herein, we demonstrate single-step microwave-assisted syntheses of O-CQDs (typical CQDs terminated by carboxylic and hydroxyl functional groups) from a sucrose precursor and Cl-doped CQDs (Cl-CQDs) from a sucralose precursor in short reaction times and without using obligatory strong acids for Cl doping. The doping of Cl into the CQDs is observed to widen the absorption range and facilitate an enhanced separation of photoexcited charge carriers, which is confirmed by the results of optical absorption, photothermal response, and pump-probe ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy measurements of the O-CQDs and Cl-CQDs. The photoexcited charge carriers with their longer lifetimes in Cl-CQDs enabled the quick degradation of methylene blue dye, rapid conversion of Ag+ ions to metallic Ag nanoparticles on the CQD surfaces, and reduction of GO to a well-dispersed rGO through the photoelectron transfer reactions under visible-light irradiation. The facile Cl doping strategy, hybridization of Ag nanoparticles or rGO to CQDs, and the elevated charge separation mechanism would open up new avenues in designing CQD-based materials for futuristic applications.

Synthesis, Optical, Magnetic and Thermodynamic Properties of Rocksalt Li1.3Nb0.3Mn0.4O2 Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

Since the discovery of the reversible intercalation of lithium-ion materials associated with promising electrochemical properties, lithium-containing materials have attracted attention in the research and development of effective cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Despite various studies on synthesis, and electrochemical properties of lithium-based materials, fairly little fundamental optical and thermodynamic studies are available in the literature. Here, we report on the structure, optical, magnetic, and thermodynamic properties of Li-excess disordered rocksalt, Li1.3Nb0.3Mn0.4O2 (LNMO) which was comprehensively studied using powder X-ray diffraction, transient absorption spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, and low-temperature heat capacity measurements. Charge carrier dynamics and electron–phonon coupling in LNMO were studied using ultra-fast laser spectroscopy. Magnetic susceptibility and specific heat data are consistent with the onset of long-range antiferromagnetic order at the Neel temperatures of 6.5 (1.5) K. The effective magnetic moment of LNMO is found to be 3.60 μB. The temperature dependence of the inverse magnetic susceptibility follows the Curie–Weiss law in the high-temperature region and shows negative values of the Weiss temperature 52 K (3), confirming the strong AFM interactions.

Synthesis, Optical, Magnetic and Thermodynamic Properties of Rocksalt Li1.3Nb0.3Mn0.4O2 Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

Since the discovery of the reversible intercalation of lithium-ion materials associated with promising electrochemical properties, lithium-containing materials have attracted attention in the research and development of effective cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Despite various studies on synthesis, and electrochemical properties of lithium-based materials, fairly little fundamental optical and thermodynamic studies are available in the literature. Here, we report on the structure, optical, magnetic, and thermodynamic properties of Li-excess disordered rocksalt, Li1.3Nb0.3Mn0.4O2 (LNMO) which was comprehensively studied using powder X-ray diffraction, transient absorption spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, and low-temperature heat capacity measurements. Charge carrier dynamics and electron–phonon coupling in LNMO were studied using ultra-fast laser spectroscopy. Magnetic susceptibility and specific heat data are consistent with the onset of long-range antiferromagnetic order at the Néel temperatures of 6.5 (1.5) K. The effective magnetic moment of LNMO is found to be 3.60 μB. The temperature dependence of the inverse magnetic susceptibility follows the Curie–Weiss law in the high-temperature region and shows negative values of the Weiss temperature 52 K (3), confirming the strong AFM interactions.

Cu2O induced the enhancement of nonlinear absorption of MoS2 thin film

In this paper, Cu2O/MoS2 composite films with excellent nonlinear properties were fabricated. X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering and scanning electron microscope results show that Cu2O buffer layer has the effects on promoting the multiphase growth and improving both the particle size and the uniformity of MoS2 film. The nonlinear optical response of the samples was investigated by Z-scan and ultrafast carrier dynamics, respectively. The nonlinear absorption coefficient β of Cu2O/MoS2 composite sample was observed to reach the maximum value of −23.08 × 10-6 cm/W, which was 24.34 and 1.76 times than that of single-layer Cu2O and MoS2, respectively. In addition, the nonlinear enhancement mechanism of composite samples was confirmed by the results of both transient absorption spectroscopy measurements and finite difference time domain simulation calculation.

Copper Complexes with Carbon‐Related Radiation Defects in Silicon

Experimental and theoretical study of the interaction of mobile interstitial copper with the dominant carbon‐related radiation defects in Si is presented. The deep‐level transient spectroscopy measurements detect a passivation of the and centers due to the formation of complexes with at room temperature. Both the Cu–C and Cu–CO complexes have equal dissociation energy of 1.070.02 eV and close preexponential factors. Equilibrium structures, formation energies, and dissociation barriers for the Cu–C and Cu–CO complexes are determined by ab initio calculations performed within the framework of the density functional approach. Theory predicts that the and defects basically retain their structures upon capture of a copper atom that is located near the carbon atoms in both cases. The calculated dissociation barriers are in good agreement with the experiment.

Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy for Effective Passivator Selection in Perovskite Solar Cells to Attain High Efficiency over 23.

Most studies choose passivators essentially in a trial-and-error fashion in an attempt to attain high efficiency in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Using deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements, the type of defects in perovskite films was determined to guide the passivator selection for PSCs. Three kinds of positively charged defects were found in the target PSC system. Fluorinated phenylethylamine hydroiodide (FPEAI) was chosen to passivate the surface defects due to the electronegativity and hydrophobicity of fluorine. Due to the decreased surface roughness, increased hydrophobicity, lowered defect density, and improved carrier dynamics as observed by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), a PSC with meta-F-PEAI had the best efficiency over 23 % with open-circuit voltage of 1.155 V and fill factor of 80.15 %. In addition, the long-term stability of the PSC was significantly improved. The present work provides a new means to select the best passivator for different types of defects.

Exploring the Charge Dynamics and Energy Loss in Ternary Organic Solar Cells with a Fill Factor Exceeding 80%

AbstractTernary architecture is a promising strategy to enhance power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, among all the photovoltaic parameters that govern the final PCEs, the fill factor (FF) for ternary OSCs is generally below 78%, limiting solar cells’ performance. Here, charge dynamics in the ternary cells PM6:DRTB‐T‐C4:Y6 with a FF of 80.88% and a PCE of 17.05% are thoroughly investigated by a series of transient characterization technologies, including transient absorption spectroscopy, transient photovoltage, and transient photocurrent measurements. The impressive FF results from effective exciton dissociation, enhanced charge transport and suppressed recombination in ternary cells. Moreover, the correlation between the measured FF and the charge recombination‐extraction competition is quantitatively analyzed by using a circuit model. The ternary cells also show small energy loss (Eloss). The findings here provide insight into achieving high‐FF and low‐Eloss ternary OSCs.

Defect characterization and charge transport measurements in high-resolution Ni/n-4H-SiC Schottky barrier radiation detectors fabricated on 250 μm epitaxial layers

Advances in the growth processes of 4H-SiC epitaxial layers have led to the continued expansion of epilayer thickness, allowing for the detection of more penetrative radioactive particles. We report the fabrication and characterization of high-resolution Schottky barrier radiation detectors on 250 μm thick n-type 4H-SiC epitaxial layers, the highest reported thickness to date. Several 8 × 8 mm2 detectors were fabricated from a diced 100 mm diameter 4H-SiC epitaxial wafer grown on a conductive 4H-SiC substrate with a mean micropipe density of 0.11 cm−2. From the Mott–Schottky plots, the effective doping concentration was found to be in the range (0.95–1.85) × 1014 cm−3, implying that full depletion could be achieved at ∼5.7 kV (0.5 MV/cm at the interface). The current-voltage characteristics demonstrated consistently low leakage current densities of 1–3 nA/cm2 at a reverse bias of −800 V. This resulted in the pulse-height spectra generated using a 241Am alpha source (5486 keV) manifesting an energy resolution of less than 0.5% full width at half maximum (FWHM) for all the detectors at −200 V. The charge collection efficiencies (CCEs) were measured to be 98–99% with no discernable correlation to the energy resolution. A drift-diffusion model fit to the variation of CCE as a function of bias voltage, revealed a minority carrier diffusion length of ∼10 μm. Deep level transient spectroscopy measurements on the best resolution detector revealed that the excellent performance was the result of having ultralow concentrations of the order of 1011 cm−3 lifetime limiting defects—Z1/2 and EH6/7.

Photoinduced Fano Resonances between Quantum Confined Nanocrystals and Adsorbed Molecular Catalysts.

Interaction of surface adsorbate vibration and intraband electron absorption in nanocrystals has been reported to affect the photophysical properties of both nanocrystals and surface adsorbates and may affect the performance of hybrid photocatalysts composed of semiconductor nanocrystals and molecular catalysts. Here, by combining ultrafast transient visible and IR spectroscopic measurements, we report the observation of Fano resonances between the intraband transition of the photogenerated electrons in CdS and CdSe nanocrystals and CO stretching vibrational modes of adsorbed molecular catalysts, [Fe2(cbdt)(CO)6] (FeFe; cbdt = 1-carboxyl-benzene-2,3-dithiolate), a molecular mimic for the active site of FeFe-hydrogenase. The occurrence of Fano resonances is independent of nanocrystal types (rods vs dots) or charge transfer character between the nanocrystal and FeFe, and is likely a general feature of nanocrystal and molecular catalyst hybrid systems. These results provide new insights into the fundamental interactions in these hybrid assemblies for artificial photosynthesis.

Great enhancement of two photon absorption cross section value by intramolecular charge transfer in newly synthesized triphenylamine-BODIPY derivative

Novel borondipyrromethene (BODIPY) compound without a −8 (meso) substituent containing triphenylamine moieties via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling was designed and synthesized to enhance two photon absorption (TPA) property. The effect of π-expanded triphenylamine moieties and absence of meso substitution in BODIPY core on charge transfer dynamics as well as two photon absorption properties were investigated by utilizing ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy measurements and open aperture (OA) Z-scan experiments in the environment of both in solution and host poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer film. The BODIPY compound with triphenylamine moieties has intramolecular charge transfer characteristics from electron donating moieties to BODIPY core due to its strong electron donating property and long conjugation length. The BODIPY compound with triphenylamine moieties demonstrates higher TPA cross section compared to reference compound based on the OA Z-scan experiments attributed to the strong coupling between the highest occupied molecular orbitals of BODIPY and 4-N,N-diphenylaminobiphenyl moieties. TPA cross section values were found to be 58 GM and 688 GM at 800 nm wavelength for reference BODIPY (BDP-1) and BODIPY-triphenylamine (BDP-2) compounds, respectively. BODIPY-triphenylamine compound has one of the greatest TPCS value among of the studied BODIPY compounds in the literature and may be a good candidate for photodynamic therapy and bio-imaging applications due to the free heavy atom nature.

A Photophysical Study of Electronic Transfer from Battery Active Materials to an Organic Dye: Towards Developing an Operating Photobattery

Intensive efforts are currently dedicated towards developing devices that can convert and store renewable energy that is derived from renewable sources. These are to address the current global energy consumption needs and reduce the carbon footprint that is associated with the use of primary non-renewable energy resources. Indeed, many of these approaches are promising for reducing energy inequalities. The also have the benefit of mitigating greenhouse emissions. Within this context, solar energy is among one of the best suited candidates to address the global energy needs in a sustainable manner. It is also an attractive energy source because of its widespread availability. A major challenge of using solar energy is that it must be stored for use during periods when there is no sun. Devices are therefore required to convert, store, and deliver the stored energy during dark periods.To address the energy storage needs, lithium-ion batteries have been successfully coupled to solar cells such as silica based photovoltaic panels. Indeed, lithium-ion batteries are suitable candidates because they are a proven technology that offers a high energy density along with a long cycle life. Furthermore, they are ideal for portable applications such as photobatteries. These are energy capturing and storage devices that combine a light harvesting solar cell with an energy storing battery. The collective efforts of our research groups have focused on developing a single device that can collectively harvest the sun light energy and store it courtesy of redox reactions that are specific to a battery. Our approach involves merging dye-sensitized solar cell technology (DSSC) with a proven lithium ion battery to ultimately make an all-in-one device. Towards this end, we investigated an organic dye as the light harvesting component. The given dye was selected because it satisfies many of the physical and electrochemical requirements for its use in the combined photobattery. Of importance, is the dye’s photophysical properties. It broadly absorbs in the visible spectrum, it is capable of being reduced by the battery’s electroactive component upon light absorption, it exhibits a high degree of colorfast, and it is photostable.While the organic dye in principle possesses the required properties that are suited for its use as the light harvesting component of the photobattery, its role as a photoactive layer has not been experimentally validated. Both the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the dye under device-like conditions must therefore be evaluated. To confirm the concept, the capacity of the organic dye to undergo the required electron transfer from the lithium active compound of the battery upon photoexcitation was therefore evaluated. Systematic studies of both steady-state and time-resolved emission quenching measurements will be presented. These will be complemented with transient absorption spectroscopy measurements. It will then be presented that the spectroscopic studies provide sound evidence for electron transfer between the constitutional “solar” and “battery” components, laying the experimental groundwork for an all-in-one photobattery. Step-wise electrochemical studies such as galvanostatic cycling in the presence of the dye using various photo-cathode architectures, and post-cycling chemical analyses on the different photoactive and battery components will also be presented. The photophysical and electrochemical studies will provide sound evidence that both the photoactive and batteries technologies can be successfully merged. It will further be presented that conventional solvents in batteries can be replaced with environmentally benign water. The combined aqueous photobattery is expected to have a positive ecological impact both in terms of using sustainable means for energy harvesting/storage and the constitution components used for assembling the device.